WEBVTT 00:00:02.720 --> 00:00:05.190 align:start position:0% <00:00:02.720>Without <00:00:02.953>any <00:00:03.186>further <00:00:03.420>ado, <00:00:03.653>I <00:00:03.886>welcome <00:00:04.120>Tim 00:00:05.190 --> 00:00:05.200 align:start position:0% <00:00:05.190>Without <00:00:05.191>any <00:00:05.193>further <00:00:05.194>ado, <00:00:05.196>I <00:00:05.197>welcome <00:00:05.199>Tim 00:00:05.200 --> 00:00:08.710 align:start position:0% <00:00:05.200>Without <00:00:05.300>any <00:00:05.400>further <00:00:05.500>ado, <00:00:05.600>I <00:00:05.700>welcome <00:00:05.800>Tim <00:00:05.900>onto <00:00:06.000>this <00:00:06.100>stage. <00:00:06.200>Please <00:00:06.300>have <00:00:06.400>a <00:00:06.500>um <00:00:06.600>round 00:00:08.710 --> 00:00:08.720 align:start position:0% <00:00:08.710>onto <00:00:08.711>this <00:00:08.712>stage. <00:00:08.713>Please <00:00:08.715>have <00:00:08.716>a <00:00:08.717>um <00:00:08.719>round 00:00:08.720 --> 00:00:13.090 align:start position:0% <00:00:08.720>onto <00:00:08.827>this <00:00:08.935>stage. <00:00:09.043>Please <00:00:09.150>have <00:00:09.258>a <00:00:09.366>um <00:00:09.473>round <00:00:09.581>of <00:00:09.689>applause <00:00:09.796>for <00:00:09.904>him. <00:00:10.012>Thank <00:00:10.120>you. 00:00:13.100 --> 00:00:13.745 align:start position:0% <00:00:13.100>>> <00:00:13.680>[music] 00:00:13.745 --> 00:00:13.755 align:start position:0% <00:00:13.745>>> <00:00:13.754>[music] 00:00:13.755 --> 00:00:17.430 align:start position:0% <00:00:13.755>>> <00:00:14.455>[music] <00:00:15.155>[applause] 00:00:17.440 --> 00:00:20.110 align:start position:0% <00:00:17.440>>> <00:00:17.673>Thank <00:00:17.906>you. <00:00:18.140>Thank <00:00:18.373>you. <00:00:18.606>Hi <00:00:18.840>everyone. 00:00:20.110 --> 00:00:20.120 align:start position:0% <00:00:20.110>>> <00:00:20.111>Thank <00:00:20.113>you. <00:00:20.114>Thank <00:00:20.116>you. <00:00:20.117>Hi <00:00:20.119>everyone. 00:00:20.120 --> 00:00:21.750 align:start position:0% <00:00:20.120>>> <00:00:20.220>Thank <00:00:20.320>you. <00:00:20.420>Thank <00:00:20.520>you. <00:00:20.620>Hi <00:00:20.720>everyone. <00:00:20.820>Great <00:00:20.920>to <00:00:21.020>see <00:00:21.120>you. <00:00:21.220>Great <00:00:21.320>to <00:00:21.420>be <00:00:21.520>here. 00:00:21.750 --> 00:00:21.760 align:start position:0% <00:00:21.750>Great <00:00:21.751>to <00:00:21.752>see <00:00:21.753>you. <00:00:21.755>Great <00:00:21.756>to <00:00:21.757>be <00:00:21.759>here. 00:00:21.760 --> 00:00:22.910 align:start position:0% <00:00:21.760>Great <00:00:21.824>to <00:00:21.889>see <00:00:21.954>you. <00:00:22.018>Great <00:00:22.083>to <00:00:22.148>be <00:00:22.212>here. <00:00:22.277>Great <00:00:22.342>to <00:00:22.406>see <00:00:22.471>you. <00:00:22.536>I <00:00:22.600>hope <00:00:22.665>you <00:00:22.730>can <00:00:22.795>hear 00:00:22.910 --> 00:00:22.920 align:start position:0% <00:00:22.910>Great <00:00:22.911>to <00:00:22.912>see <00:00:22.913>you. <00:00:22.914>I <00:00:22.915>hope <00:00:22.916>you <00:00:22.917>can <00:00:22.919>hear 00:00:22.920 --> 00:00:24.030 align:start position:0% <00:00:22.920>Great <00:00:23.031>to <00:00:23.142>see <00:00:23.253>you. <00:00:23.364>I <00:00:23.475>hope <00:00:23.586>you <00:00:23.697>can <00:00:23.808>hear <00:00:23.919>me. 00:00:24.030 --> 00:00:24.040 align:start position:0% me. 00:00:24.040 --> 00:00:26.030 align:start position:0% <00:00:24.040>me. <00:00:24.273>Great <00:00:24.506>to <00:00:24.740>see <00:00:24.973>so <00:00:25.206>many <00:00:25.439>green 00:00:26.030 --> 00:00:26.040 align:start position:0% <00:00:26.030>Great <00:00:26.031>to <00:00:26.033>see <00:00:26.035>so <00:00:26.037>many <00:00:26.038>green 00:00:26.040 --> 00:00:27.950 align:start position:0% <00:00:26.040>Great <00:00:26.147>to <00:00:26.255>see <00:00:26.363>so <00:00:26.470>many <00:00:26.578>green <00:00:26.686>green <00:00:26.793>hats <00:00:26.901>here <00:00:27.009>also <00:00:27.116>at <00:00:27.224>this <00:00:27.332>late <00:00:27.439>hour. 00:00:27.950 --> 00:00:27.960 align:start position:0% <00:00:27.950>green <00:00:27.951>hats <00:00:27.952>here <00:00:27.953>also <00:00:27.955>at <00:00:27.956>this <00:00:27.957>late <00:00:27.959>hour. 00:00:27.960 --> 00:00:29.710 align:start position:0% <00:00:27.960>green <00:00:28.060>hats <00:00:28.160>here <00:00:28.260>also <00:00:28.360>at <00:00:28.460>this <00:00:28.560>late <00:00:28.660>hour. <00:00:28.760>I <00:00:28.860>know <00:00:28.960>there's <00:00:29.060>already <00:00:29.160>beer <00:00:29.260>outside, <00:00:29.360>so 00:00:29.710 --> 00:00:29.720 align:start position:0% <00:00:29.710>I <00:00:29.711>know <00:00:29.713>there's <00:00:29.714>already <00:00:29.716>beer <00:00:29.717>outside, <00:00:29.718>so 00:00:29.720 --> 00:00:31.510 align:start position:0% <00:00:29.720>I <00:00:29.827>know <00:00:29.935>there's <00:00:30.043>already <00:00:30.150>beer <00:00:30.258>outside, <00:00:30.366>so <00:00:30.473>I <00:00:30.581>really <00:00:30.689>appreciate <00:00:30.796>you're <00:00:30.904>here. <00:00:31.012>I <00:00:31.119>see 00:00:31.510 --> 00:00:31.520 align:start position:0% <00:00:31.510>I <00:00:31.511>really <00:00:31.513>appreciate <00:00:31.514>you're <00:00:31.516>here. <00:00:31.517>I <00:00:31.519>see 00:00:31.520 --> 00:00:33.630 align:start position:0% <00:00:31.520>I <00:00:31.636>really <00:00:31.753>appreciate <00:00:31.870>you're <00:00:31.986>here. <00:00:32.103>I <00:00:32.220>see <00:00:32.336>some <00:00:32.453>already <00:00:32.570>have <00:00:32.686>beer, <00:00:32.803>that's <00:00:32.920>good. 00:00:33.630 --> 00:00:33.640 align:start position:0% <00:00:33.630>some <00:00:33.631>already <00:00:33.633>have <00:00:33.635>beer, <00:00:33.637>that's <00:00:33.639>good. 00:00:33.640 --> 00:00:36.630 align:start position:0% <00:00:33.640>some <00:00:33.740>already <00:00:33.840>have <00:00:33.940>beer, <00:00:34.040>that's <00:00:34.140>good. <00:00:34.240>And <00:00:34.340>yeah, <00:00:34.440>as <00:00:34.540>I <00:00:34.640>said, <00:00:34.740>I'm <00:00:34.840>Tim, <00:00:34.940>and <00:00:35.040>let's 00:00:36.630 --> 00:00:36.640 align:start position:0% <00:00:36.630>And <00:00:36.631>yeah, <00:00:36.632>as <00:00:36.633>I <00:00:36.634>said, <00:00:36.635>I'm <00:00:36.636>Tim, <00:00:36.637>and <00:00:36.639>let's 00:00:36.640 --> 00:00:38.830 align:start position:0% <00:00:36.640>And <00:00:36.740>yeah, <00:00:36.840>as <00:00:36.940>I <00:00:37.040>said, <00:00:37.140>I'm <00:00:37.240>Tim, <00:00:37.340>and <00:00:37.440>let's <00:00:37.540>talk <00:00:37.640>today <00:00:37.740>about <00:00:37.840>the <00:00:37.940>Q-Day, <00:00:38.040>something 00:00:38.830 --> 00:00:38.840 align:start position:0% <00:00:38.830>talk <00:00:38.831>today <00:00:38.833>about <00:00:38.835>the <00:00:38.837>Q-Day, <00:00:38.839>something 00:00:38.840 --> 00:00:40.390 align:start position:0% <00:00:38.840>talk <00:00:39.014>today <00:00:39.188>about <00:00:39.363>the <00:00:39.537>Q-Day, <00:00:39.711>something <00:00:39.886>else <00:00:40.060>than <00:00:40.235>AI. 00:00:40.390 --> 00:00:40.400 align:start position:0% <00:00:40.390>else <00:00:40.394>than <00:00:40.399>AI. 00:00:40.400 --> 00:00:43.350 align:start position:0% <00:00:40.400>else <00:00:40.516>than <00:00:40.633>AI. <00:00:40.750>Um <00:00:40.866>what <00:00:40.983>is <00:00:41.100>the <00:00:41.216>Q-Day? <00:00:41.333>Um <00:00:41.449>I <00:00:41.566>just <00:00:41.683>put <00:00:41.800>some 00:00:43.350 --> 00:00:43.360 align:start position:0% <00:00:43.350>Um <00:00:43.351>what <00:00:43.352>is <00:00:43.353>the <00:00:43.354>Q-Day? <00:00:43.355>Um <00:00:43.356>I <00:00:43.357>just <00:00:43.358>put <00:00:43.359>some 00:00:43.360 --> 00:00:45.670 align:start position:0% <00:00:43.360>Um <00:00:43.442>what <00:00:43.524>is <00:00:43.607>the <00:00:43.689>Q-Day? <00:00:43.771>Um <00:00:43.854>I <00:00:43.936>just <00:00:44.018>put <00:00:44.101>some <00:00:44.183>news <00:00:44.265>from <00:00:44.348>the <00:00:44.430>last <00:00:44.512>days, <00:00:44.595>right? <00:00:44.677>It's <00:00:44.760>a 00:00:45.670 --> 00:00:45.680 align:start position:0% <00:00:45.670>news <00:00:45.671>from <00:00:45.672>the <00:00:45.673>last <00:00:45.675>days, <00:00:45.676>right? <00:00:45.677>It's <00:00:45.679>a 00:00:45.680 --> 00:00:48.870 align:start position:0% <00:00:45.680>news <00:00:45.773>from <00:00:45.866>the <00:00:45.960>last <00:00:46.053>days, <00:00:46.146>right? <00:00:46.240>It's <00:00:46.333>a <00:00:46.426>lot <00:00:46.519>of <00:00:46.613>fear. <00:00:46.706>It's <00:00:46.800>fear <00:00:46.893>about <00:00:46.986>the <00:00:47.080>day 00:00:48.870 --> 00:00:48.880 align:start position:0% <00:00:48.870>lot <00:00:48.871>of <00:00:48.872>fear. <00:00:48.873>It's <00:00:48.875>fear <00:00:48.876>about <00:00:48.877>the <00:00:48.879>day 00:00:48.880 --> 00:00:50.470 align:start position:0% <00:00:48.880>lot <00:00:48.980>of <00:00:49.080>fear. <00:00:49.180>It's <00:00:49.280>fear <00:00:49.380>about <00:00:49.480>the <00:00:49.580>day <00:00:49.680>when <00:00:49.780>there <00:00:49.880>is <00:00:49.980>a <00:00:50.080>quantum <00:00:50.180>computer <00:00:50.280>with 00:00:50.470 --> 00:00:50.480 align:start position:0% <00:00:50.470>when <00:00:50.471>there <00:00:50.473>is <00:00:50.474>a <00:00:50.476>quantum <00:00:50.477>computer <00:00:50.479>with 00:00:50.480 --> 00:00:52.750 align:start position:0% <00:00:50.480>when <00:00:50.596>there <00:00:50.713>is <00:00:50.830>a <00:00:50.946>quantum <00:00:51.063>computer <00:00:51.180>with <00:00:51.296>enough <00:00:51.413>power <00:00:51.529>that <00:00:51.646>can <00:00:51.763>break <00:00:51.879>today's 00:00:52.750 --> 00:00:52.760 align:start position:0% <00:00:52.750>enough <00:00:52.751>power <00:00:52.753>that <00:00:52.755>can <00:00:52.757>break <00:00:52.759>today's 00:00:52.760 --> 00:00:54.150 align:start position:0% <00:00:52.760>enough <00:00:52.968>power <00:00:53.177>that <00:00:53.385>can <00:00:53.594>break <00:00:53.802>today's <00:00:54.010>encryption. 00:00:54.150 --> 00:00:54.160 align:start position:0% encryption. 00:00:54.160 --> 00:00:56.150 align:start position:0% <00:00:54.160>encryption. <00:00:54.315>To <00:00:54.471>be <00:00:54.626>honest, <00:00:54.782>there <00:00:54.937>are <00:00:55.093>not <00:00:55.248>so <00:00:55.404>many <00:00:55.559>use 00:00:56.150 --> 00:00:56.160 align:start position:0% <00:00:56.150>To <00:00:56.151>be <00:00:56.152>honest, <00:00:56.153>there <00:00:56.154>are <00:00:56.155>not <00:00:56.156>so <00:00:56.157>many <00:00:56.159>use 00:00:56.160 --> 00:00:58.510 align:start position:0% <00:00:56.160>To <00:00:56.253>be <00:00:56.346>honest, <00:00:56.440>there <00:00:56.533>are <00:00:56.626>not <00:00:56.720>so <00:00:56.813>many <00:00:56.906>use <00:00:57.000>cases <00:00:57.093>for <00:00:57.186>a <00:00:57.279>quantum <00:00:57.373>computer <00:00:57.466>yet, <00:00:57.559>but 00:00:58.510 --> 00:00:58.520 align:start position:0% <00:00:58.510>cases <00:00:58.511>for <00:00:58.513>a <00:00:58.514>quantum <00:00:58.516>computer <00:00:58.517>yet, <00:00:58.519>but 00:00:58.520 --> 00:00:59.950 align:start position:0% <00:00:58.520>cases <00:00:58.663>for <00:00:58.806>a <00:00:58.949>quantum <00:00:59.092>computer <00:00:59.235>yet, <00:00:59.378>but <00:00:59.521>there's <00:00:59.664>this <00:00:59.807>fear. 00:00:59.950 --> 00:00:59.960 align:start position:0% <00:00:59.950>there's <00:00:59.954>this <00:00:59.959>fear. 00:00:59.960 --> 00:01:02.390 align:start position:0% <00:00:59.960>there's <00:01:00.115>this <00:01:00.271>fear. <00:01:00.426>Um <00:01:00.582>today <00:01:00.737>we <00:01:00.893>have <00:01:01.048>quantum <00:01:01.204>computers, <00:01:01.360>it's 00:01:02.390 --> 00:01:02.400 align:start position:0% <00:01:02.390>Um <00:01:02.391>today <00:01:02.393>we <00:01:02.394>have <00:01:02.396>quantum <00:01:02.397>computers, <00:01:02.399>it's 00:01:02.400 --> 00:01:05.750 align:start position:0% <00:01:02.400>Um <00:01:02.507>today <00:01:02.615>we <00:01:02.723>have <00:01:02.830>quantum <00:01:02.938>computers, <00:01:03.046>it's <00:01:03.153>real, <00:01:03.261>but <00:01:03.369>they <00:01:03.476>don't <00:01:03.584>have <00:01:03.692>enough <00:01:03.800>power. 00:01:05.750 --> 00:01:05.760 align:start position:0% <00:01:05.750>real, <00:01:05.751>but <00:01:05.753>they <00:01:05.754>don't <00:01:05.756>have <00:01:05.757>enough <00:01:05.759>power. 00:01:05.760 --> 00:01:08.350 align:start position:0% <00:01:05.760>real, <00:01:05.860>but <00:01:05.960>they <00:01:06.060>don't <00:01:06.160>have <00:01:06.260>enough <00:01:06.360>power. <00:01:06.460>And <00:01:06.560>maybe <00:01:06.660>once <00:01:06.760>there <00:01:06.860>will <00:01:06.960>be <00:01:07.060>this <00:01:07.160>day, 00:01:08.350 --> 00:01:08.360 align:start position:0% <00:01:08.350>And <00:01:08.351>maybe <00:01:08.352>once <00:01:08.353>there <00:01:08.355>will <00:01:08.356>be <00:01:08.357>this <00:01:08.359>day, 00:01:08.360 --> 00:01:10.310 align:start position:0% <00:01:08.360>And <00:01:08.453>maybe <00:01:08.546>once <00:01:08.640>there <00:01:08.733>will <00:01:08.826>be <00:01:08.920>this <00:01:09.013>day, <00:01:09.106>and <00:01:09.200>this <00:01:09.293>is <00:01:09.386>the <00:01:09.480>Q-Day. <00:01:09.573>But <00:01:09.666>of <00:01:09.760>course 00:01:10.310 --> 00:01:10.320 align:start position:0% <00:01:10.310>and <00:01:10.311>this <00:01:10.312>is <00:01:10.313>the <00:01:10.315>Q-Day. <00:01:10.316>But <00:01:10.317>of <00:01:10.318>course 00:01:10.320 --> 00:01:12.270 align:start position:0% <00:01:10.320>and <00:01:10.413>this <00:01:10.506>is <00:01:10.600>the <00:01:10.693>Q-Day. <00:01:10.786>But <00:01:10.880>of <00:01:10.973>course <00:01:11.066>there's <00:01:11.160>no <00:01:11.253>need <00:01:11.346>for <00:01:11.440>the <00:01:11.533>fear, <00:01:11.626>because <00:01:11.720>we 00:01:12.270 --> 00:01:12.280 align:start position:0% <00:01:12.270>there's <00:01:12.271>no <00:01:12.272>need <00:01:12.273>for <00:01:12.275>the <00:01:12.276>fear, <00:01:12.277>because <00:01:12.279>we 00:01:12.280 --> 00:01:13.350 align:start position:0% <00:01:12.280>there's <00:01:12.400>no <00:01:12.520>need <00:01:12.641>for <00:01:12.761>the <00:01:12.881>fear, <00:01:13.002>because <00:01:13.122>we <00:01:13.243>have 00:01:13.350 --> 00:01:13.360 align:start position:0% have 00:01:13.360 --> 00:01:16.830 align:start position:0% <00:01:13.360>have <00:01:13.560>two <00:01:13.760>points <00:01:13.960>how <00:01:14.160>we <00:01:14.360>can <00:01:14.560>already <00:01:14.760>today 00:01:16.830 --> 00:01:16.840 align:start position:0% <00:01:16.830>two <00:01:16.831>points <00:01:16.833>how <00:01:16.834>we <00:01:16.836>can <00:01:16.837>already <00:01:16.839>today 00:01:16.840 --> 00:01:18.350 align:start position:0% <00:01:16.840>two <00:01:17.009>points <00:01:17.179>how <00:01:17.349>we <00:01:17.519>can <00:01:17.689>already <00:01:17.859>today <00:01:18.029>start <00:01:18.199>don't 00:01:18.350 --> 00:01:18.360 align:start position:0% <00:01:18.350>start <00:01:18.359>don't 00:01:18.360 --> 00:01:20.310 align:start position:0% <00:01:18.360>start <00:01:18.560>don't <00:01:18.760>stop <00:01:18.960>this <00:01:19.160>fear. <00:01:19.360>We <00:01:19.560>have <00:01:19.760>post-quantum 00:01:20.310 --> 00:01:20.320 align:start position:0% <00:01:20.310>stop <00:01:20.311>this <00:01:20.313>fear. <00:01:20.315>We <00:01:20.317>have <00:01:20.318>post-quantum 00:01:20.320 --> 00:01:22.830 align:start position:0% <00:01:20.320>stop <00:01:20.447>this <00:01:20.574>fear. <00:01:20.701>We <00:01:20.829>have <00:01:20.956>post-quantum <00:01:21.083>cryptography, <00:01:21.210>part <00:01:21.338>of <00:01:21.465>today's <00:01:21.592>talk, <00:01:21.720>and 00:01:22.830 --> 00:01:22.840 align:start position:0% <00:01:22.830>cryptography, <00:01:22.831>part <00:01:22.833>of <00:01:22.835>today's <00:01:22.837>talk, <00:01:22.839>and 00:01:22.840 --> 00:01:24.590 align:start position:0% <00:01:22.840>cryptography, <00:01:22.967>part <00:01:23.094>of <00:01:23.221>today's <00:01:23.349>talk, <00:01:23.476>and <00:01:23.603>we <00:01:23.730>have <00:01:23.858>quantum <00:01:23.985>key <00:01:24.112>distribution, <00:01:24.240>that's 00:01:24.590 --> 00:01:24.600 align:start position:0% <00:01:24.590>we <00:01:24.591>have <00:01:24.593>quantum <00:01:24.595>key <00:01:24.597>distribution, <00:01:24.598>that's 00:01:24.600 --> 00:01:27.470 align:start position:0% <00:01:24.600>we <00:01:24.727>have <00:01:24.854>quantum <00:01:24.981>key <00:01:25.109>distribution, <00:01:25.236>that's <00:01:25.363>more <00:01:25.490>part <00:01:25.618>of <00:01:25.745>a <00:01:25.872>physics <00:01:26.000>talk. 00:01:27.470 --> 00:01:27.480 align:start position:0% <00:01:27.470>more <00:01:27.471>part <00:01:27.473>of <00:01:27.475>a <00:01:27.477>physics <00:01:27.479>talk. 00:01:27.480 --> 00:01:29.710 align:start position:0% <00:01:27.480>more <00:01:27.635>part <00:01:27.791>of <00:01:27.946>a <00:01:28.102>physics <00:01:28.257>talk. <00:01:28.413>Um <00:01:28.568>post-quantum <00:01:28.724>cryptography <00:01:28.880>is 00:01:29.710 --> 00:01:29.720 align:start position:0% <00:01:29.710>Um <00:01:29.713>post-quantum <00:01:29.716>cryptography <00:01:29.719>is 00:01:29.720 --> 00:01:31.710 align:start position:0% <00:01:29.720>Um <00:01:29.875>post-quantum <00:01:30.031>cryptography <00:01:30.186>is <00:01:30.342>production <00:01:30.497>ready. <00:01:30.653>The <00:01:30.808>other <00:01:30.964>the <00:01:31.120>other 00:01:31.710 --> 00:01:31.720 align:start position:0% <00:01:31.710>production <00:01:31.711>ready. <00:01:31.713>The <00:01:31.715>other <00:01:31.717>the <00:01:31.719>other 00:01:31.720 --> 00:01:34.830 align:start position:0% <00:01:31.720>production <00:01:31.836>ready. <00:01:31.953>The <00:01:32.070>other <00:01:32.186>the <00:01:32.303>other <00:01:32.420>stuff, <00:01:32.536>little <00:01:32.653>bit <00:01:32.770>of <00:01:32.886>science <00:01:33.003>today. <00:01:33.120>And 00:01:34.830 --> 00:01:34.840 align:start position:0% <00:01:34.830>stuff, <00:01:34.831>little <00:01:34.833>bit <00:01:34.834>of <00:01:34.836>science <00:01:34.837>today. <00:01:34.839>And 00:01:34.840 --> 00:01:36.990 align:start position:0% <00:01:34.840>stuff, <00:01:34.947>little <00:01:35.055>bit <00:01:35.163>of <00:01:35.270>science <00:01:35.378>today. <00:01:35.486>And <00:01:35.593>the <00:01:35.701>important <00:01:35.809>thing <00:01:35.916>here <00:01:36.024>is <00:01:36.132>this <00:01:36.240>is 00:01:36.990 --> 00:01:37.000 align:start position:0% <00:01:36.990>the <00:01:36.991>important <00:01:36.993>thing <00:01:36.994>here <00:01:36.996>is <00:01:36.997>this <00:01:36.999>is 00:01:37.000 --> 00:01:40.150 align:start position:0% <00:01:37.000>the <00:01:37.175>important <00:01:37.350>thing <00:01:37.525>here <00:01:37.700>is <00:01:37.875>this <00:01:38.050>is <00:01:38.225>something <00:01:38.400>from 00:01:40.160 --> 00:01:43.110 align:start position:0% <00:01:40.160>an <00:01:40.860>Nginx <00:01:41.560>configuration. 00:01:43.110 --> 00:01:43.120 align:start position:0% <00:01:43.110>an <00:01:43.114>Nginx <00:01:43.119>configuration. 00:01:43.120 --> 00:01:44.150 align:start position:0% <00:01:43.120>an <00:01:43.305>Nginx <00:01:43.490>configuration. <00:01:43.676>This <00:01:43.861>is <00:01:44.047>it. 00:01:44.150 --> 00:01:44.160 align:start position:0% <00:01:44.150>This <00:01:44.154>is <00:01:44.158>it. 00:01:44.160 --> 00:01:45.550 align:start position:0% <00:01:44.160>This <00:01:44.264>is <00:01:44.368>it. <00:01:44.472>So <00:01:44.577>if <00:01:44.681>you <00:01:44.785>want <00:01:44.889>to <00:01:44.994>have <00:01:45.098>a <00:01:45.202>beer <00:01:45.306>and <00:01:45.411>just 00:01:45.550 --> 00:01:45.560 align:start position:0% <00:01:45.550>So <00:01:45.551>if <00:01:45.551>you <00:01:45.553>want <00:01:45.554>to <00:01:45.555>have <00:01:45.556>a <00:01:45.557>beer <00:01:45.558>and <00:01:45.559>just 00:01:45.560 --> 00:01:48.790 align:start position:0% <00:01:45.560>So <00:01:45.653>if <00:01:45.746>you <00:01:45.840>want <00:01:45.933>to <00:01:46.026>have <00:01:46.120>a <00:01:46.213>beer <00:01:46.306>and <00:01:46.400>just <00:01:46.493>want <00:01:46.586>to <00:01:46.680>be <00:01:46.773>become <00:01:46.866>post-quantum <00:01:46.960>ready, 00:01:48.790 --> 00:01:48.800 align:start position:0% <00:01:48.789>want <00:01:48.791>to <00:01:48.793>be <00:01:48.795>become <00:01:48.797>post-quantum <00:01:48.798>ready, 00:01:48.800 --> 00:01:51.870 align:start position:0% <00:01:48.800>want <00:01:48.927>to <00:01:49.054>be <00:01:49.181>become <00:01:49.309>post-quantum <00:01:49.436>ready, <00:01:49.563>just <00:01:49.690>exchange <00:01:49.818>this <00:01:49.945>algorithm, <00:01:50.072>this <00:01:50.200>in 00:01:51.870 --> 00:01:51.880 align:start position:0% <00:01:51.870>just <00:01:51.871>exchange <00:01:51.873>this <00:01:51.875>algorithm, <00:01:51.877>this <00:01:51.878>in 00:01:51.880 --> 00:01:55.030 align:start position:0% <00:01:51.880>just <00:01:52.054>exchange <00:01:52.229>this <00:01:52.405>algorithm, <00:01:52.580>this <00:01:52.755>in <00:01:52.929>this <00:01:53.104>case <00:01:53.280>X25519, 00:01:55.030 --> 00:01:55.040 align:start position:0% <00:01:55.030>this <00:01:55.034>case <00:01:55.038>X25519, 00:01:55.040 --> 00:01:57.910 align:start position:0% <00:01:55.039>this <00:01:55.195>case <00:01:55.351>X25519, <00:01:55.506>with <00:01:55.662>the <00:01:55.817>ML-KEM. <00:01:55.973>The <00:01:56.128>ML-KEM <00:01:56.284>is <00:01:56.440>important 00:01:57.910 --> 00:01:57.920 align:start position:0% <00:01:57.910>with <00:01:57.911>the <00:01:57.913>ML-KEM. <00:01:57.914>The <00:01:57.916>ML-KEM <00:01:57.917>is <00:01:57.919>important 00:01:57.920 --> 00:02:00.150 align:start position:0% <00:01:57.920>with <00:01:58.020>the <00:01:58.120>ML-KEM. <00:01:58.220>The <00:01:58.320>ML-KEM <00:01:58.420>is <00:01:58.520>important <00:01:58.620>stuff <00:01:58.720>and <00:01:58.820>we <00:01:58.920>will <00:01:59.020>talk <00:01:59.120>about <00:01:59.220>this <00:01:59.320>today. 00:02:00.150 --> 00:02:00.160 align:start position:0% <00:02:00.150>stuff <00:02:00.151>and <00:02:00.152>we <00:02:00.153>will <00:02:00.155>talk <00:02:00.156>about <00:02:00.157>this <00:02:00.158>today. 00:02:00.160 --> 00:02:01.910 align:start position:0% <00:02:00.160>stuff <00:02:00.267>and <00:02:00.375>we <00:02:00.483>will <00:02:00.590>talk <00:02:00.698>about <00:02:00.806>this <00:02:00.913>today. <00:02:01.021>If <00:02:01.129>you <00:02:01.236>just <00:02:01.344>want <00:02:01.452>to <00:02:01.560>become 00:02:01.910 --> 00:02:01.920 align:start position:0% <00:02:01.910>If <00:02:01.911>you <00:02:01.913>just <00:02:01.915>want <00:02:01.917>to <00:02:01.919>become 00:02:01.920 --> 00:02:04.070 align:start position:0% <00:02:01.920>If <00:02:02.060>you <00:02:02.200>just <00:02:02.340>want <00:02:02.480>to <00:02:02.620>become <00:02:02.760>post-quantum <00:02:02.900>ready, <00:02:03.040>just <00:02:03.180>exchange <00:02:03.320>the 00:02:04.070 --> 00:02:04.080 align:start position:0% <00:02:04.070>post-quantum <00:02:04.072>ready, <00:02:04.074>just <00:02:04.076>exchange <00:02:04.079>the 00:02:04.080 --> 00:02:05.550 align:start position:0% <00:02:04.080>post-quantum <00:02:04.200>ready, <00:02:04.320>just <00:02:04.440>exchange <00:02:04.561>the <00:02:04.681>algorithm. <00:02:04.801>If <00:02:04.921>you <00:02:05.042>want <00:02:05.162>to <00:02:05.282>understand <00:02:05.402>a 00:02:05.550 --> 00:02:05.560 align:start position:0% <00:02:05.550>algorithm. <00:02:05.551>If <00:02:05.553>you <00:02:05.554>want <00:02:05.556>to <00:02:05.557>understand <00:02:05.559>a 00:02:05.560 --> 00:02:06.950 align:start position:0% <00:02:05.560>algorithm. <00:02:05.716>If <00:02:05.872>you <00:02:06.029>want <00:02:06.185>to <00:02:06.341>understand <00:02:06.498>a <00:02:06.654>little <00:02:06.811>more, 00:02:06.950 --> 00:02:06.960 align:start position:0% <00:02:06.950>little <00:02:06.958>more, 00:02:06.960 --> 00:02:09.790 align:start position:0% <00:02:06.960>little <00:02:07.115>more, <00:02:07.271>stay <00:02:07.426>here. <00:02:07.582>Stay <00:02:07.737>with <00:02:07.893>me. <00:02:08.048>Okay, <00:02:08.204>also <00:02:08.359>here 00:02:09.790 --> 00:02:09.800 align:start position:0% <00:02:09.789>stay <00:02:09.791>here. <00:02:09.792>Stay <00:02:09.793>with <00:02:09.795>me. <00:02:09.796>Okay, <00:02:09.797>also <00:02:09.799>here 00:02:09.800 --> 00:02:11.510 align:start position:0% <00:02:09.800>stay <00:02:09.907>here. <00:02:10.015>Stay <00:02:10.123>with <00:02:10.230>me. <00:02:10.338>Okay, <00:02:10.446>also <00:02:10.553>here <00:02:10.661>I <00:02:10.769>just <00:02:10.876>checked, <00:02:10.984>we <00:02:11.092>are <00:02:11.200>developers 00:02:11.510 --> 00:02:11.520 align:start position:0% <00:02:11.510>I <00:02:11.511>just <00:02:11.513>checked, <00:02:11.515>we <00:02:11.517>are <00:02:11.519>developers 00:02:11.520 --> 00:02:13.510 align:start position:0% <00:02:11.520>I <00:02:11.660>just <00:02:11.800>checked, <00:02:11.940>we <00:02:12.080>are <00:02:12.220>developers <00:02:12.360>already <00:02:12.500>post-quantum <00:02:12.640>secure, <00:02:12.780>right? <00:02:12.920>In 00:02:13.510 --> 00:02:13.520 align:start position:0% <00:02:13.510>already <00:02:13.512>post-quantum <00:02:13.514>secure, <00:02:13.516>right? <00:02:13.519>In 00:02:13.520 --> 00:02:16.110 align:start position:0% <00:02:13.520>already <00:02:13.636>post-quantum <00:02:13.753>secure, <00:02:13.870>right? <00:02:13.986>In <00:02:14.103>the <00:02:14.220>security <00:02:14.336>tab <00:02:14.453>of <00:02:14.570>Chrome, <00:02:14.686>we <00:02:14.803>can <00:02:14.920>see 00:02:16.110 --> 00:02:16.120 align:start position:0% <00:02:16.110>the <00:02:16.111>security <00:02:16.112>tab <00:02:16.113>of <00:02:16.115>Chrome, <00:02:16.116>we <00:02:16.117>can <00:02:16.119>see 00:02:16.120 --> 00:02:17.949 align:start position:0% <00:02:16.120>the <00:02:16.260>security <00:02:16.400>tab <00:02:16.540>of <00:02:16.680>Chrome, <00:02:16.820>we <00:02:16.960>can <00:02:17.100>see <00:02:17.240>the <00:02:17.380>ML <00:02:17.520>cam. 00:02:17.949 --> 00:02:17.959 align:start position:0% <00:02:17.949>the <00:02:17.953>ML <00:02:17.958>cam. 00:02:17.959 --> 00:02:20.670 align:start position:0% <00:02:17.959>the <00:02:18.099>ML <00:02:18.239>cam. <00:02:18.379>If <00:02:18.519>we <00:02:18.659>go <00:02:18.799>two <00:02:18.939>ways <00:02:19.079>down <00:02:19.219>to <00:02:19.359>sessionize, 00:02:20.670 --> 00:02:20.680 align:start position:0% <00:02:20.670>If <00:02:20.671>we <00:02:20.672>go <00:02:20.673>two <00:02:20.675>ways <00:02:20.676>down <00:02:20.677>to <00:02:20.679>sessionize, 00:02:20.680 --> 00:02:22.230 align:start position:0% <00:02:20.680>If <00:02:20.787>we <00:02:20.894>go <00:02:21.001>two <00:02:21.109>ways <00:02:21.216>down <00:02:21.323>to <00:02:21.431>sessionize, <00:02:21.538>which <00:02:21.645>for <00:02:21.753>whatever <00:02:21.860>reason <00:02:21.967>it's <00:02:22.075>also 00:02:22.230 --> 00:02:22.240 align:start position:0% <00:02:22.230>which <00:02:22.231>for <00:02:22.233>whatever <00:02:22.235>reason <00:02:22.237>it's <00:02:22.239>also 00:02:22.240 --> 00:02:24.190 align:start position:0% <00:02:22.240>which <00:02:22.356>for <00:02:22.473>whatever <00:02:22.590>reason <00:02:22.706>it's <00:02:22.823>also <00:02:22.940>talking <00:02:23.056>for, <00:02:23.173>we <00:02:23.290>see <00:02:23.406>the <00:02:23.523>elliptic <00:02:23.640>curve 00:02:24.190 --> 00:02:24.200 align:start position:0% <00:02:24.190>talking <00:02:24.191>for, <00:02:24.192>we <00:02:24.194>see <00:02:24.196>the <00:02:24.197>elliptic <00:02:24.198>curve 00:02:24.200 --> 00:02:27.750 align:start position:0% <00:02:24.200>talking <00:02:24.375>for, <00:02:24.549>we <00:02:24.725>see <00:02:24.899>the <00:02:25.075>elliptic <00:02:25.250>curve <00:02:25.424>P384 <00:02:25.600>curve. 00:02:27.750 --> 00:02:27.760 align:start position:0% <00:02:27.750>P384 <00:02:27.759>curve. 00:02:27.760 --> 00:02:29.470 align:start position:0% <00:02:27.760>P384 <00:02:27.915>curve. <00:02:28.071>Simple <00:02:28.226>like <00:02:28.382>this. <00:02:28.537>Um <00:02:28.693>if <00:02:28.848>you <00:02:29.004>want <00:02:29.160>to 00:02:29.470 --> 00:02:29.480 align:start position:0% <00:02:29.470>Simple <00:02:29.471>like <00:02:29.472>this. <00:02:29.473>Um <00:02:29.475>if <00:02:29.476>you <00:02:29.477>want <00:02:29.478>to 00:02:29.480 --> 00:02:31.910 align:start position:0% <00:02:29.480>Simple <00:02:29.587>like <00:02:29.695>this. <00:02:29.803>Um <00:02:29.910>if <00:02:30.018>you <00:02:30.126>want <00:02:30.233>to <00:02:30.341>understand <00:02:30.449>a <00:02:30.556>little <00:02:30.664>bit <00:02:30.772>why <00:02:30.880>quantum 00:02:31.910 --> 00:02:31.920 align:start position:0% <00:02:31.910>understand <00:02:31.911>a <00:02:31.913>little <00:02:31.915>bit <00:02:31.917>why <00:02:31.919>quantum 00:02:31.920 --> 00:02:35.750 align:start position:0% <00:02:31.920>understand <00:02:32.047>a <00:02:32.174>little <00:02:32.301>bit <00:02:32.429>why <00:02:32.556>quantum <00:02:32.683>computers <00:02:32.810>can <00:02:32.938>break <00:02:33.065>today's <00:02:33.192>crypto, <00:02:33.320>um 00:02:35.750 --> 00:02:35.760 align:start position:0% <00:02:35.750>computers <00:02:35.751>can <00:02:35.753>break <00:02:35.755>today's <00:02:35.757>crypto, <00:02:35.759>um 00:02:35.760 --> 00:02:37.750 align:start position:0% <00:02:35.760>computers <00:02:35.876>can <00:02:35.993>break <00:02:36.109>today's <00:02:36.226>crypto, <00:02:36.343>um <00:02:36.459>we <00:02:36.576>have <00:02:36.693>the <00:02:36.810>following <00:02:36.926>agenda <00:02:37.043>in <00:02:37.160>the 00:02:37.750 --> 00:02:37.760 align:start position:0% <00:02:37.750>we <00:02:37.751>have <00:02:37.753>the <00:02:37.754>following <00:02:37.756>agenda <00:02:37.757>in <00:02:37.759>the 00:02:37.760 --> 00:02:39.710 align:start position:0% <00:02:37.760>we <00:02:37.887>have <00:02:38.014>the <00:02:38.141>following <00:02:38.269>agenda <00:02:38.396>in <00:02:38.523>the <00:02:38.650>other <00:02:38.778>way <00:02:38.905>around, <00:02:39.032>not <00:02:39.160>post-quantum 00:02:39.710 --> 00:02:39.720 align:start position:0% <00:02:39.710>other <00:02:39.712>way <00:02:39.714>around, <00:02:39.716>not <00:02:39.719>post-quantum 00:02:39.720 --> 00:02:41.750 align:start position:0% <00:02:39.720>other <00:02:39.895>way <00:02:40.070>around, <00:02:40.245>not <00:02:40.420>post-quantum <00:02:40.595>cryptography, <00:02:40.770>but <00:02:40.945>cryptography <00:02:41.120>quantum 00:02:41.750 --> 00:02:41.760 align:start position:0% <00:02:41.750>cryptography, <00:02:41.753>but <00:02:41.756>cryptography <00:02:41.759>quantum 00:02:41.760 --> 00:02:43.710 align:start position:0% <00:02:41.760>cryptography, <00:02:41.899>but <00:02:42.040>cryptography <00:02:42.179>quantum <00:02:42.320>post, <00:02:42.459>okay? <00:02:42.600>Just <00:02:42.739>2 <00:02:42.880>minutes <00:02:43.019>on <00:02:43.160>today's 00:02:43.710 --> 00:02:43.720 align:start position:0% <00:02:43.710>post, <00:02:43.711>okay? <00:02:43.713>Just <00:02:43.714>2 <00:02:43.716>minutes <00:02:43.717>on <00:02:43.719>today's 00:02:43.720 --> 00:02:45.949 align:start position:0% <00:02:43.720>post, <00:02:43.847>okay? <00:02:43.974>Just <00:02:44.101>2 <00:02:44.229>minutes <00:02:44.356>on <00:02:44.483>today's <00:02:44.610>cryptography <00:02:44.738>to <00:02:44.865>have <00:02:44.992>a <00:02:45.120>baseline. 00:02:45.949 --> 00:02:45.959 align:start position:0% <00:02:45.949>cryptography <00:02:45.951>to <00:02:45.953>have <00:02:45.955>a <00:02:45.958>baseline. 00:02:45.959 --> 00:02:47.590 align:start position:0% <00:02:45.959>cryptography <00:02:46.086>to <00:02:46.213>have <00:02:46.340>a <00:02:46.468>baseline. <00:02:46.595>Then <00:02:46.722>we <00:02:46.849>talk <00:02:46.977>more <00:02:47.104>than <00:02:47.231>expected <00:02:47.359>about 00:02:47.590 --> 00:02:47.600 align:start position:0% <00:02:47.590>Then <00:02:47.591>we <00:02:47.593>talk <00:02:47.594>more <00:02:47.596>than <00:02:47.597>expected <00:02:47.599>about 00:02:47.600 --> 00:02:50.630 align:start position:0% <00:02:47.600>Then <00:02:47.700>we <00:02:47.799>talk <00:02:47.900>more <00:02:48.000>than <00:02:48.100>expected <00:02:48.200>about <00:02:48.299>quantum. <00:02:48.400>I'm <00:02:48.500>not <00:02:48.600>a <00:02:48.700>physic <00:02:48.799>guy, <00:02:48.900>I'm <00:02:49.000>an 00:02:50.630 --> 00:02:50.640 align:start position:0% <00:02:50.630>quantum. <00:02:50.631>I'm <00:02:50.632>not <00:02:50.633>a <00:02:50.635>physic <00:02:50.636>guy, <00:02:50.637>I'm <00:02:50.638>an 00:02:50.640 --> 00:02:53.310 align:start position:0% <00:02:50.640>quantum. <00:02:50.733>I'm <00:02:50.826>not <00:02:50.920>a <00:02:51.013>physic <00:02:51.106>guy, <00:02:51.200>I'm <00:02:51.293>an <00:02:51.386>IT <00:02:51.480>architect, <00:02:51.573>okay? <00:02:51.666>But <00:02:51.760>I <00:02:51.853>was <00:02:51.946>so <00:02:52.040>amazed 00:02:53.310 --> 00:02:53.320 align:start position:0% <00:02:53.310>IT <00:02:53.311>architect, <00:02:53.312>okay? <00:02:53.313>But <00:02:53.315>I <00:02:53.316>was <00:02:53.317>so <00:02:53.319>amazed 00:02:53.320 --> 00:02:55.830 align:start position:0% <00:02:53.320>IT <00:02:53.420>architect, <00:02:53.519>okay? <00:02:53.620>But <00:02:53.720>I <00:02:53.820>was <00:02:53.920>so <00:02:54.019>amazed <00:02:54.120>what's <00:02:54.220>possible <00:02:54.320>with <00:02:54.420>quantum <00:02:54.519>that <00:02:54.620>I <00:02:54.720>want 00:02:55.830 --> 00:02:55.840 align:start position:0% <00:02:55.829>what's <00:02:55.831>possible <00:02:55.833>with <00:02:55.834>quantum <00:02:55.835>that <00:02:55.837>I <00:02:55.839>want 00:02:55.840 --> 00:02:57.750 align:start position:0% <00:02:55.840>what's <00:02:55.933>possible <00:02:56.026>with <00:02:56.120>quantum <00:02:56.213>that <00:02:56.306>I <00:02:56.400>want <00:02:56.493>to <00:02:56.586>take <00:02:56.680>you <00:02:56.773>on <00:02:56.866>this <00:02:56.960>journey <00:02:57.053>I <00:02:57.146>also <00:02:57.240>did. 00:02:57.750 --> 00:02:57.760 align:start position:0% <00:02:57.750>to <00:02:57.751>take <00:02:57.752>you <00:02:57.753>on <00:02:57.754>this <00:02:57.755>journey <00:02:57.756>I <00:02:57.757>also <00:02:57.759>did. 00:02:57.760 --> 00:02:59.190 align:start position:0% <00:02:57.760>to <00:02:57.840>take <00:02:57.920>you <00:02:58.001>on <00:02:58.081>this <00:02:58.162>journey <00:02:58.242>I <00:02:58.323>also <00:02:58.403>did. <00:02:58.483>And <00:02:58.564>then <00:02:58.644>of <00:02:58.725>course <00:02:58.805>we <00:02:58.886>talk <00:02:58.966>about <00:02:59.047>post, 00:02:59.190 --> 00:02:59.200 align:start position:0% <00:02:59.190>And <00:02:59.191>then <00:02:59.192>of <00:02:59.193>course <00:02:59.195>we <00:02:59.196>talk <00:02:59.197>about <00:02:59.198>post, 00:02:59.200 --> 00:03:00.870 align:start position:0% <00:02:59.200>And <00:02:59.316>then <00:02:59.433>of <00:02:59.549>course <00:02:59.666>we <00:02:59.783>talk <00:02:59.899>about <00:03:00.016>post, <00:03:00.133>about <00:03:00.250>this <00:03:00.366>ML <00:03:00.483>cam <00:03:00.600>lattice-based 00:03:00.870 --> 00:03:00.880 align:start position:0% <00:03:00.870>about <00:03:00.872>this <00:03:00.874>ML <00:03:00.876>cam <00:03:00.879>lattice-based 00:03:00.880 --> 00:03:03.590 align:start position:0% <00:03:00.880>about <00:03:01.055>this <00:03:01.230>ML <00:03:01.405>cam <00:03:01.579>lattice-based <00:03:01.755>cryptography. <00:03:01.930>Okay, <00:03:02.105>number <00:03:02.280>one. 00:03:03.590 --> 00:03:03.600 align:start position:0% <00:03:03.590>cryptography. <00:03:03.593>Okay, <00:03:03.596>number <00:03:03.599>one. 00:03:03.600 --> 00:03:05.670 align:start position:0% <00:03:03.600>cryptography. <00:03:03.775>Okay, <00:03:03.950>number <00:03:04.125>one. <00:03:04.299>Cryptography. <00:03:04.475>Is <00:03:04.650>there <00:03:04.825>a <00:03:05.000>secure, 00:03:05.670 --> 00:03:05.680 align:start position:0% <00:03:05.670>Cryptography. <00:03:05.672>Is <00:03:05.674>there <00:03:05.676>a <00:03:05.679>secure, 00:03:05.680 --> 00:03:07.790 align:start position:0% <00:03:05.680>Cryptography. <00:03:05.913>Is <00:03:06.146>there <00:03:06.380>a <00:03:06.613>secure, <00:03:06.846>unbreakable <00:03:07.080>encryption? 00:03:07.790 --> 00:03:07.800 align:start position:0% <00:03:07.790>unbreakable <00:03:07.799>encryption? 00:03:07.800 --> 00:03:09.990 align:start position:0% <00:03:07.800>unbreakable <00:03:07.975>encryption? <00:03:08.150>Sounds <00:03:08.325>like <00:03:08.500>a <00:03:08.675>heavy <00:03:08.850>question, <00:03:09.025>but <00:03:09.200>yes, 00:03:09.990 --> 00:03:10.000 align:start position:0% <00:03:09.990>Sounds <00:03:09.991>like <00:03:09.993>a <00:03:09.994>heavy <00:03:09.996>question, <00:03:09.997>but <00:03:09.999>yes, 00:03:10.000 --> 00:03:11.949 align:start position:0% <00:03:10.000>Sounds <00:03:10.107>like <00:03:10.215>a <00:03:10.323>heavy <00:03:10.430>question, <00:03:10.538>but <00:03:10.646>yes, <00:03:10.753>there <00:03:10.861>is. <00:03:10.969>It's <00:03:11.076>one-time <00:03:11.184>pad, <00:03:11.292>right? <00:03:11.400>In 00:03:11.949 --> 00:03:11.959 align:start position:0% <00:03:11.949>there <00:03:11.950>is. <00:03:11.952>It's <00:03:11.953>one-time <00:03:11.955>pad, <00:03:11.956>right? <00:03:11.958>In 00:03:11.959 --> 00:03:14.470 align:start position:0% <00:03:11.959>there <00:03:12.075>is. <00:03:12.192>It's <00:03:12.309>one-time <00:03:12.425>pad, <00:03:12.542>right? <00:03:12.659>In <00:03:12.775>informatics, <00:03:12.892>it's <00:03:13.009>XOR. <00:03:13.125>It <00:03:13.242>works. <00:03:13.359>It 00:03:14.470 --> 00:03:14.480 align:start position:0% <00:03:14.470>informatics, <00:03:14.471>it's <00:03:14.473>XOR. <00:03:14.475>It <00:03:14.477>works. <00:03:14.478>It 00:03:14.480 --> 00:03:16.229 align:start position:0% <00:03:14.480>informatics, <00:03:14.655>it's <00:03:14.829>XOR. <00:03:15.005>It <00:03:15.179>works. <00:03:15.355>It <00:03:15.530>works <00:03:15.704>for <00:03:15.880>decades. 00:03:16.229 --> 00:03:16.239 align:start position:0% <00:03:16.228>works <00:03:16.233>for <00:03:16.238>decades. 00:03:16.239 --> 00:03:19.150 align:start position:0% <00:03:16.239>works <00:03:16.439>for <00:03:16.639>decades. <00:03:16.839>It's <00:03:17.039>secure <00:03:17.239>mathematically <00:03:17.439>under <00:03:17.639>some 00:03:19.150 --> 00:03:19.160 align:start position:0% <00:03:19.150>It's <00:03:19.152>secure <00:03:19.154>mathematically <00:03:19.156>under <00:03:19.159>some 00:03:19.160 --> 00:03:20.830 align:start position:0% <00:03:19.160>It's <00:03:19.393>secure <00:03:19.626>mathematically <00:03:19.859>under <00:03:20.093>some <00:03:20.326>requirements. <00:03:20.560>It's 00:03:20.830 --> 00:03:20.840 align:start position:0% <00:03:20.829>requirements. <00:03:20.839>It's 00:03:20.840 --> 00:03:22.830 align:start position:0% <00:03:20.840>requirements. <00:03:21.015>It's <00:03:21.190>we <00:03:21.365>the <00:03:21.540>key <00:03:21.715>must <00:03:21.890>be <00:03:22.065>really, <00:03:22.240>really 00:03:22.830 --> 00:03:22.840 align:start position:0% <00:03:22.829>we <00:03:22.831>the <00:03:22.833>key <00:03:22.834>must <00:03:22.835>be <00:03:22.837>really, <00:03:22.839>really 00:03:22.840 --> 00:03:23.990 align:start position:0% <00:03:22.840>we <00:03:22.987>the <00:03:23.135>key <00:03:23.283>must <00:03:23.431>be <00:03:23.579>really, <00:03:23.727>really <00:03:23.875>random. 00:03:23.990 --> 00:03:24.000 align:start position:0% random. 00:03:24.000 --> 00:03:26.270 align:start position:0% <00:03:24.000>random. <00:03:24.175>Um <00:03:24.350>the <00:03:24.525>key <00:03:24.700>can <00:03:24.875>only <00:03:25.050>be <00:03:25.225>used <00:03:25.400>once. 00:03:26.270 --> 00:03:26.280 align:start position:0% <00:03:26.270>Um <00:03:26.271>the <00:03:26.272>key <00:03:26.273>can <00:03:26.275>only <00:03:26.276>be <00:03:26.277>used <00:03:26.279>once. 00:03:26.280 --> 00:03:28.150 align:start position:0% <00:03:26.280>Um <00:03:26.373>the <00:03:26.466>key <00:03:26.560>can <00:03:26.653>only <00:03:26.746>be <00:03:26.840>used <00:03:26.933>once. <00:03:27.026>The <00:03:27.120>key <00:03:27.213>size <00:03:27.306>must <00:03:27.400>be <00:03:27.493>longer <00:03:27.586>than <00:03:27.680>the 00:03:28.150 --> 00:03:28.160 align:start position:0% <00:03:28.150>The <00:03:28.151>key <00:03:28.152>size <00:03:28.153>must <00:03:28.155>be <00:03:28.156>longer <00:03:28.157>than <00:03:28.159>the 00:03:28.160 --> 00:03:31.070 align:start position:0% <00:03:28.160>The <00:03:28.260>key <00:03:28.359>size <00:03:28.460>must <00:03:28.560>be <00:03:28.660>longer <00:03:28.760>than <00:03:28.859>the <00:03:28.960>message <00:03:29.060>size. <00:03:29.160>And <00:03:29.260>of <00:03:29.359>course <00:03:29.460>the <00:03:29.560>secret 00:03:31.070 --> 00:03:31.080 align:start position:0% <00:03:31.070>message <00:03:31.071>size. <00:03:31.072>And <00:03:31.074>of <00:03:31.076>course <00:03:31.077>the <00:03:31.078>secret 00:03:31.080 --> 00:03:33.310 align:start position:0% <00:03:31.079>message <00:03:31.173>size. <00:03:31.266>And <00:03:31.359>of <00:03:31.453>course <00:03:31.546>the <00:03:31.640>secret <00:03:31.733>the <00:03:31.826>key <00:03:31.920>must <00:03:32.013>be <00:03:32.106>secret <00:03:32.200>and <00:03:32.293>known <00:03:32.386>on <00:03:32.480>both 00:03:33.310 --> 00:03:33.320 align:start position:0% <00:03:33.310>the <00:03:33.311>key <00:03:33.312>must <00:03:33.313>be <00:03:33.314>secret <00:03:33.315>and <00:03:33.316>known <00:03:33.317>on <00:03:33.319>both 00:03:33.320 --> 00:03:34.390 align:start position:0% <00:03:33.320>the <00:03:33.427>key <00:03:33.534>must <00:03:33.641>be <00:03:33.748>secret <00:03:33.855>and <00:03:33.962>known <00:03:34.069>on <00:03:34.176>both <00:03:34.283>sides. 00:03:34.390 --> 00:03:34.400 align:start position:0% sides. 00:03:34.400 --> 00:03:36.390 align:start position:0% <00:03:34.400>sides. <00:03:34.680>For <00:03:34.960>number <00:03:35.240>one <00:03:35.520>to <00:03:35.800>three, 00:03:36.390 --> 00:03:36.400 align:start position:0% <00:03:36.390>For <00:03:36.392>number <00:03:36.394>one <00:03:36.396>to <00:03:36.399>three, 00:03:36.400 --> 00:03:39.870 align:start position:0% <00:03:36.400>For <00:03:36.516>number <00:03:36.633>one <00:03:36.750>to <00:03:36.866>three, <00:03:36.983>we <00:03:37.100>have <00:03:37.216>something <00:03:37.333>like <00:03:37.450>AES <00:03:37.566>or <00:03:37.683>ChaCha <00:03:37.800>or 00:03:39.870 --> 00:03:39.880 align:start position:0% <00:03:39.870>we <00:03:39.871>have <00:03:39.872>something <00:03:39.873>like <00:03:39.875>AES <00:03:39.876>or <00:03:39.877>ChaCha <00:03:39.879>or 00:03:39.880 --> 00:03:41.150 align:start position:0% <00:03:39.880>we <00:03:39.961>have <00:03:40.043>something <00:03:40.124>like <00:03:40.206>AES <00:03:40.288>or <00:03:40.369>ChaCha <00:03:40.451>or <00:03:40.533>let's <00:03:40.614>not <00:03:40.696>talk <00:03:40.778>about <00:03:40.859>the <00:03:40.941>details. <00:03:41.023>The 00:03:41.150 --> 00:03:41.160 align:start position:0% <00:03:41.150>let's <00:03:41.151>not <00:03:41.153>talk <00:03:41.154>about <00:03:41.156>the <00:03:41.157>details. <00:03:41.159>The 00:03:41.160 --> 00:03:42.990 align:start position:0% <00:03:41.160>let's <00:03:41.267>not <00:03:41.375>talk <00:03:41.483>about <00:03:41.590>the <00:03:41.698>details. <00:03:41.806>The <00:03:41.913>important <00:03:42.021>thing <00:03:42.129>of <00:03:42.236>course <00:03:42.344>here <00:03:42.452>is <00:03:42.560>the 00:03:42.990 --> 00:03:43.000 align:start position:0% <00:03:42.990>important <00:03:42.991>thing <00:03:42.993>of <00:03:42.994>course <00:03:42.996>here <00:03:42.997>is <00:03:42.999>the 00:03:43.000 --> 00:03:45.270 align:start position:0% <00:03:43.000>important <00:03:43.140>thing <00:03:43.280>of <00:03:43.420>course <00:03:43.560>here <00:03:43.700>is <00:03:43.840>the <00:03:43.980>XOR <00:03:44.120>here <00:03:44.260>on <00:03:44.400>top. 00:03:45.270 --> 00:03:45.280 align:start position:0% <00:03:45.270>XOR <00:03:45.273>here <00:03:45.276>on <00:03:45.279>top. 00:03:45.280 --> 00:03:46.990 align:start position:0% <00:03:45.280>XOR <00:03:45.420>here <00:03:45.560>on <00:03:45.700>top. <00:03:45.840>And <00:03:45.980>we <00:03:46.120>do <00:03:46.260>some <00:03:46.400>substitution <00:03:46.540>shift <00:03:46.680>rows, 00:03:46.990 --> 00:03:47.000 align:start position:0% <00:03:46.990>And <00:03:46.991>we <00:03:46.993>do <00:03:46.994>some <00:03:46.996>substitution <00:03:46.997>shift <00:03:46.999>rows, 00:03:47.000 --> 00:03:48.670 align:start position:0% <00:03:47.000>And <00:03:47.200>we <00:03:47.400>do <00:03:47.600>some <00:03:47.800>substitution <00:03:48.000>shift <00:03:48.200>rows, <00:03:48.400>whatever. 00:03:48.670 --> 00:03:48.680 align:start position:0% whatever. 00:03:48.680 --> 00:03:50.630 align:start position:0% <00:03:48.680>whatever. <00:03:48.855>For <00:03:49.030>the <00:03:49.205>fourth <00:03:49.380>part, <00:03:49.555>how <00:03:49.730>can <00:03:49.905>we <00:03:50.080>share 00:03:50.630 --> 00:03:50.640 align:start position:0% <00:03:50.630>For <00:03:50.631>the <00:03:50.632>fourth <00:03:50.633>part, <00:03:50.635>how <00:03:50.636>can <00:03:50.637>we <00:03:50.638>share 00:03:50.640 --> 00:03:52.630 align:start position:0% <00:03:50.640>For <00:03:50.747>the <00:03:50.855>fourth <00:03:50.963>part, <00:03:51.070>how <00:03:51.178>can <00:03:51.286>we <00:03:51.393>share <00:03:51.501>this <00:03:51.609>symmetric <00:03:51.716>key, <00:03:51.824>right? <00:03:51.932>We <00:03:52.040>have 00:03:52.630 --> 00:03:52.640 align:start position:0% <00:03:52.630>this <00:03:52.631>symmetric <00:03:52.633>key, <00:03:52.635>right? <00:03:52.637>We <00:03:52.638>have 00:03:52.640 --> 00:03:55.430 align:start position:0% <00:03:52.640>this <00:03:52.795>symmetric <00:03:52.951>key, <00:03:53.106>right? <00:03:53.262>We <00:03:53.417>have <00:03:53.573>asymmetric <00:03:53.728>encryption, <00:03:53.884>of <00:03:54.040>course. 00:03:55.430 --> 00:03:55.440 align:start position:0% <00:03:55.430>asymmetric <00:03:55.433>encryption, <00:03:55.436>of <00:03:55.439>course. 00:03:55.440 --> 00:03:58.870 align:start position:0% <00:03:55.440>asymmetric <00:03:55.579>encryption, <00:03:55.720>of <00:03:55.859>course. <00:03:56.000>Um <00:03:56.140>so, <00:03:56.280>public <00:03:56.420>private <00:03:56.560>key <00:03:56.700>encryption. <00:03:56.840>Um 00:03:58.870 --> 00:03:58.880 align:start position:0% <00:03:58.870>Um <00:03:58.871>so, <00:03:58.873>public <00:03:58.874>private <00:03:58.876>key <00:03:58.877>encryption. <00:03:58.879>Um 00:03:58.880 --> 00:04:00.430 align:start position:0% <00:03:58.880>Um <00:03:58.967>so, <00:03:59.054>public <00:03:59.141>private <00:03:59.228>key <00:03:59.315>encryption. <00:03:59.403>Um <00:03:59.490>on <00:03:59.577>the <00:03:59.664>on <00:03:59.751>the <00:03:59.839>on <00:03:59.926>the <00:04:00.013>other <00:04:00.100>side, <00:04:00.187>on <00:04:00.275>the 00:04:00.430 --> 00:04:00.440 align:start position:0% <00:04:00.430>on <00:04:00.431>the <00:04:00.432>on <00:04:00.433>the <00:04:00.434>on <00:04:00.435>the <00:04:00.436>other <00:04:00.437>side, <00:04:00.438>on <00:04:00.439>the 00:04:00.440 --> 00:04:02.150 align:start position:0% <00:04:00.440>on <00:04:00.527>the <00:04:00.615>on <00:04:00.702>the <00:04:00.790>on <00:04:00.877>the <00:04:00.965>other <00:04:01.052>side, <00:04:01.140>on <00:04:01.227>the <00:04:01.315>encryption <00:04:01.402>part, <00:04:01.490>we <00:04:01.577>use <00:04:01.665>the <00:04:01.752>public <00:04:01.840>key, 00:04:02.150 --> 00:04:02.160 align:start position:0% <00:04:02.150>encryption <00:04:02.151>part, <00:04:02.153>we <00:04:02.154>use <00:04:02.156>the <00:04:02.157>public <00:04:02.159>key, 00:04:02.160 --> 00:04:04.030 align:start position:0% <00:04:02.160>encryption <00:04:02.276>part, <00:04:02.393>we <00:04:02.510>use <00:04:02.626>the <00:04:02.743>public <00:04:02.859>key, <00:04:02.976>encrypt <00:04:03.093>the <00:04:03.210>message <00:04:03.326>to <00:04:03.443>the <00:04:03.560>ciphertext, 00:04:04.030 --> 00:04:04.040 align:start position:0% <00:04:04.030>encrypt <00:04:04.031>the <00:04:04.033>message <00:04:04.035>to <00:04:04.037>the <00:04:04.039>ciphertext, 00:04:04.040 --> 00:04:05.870 align:start position:0% <00:04:04.040>encrypt <00:04:04.147>the <00:04:04.255>message <00:04:04.363>to <00:04:04.470>the <00:04:04.578>ciphertext, <00:04:04.686>and <00:04:04.793>on <00:04:04.901>the <00:04:05.009>other <00:04:05.116>side, <00:04:05.224>we <00:04:05.332>can <00:04:05.440>decrypt 00:04:05.870 --> 00:04:05.880 align:start position:0% <00:04:05.870>and <00:04:05.871>on <00:04:05.872>the <00:04:05.873>other <00:04:05.875>side, <00:04:05.876>we <00:04:05.877>can <00:04:05.879>decrypt 00:04:05.880 --> 00:04:09.030 align:start position:0% <00:04:05.880>and <00:04:05.973>on <00:04:06.066>the <00:04:06.160>other <00:04:06.253>side, <00:04:06.346>we <00:04:06.440>can <00:04:06.533>decrypt <00:04:06.626>with <00:04:06.720>a <00:04:06.813>private <00:04:06.906>key. <00:04:07.000>How <00:04:07.093>does <00:04:07.186>this <00:04:07.280>work? 00:04:09.030 --> 00:04:09.040 align:start position:0% <00:04:09.030>with <00:04:09.031>a <00:04:09.032>private <00:04:09.033>key. <00:04:09.035>How <00:04:09.036>does <00:04:09.037>this <00:04:09.039>work? 00:04:09.040 --> 00:04:11.310 align:start position:0% <00:04:09.040>with <00:04:09.133>a <00:04:09.226>private <00:04:09.320>key. <00:04:09.413>How <00:04:09.506>does <00:04:09.600>this <00:04:09.693>work? <00:04:09.786>There <00:04:09.880>are <00:04:09.973>a <00:04:10.066>lot <00:04:10.160>of <00:04:10.253>algorithms, <00:04:10.346>and <00:04:10.440>the 00:04:11.310 --> 00:04:11.320 align:start position:0% <00:04:11.310>There <00:04:11.311>are <00:04:11.312>a <00:04:11.313>lot <00:04:11.315>of <00:04:11.316>algorithms, <00:04:11.317>and <00:04:11.319>the 00:04:11.320 --> 00:04:12.990 align:start position:0% <00:04:11.320>There <00:04:11.427>are <00:04:11.535>a <00:04:11.643>lot <00:04:11.750>of <00:04:11.858>algorithms, <00:04:11.966>and <00:04:12.073>the <00:04:12.181>foundation <00:04:12.289>of <00:04:12.396>every <00:04:12.504>algorithm <00:04:12.612>is <00:04:12.720>the 00:04:12.990 --> 00:04:13.000 align:start position:0% <00:04:12.990>foundation <00:04:12.991>of <00:04:12.993>every <00:04:12.995>algorithm <00:04:12.997>is <00:04:12.999>the 00:04:13.000 --> 00:04:14.550 align:start position:0% <00:04:13.000>foundation <00:04:13.155>of <00:04:13.310>every <00:04:13.465>algorithm <00:04:13.620>is <00:04:13.775>the <00:04:13.930>so-called <00:04:14.085>trapdoor <00:04:14.240>function. <00:04:14.395>It's 00:04:14.550 --> 00:04:14.560 align:start position:0% <00:04:14.550>so-called <00:04:14.553>trapdoor <00:04:14.556>function. <00:04:14.559>It's 00:04:14.560 --> 00:04:16.310 align:start position:0% <00:04:14.560>so-called <00:04:14.715>trapdoor <00:04:14.871>function. <00:04:15.026>It's <00:04:15.182>mathematics. <00:04:15.337>To <00:04:15.493>be <00:04:15.648>honest, <00:04:15.804>also <00:04:15.960>in 00:04:16.310 --> 00:04:16.320 align:start position:0% <00:04:16.310>mathematics. <00:04:16.311>To <00:04:16.313>be <00:04:16.315>honest, <00:04:16.317>also <00:04:16.319>in 00:04:16.320 --> 00:04:18.430 align:start position:0% <00:04:16.320>mathematics. <00:04:16.475>To <00:04:16.631>be <00:04:16.786>honest, <00:04:16.942>also <00:04:17.097>in <00:04:17.253>post-quantum <00:04:17.408>cryptography, <00:04:17.564>it's <00:04:17.719>a 00:04:18.430 --> 00:04:18.440 align:start position:0% <00:04:18.430>post-quantum <00:04:18.433>cryptography, <00:04:18.435>it's <00:04:18.439>a 00:04:18.440 --> 00:04:20.030 align:start position:0% <00:04:18.440>post-quantum <00:04:18.719>cryptography, <00:04:19.000>it's <00:04:19.279>a <00:04:19.560>trapdoor <00:04:19.839>function. 00:04:20.030 --> 00:04:20.040 align:start position:0% <00:04:20.029>trapdoor <00:04:20.039>function. 00:04:20.040 --> 00:04:22.270 align:start position:0% <00:04:20.040>trapdoor <00:04:20.506>function. <00:04:20.973>Little <00:04:21.440>spoiler. 00:04:22.270 --> 00:04:22.280 align:start position:0% <00:04:22.270>Little <00:04:22.279>spoiler. 00:04:22.280 --> 00:04:23.710 align:start position:0% <00:04:22.280>Little <00:04:22.440>spoiler. <00:04:22.601>What's <00:04:22.762>a <00:04:22.923>trapdoor <00:04:23.084>function? <00:04:23.245>This <00:04:23.406>is <00:04:23.567>not 00:04:23.710 --> 00:04:23.720 align:start position:0% <00:04:23.710>What's <00:04:23.711>a <00:04:23.712>trapdoor <00:04:23.714>function? <00:04:23.716>This <00:04:23.717>is <00:04:23.719>not 00:04:23.720 --> 00:04:26.430 align:start position:0% <00:04:23.720>What's <00:04:23.836>a <00:04:23.953>trapdoor <00:04:24.070>function? <00:04:24.186>This <00:04:24.303>is <00:04:24.420>not <00:04:24.536>a <00:04:24.653>trapdoor <00:04:24.770>function, <00:04:24.886>but <00:04:25.003>this <00:04:25.120>uh 00:04:26.430 --> 00:04:26.440 align:start position:0% <00:04:26.430>a <00:04:26.431>trapdoor <00:04:26.433>function, <00:04:26.435>but <00:04:26.437>this <00:04:26.439>uh 00:04:26.440 --> 00:04:28.750 align:start position:0% <00:04:26.440>a <00:04:26.595>trapdoor <00:04:26.751>function, <00:04:26.906>but <00:04:27.062>this <00:04:27.217>uh <00:04:27.373>is <00:04:27.528>a <00:04:27.684>solvable <00:04:27.840>problem. 00:04:28.750 --> 00:04:28.760 align:start position:0% <00:04:28.750>is <00:04:28.753>a <00:04:28.756>solvable <00:04:28.759>problem. 00:04:28.760 --> 00:04:31.070 align:start position:0% <00:04:28.760>is <00:04:28.876>a <00:04:28.993>solvable <00:04:29.110>problem. <00:04:29.226>Very <00:04:29.343>easy. <00:04:29.460>If <00:04:29.576>you <00:04:29.693>could <00:04:29.810>talk <00:04:29.926>to <00:04:30.043>me, <00:04:30.159>I'm 00:04:31.070 --> 00:04:31.080 align:start position:0% <00:04:31.070>Very <00:04:31.071>easy. <00:04:31.072>If <00:04:31.073>you <00:04:31.074>could <00:04:31.075>talk <00:04:31.076>to <00:04:31.077>me, <00:04:31.079>I'm 00:04:31.080 --> 00:04:33.590 align:start position:0% <00:04:31.080>Very <00:04:31.173>easy. <00:04:31.266>If <00:04:31.359>you <00:04:31.453>could <00:04:31.546>talk <00:04:31.640>to <00:04:31.733>me, <00:04:31.826>I'm <00:04:31.919>sure <00:04:32.013>you <00:04:32.106>already <00:04:32.200>have <00:04:32.293>the <00:04:32.386>result, <00:04:32.479>right? 00:04:33.590 --> 00:04:33.600 align:start position:0% <00:04:33.590>sure <00:04:33.591>you <00:04:33.593>already <00:04:33.594>have <00:04:33.596>the <00:04:33.597>result, <00:04:33.599>right? 00:04:33.600 --> 00:04:34.909 align:start position:0% <00:04:33.600>sure <00:04:33.747>you <00:04:33.894>already <00:04:34.041>have <00:04:34.189>the <00:04:34.336>result, <00:04:34.483>right? <00:04:34.630>It's <00:04:34.778>four. 00:04:34.909 --> 00:04:34.919 align:start position:0% <00:04:34.909>It's <00:04:34.918>four. 00:04:34.919 --> 00:04:37.510 align:start position:0% <00:04:34.919>It's <00:04:35.094>four. <00:04:35.269>Very <00:04:35.443>easy <00:04:35.619>function. <00:04:35.794>This <00:04:35.969>is <00:04:36.144>a <00:04:36.318>trapdoor 00:04:37.510 --> 00:04:37.520 align:start position:0% <00:04:37.510>Very <00:04:37.511>easy <00:04:37.513>function. <00:04:37.514>This <00:04:37.515>is <00:04:37.517>a <00:04:37.519>trapdoor 00:04:37.520 --> 00:04:38.870 align:start position:0% <00:04:37.520>Very <00:04:37.693>easy <00:04:37.867>function. <00:04:38.040>This <00:04:38.214>is <00:04:38.387>a <00:04:38.561>trapdoor <00:04:38.735>function. 00:04:38.870 --> 00:04:38.880 align:start position:0% function. 00:04:38.880 --> 00:04:40.790 align:start position:0% <00:04:38.880>function. <00:04:39.580>I <00:04:40.280>already 00:04:40.790 --> 00:04:40.800 align:start position:0% <00:04:40.790>I <00:04:40.799>already 00:04:40.800 --> 00:04:43.390 align:start position:0% <00:04:40.800>I <00:04:40.955>already <00:04:41.111>see <00:04:41.266>you <00:04:41.422>thinking. <00:04:41.577>Oh, <00:04:41.733>one <00:04:41.888>is <00:04:42.044>the <00:04:42.200>result. 00:04:43.390 --> 00:04:43.400 align:start position:0% <00:04:43.390>see <00:04:43.391>you <00:04:43.392>thinking. <00:04:43.393>Oh, <00:04:43.395>one <00:04:43.396>is <00:04:43.397>the <00:04:43.399>result. 00:04:43.400 --> 00:04:45.310 align:start position:0% <00:04:43.400>see <00:04:43.493>you <00:04:43.586>thinking. <00:04:43.679>Oh, <00:04:43.773>one <00:04:43.866>is <00:04:43.960>the <00:04:44.053>result. <00:04:44.146>The <00:04:44.239>important <00:04:44.333>thing <00:04:44.426>is <00:04:44.520>you <00:04:44.613>can <00:04:44.706>only <00:04:44.799>try 00:04:45.310 --> 00:04:45.320 align:start position:0% <00:04:45.310>The <00:04:45.311>important <00:04:45.312>thing <00:04:45.313>is <00:04:45.315>you <00:04:45.316>can <00:04:45.317>only <00:04:45.319>try 00:04:45.320 --> 00:04:47.430 align:start position:0% <00:04:45.320>The <00:04:45.407>important <00:04:45.495>thing <00:04:45.582>is <00:04:45.670>you <00:04:45.757>can <00:04:45.844>only <00:04:45.932>try <00:04:46.020>with <00:04:46.107>brute <00:04:46.195>force. <00:04:46.282>You <00:04:46.370>can <00:04:46.457>try <00:04:46.545>How <00:04:46.632>is <00:04:46.719>it 00:04:47.430 --> 00:04:47.440 align:start position:0% <00:04:47.430>with <00:04:47.431>brute <00:04:47.432>force. <00:04:47.433>You <00:04:47.434>can <00:04:47.435>try <00:04:47.436>How <00:04:47.437>is <00:04:47.439>it 00:04:47.440 --> 00:04:49.190 align:start position:0% <00:04:47.440>with <00:04:47.517>brute <00:04:47.595>force. <00:04:47.673>You <00:04:47.751>can <00:04:47.828>try <00:04:47.906>How <00:04:47.984>is <00:04:48.062>it <00:04:48.140>with <00:04:48.217>one? <00:04:48.295>How <00:04:48.373>is <00:04:48.451>it <00:04:48.528>with <00:04:48.606>two? <00:04:48.684>How <00:04:48.762>is <00:04:48.840>it 00:04:49.190 --> 00:04:49.200 align:start position:0% <00:04:49.190>with <00:04:49.191>one? <00:04:49.192>How <00:04:49.193>is <00:04:49.194>it <00:04:49.195>with <00:04:49.195>two? <00:04:49.197>How <00:04:49.198>is <00:04:49.199>it 00:04:49.200 --> 00:04:51.070 align:start position:0% <00:04:49.200>with <00:04:49.282>one? <00:04:49.364>How <00:04:49.447>is <00:04:49.529>it <00:04:49.611>with <00:04:49.694>two? <00:04:49.776>How <00:04:49.858>is <00:04:49.941>it <00:04:50.023>with <00:04:50.105>three? <00:04:50.188>How <00:04:50.270>is <00:04:50.352>it <00:04:50.435>with <00:04:50.517>four? <00:04:50.599>Until 00:04:51.070 --> 00:04:51.080 align:start position:0% <00:04:51.070>with <00:04:51.071>three? <00:04:51.072>How <00:04:51.073>is <00:04:51.075>it <00:04:51.076>with <00:04:51.077>four? <00:04:51.079>Until 00:04:51.080 --> 00:04:52.990 align:start position:0% <00:04:51.080>with <00:04:51.173>three? <00:04:51.266>How <00:04:51.359>is <00:04:51.453>it <00:04:51.546>with <00:04:51.640>four? <00:04:51.733>Until <00:04:51.826>you <00:04:51.919>see, <00:04:52.013>okay, <00:04:52.106>now <00:04:52.200>the <00:04:52.293>it <00:04:52.386>makes <00:04:52.479>sense, 00:04:52.990 --> 00:04:53.000 align:start position:0% <00:04:52.990>you <00:04:52.991>see, <00:04:52.992>okay, <00:04:52.993>now <00:04:52.995>the <00:04:52.996>it <00:04:52.997>makes <00:04:52.999>sense, 00:04:53.000 --> 00:04:54.510 align:start position:0% <00:04:53.000>you <00:04:53.097>see, <00:04:53.194>okay, <00:04:53.291>now <00:04:53.388>the <00:04:53.485>it <00:04:53.582>makes <00:04:53.679>sense, <00:04:53.776>okay? <00:04:53.873>This <00:04:53.970>is <00:04:54.067>a <00:04:54.164>trapdoor <00:04:54.261>function. <00:04:54.359>It's 00:04:54.510 --> 00:04:54.520 align:start position:0% <00:04:54.510>okay? <00:04:54.511>This <00:04:54.513>is <00:04:54.514>a <00:04:54.515>trapdoor <00:04:54.517>function. <00:04:54.519>It's 00:04:54.520 --> 00:04:55.909 align:start position:0% <00:04:54.520>okay? <00:04:54.676>This <00:04:54.832>is <00:04:54.988>a <00:04:55.145>trapdoor <00:04:55.301>function. <00:04:55.457>It's <00:04:55.613>very <00:04:55.770>easy 00:04:55.909 --> 00:04:55.919 align:start position:0% <00:04:55.909>very <00:04:55.918>easy 00:04:55.919 --> 00:04:57.630 align:start position:0% <00:04:55.919>very <00:04:56.074>easy <00:04:56.230>to <00:04:56.385>compute <00:04:56.541>it <00:04:56.696>in <00:04:56.852>the <00:04:57.007>one <00:04:57.163>direction, <00:04:57.318>but 00:04:57.630 --> 00:04:57.640 align:start position:0% <00:04:57.630>to <00:04:57.631>compute <00:04:57.632>it <00:04:57.633>in <00:04:57.635>the <00:04:57.636>one <00:04:57.637>direction, <00:04:57.639>but 00:04:57.640 --> 00:05:00.110 align:start position:0% <00:04:57.640>to <00:04:57.733>compute <00:04:57.826>it <00:04:57.919>in <00:04:58.013>the <00:04:58.106>one <00:04:58.200>direction, <00:04:58.293>but <00:04:58.386>it's <00:04:58.479>very <00:04:58.573>hard <00:04:58.666>from <00:04:58.760>the <00:04:58.853>other <00:04:58.946>side. <00:04:59.039>And 00:05:00.110 --> 00:05:00.120 align:start position:0% <00:05:00.110>it's <00:05:00.111>very <00:05:00.112>hard <00:05:00.113>from <00:05:00.115>the <00:05:00.116>other <00:05:00.117>side. <00:05:00.119>And 00:05:00.120 --> 00:05:01.990 align:start position:0% <00:05:00.120>it's <00:05:00.227>very <00:05:00.335>hard <00:05:00.443>from <00:05:00.550>the <00:05:00.658>other <00:05:00.766>side. <00:05:00.873>And <00:05:00.981>this <00:05:01.089>is <00:05:01.196>called <00:05:01.304>the <00:05:01.412>discrete <00:05:01.520>algorithm 00:05:01.990 --> 00:05:02.000 align:start position:0% <00:05:01.990>this <00:05:01.991>is <00:05:01.993>called <00:05:01.995>the <00:05:01.997>discrete <00:05:01.999>algorithm 00:05:02.000 --> 00:05:04.390 align:start position:0% <00:05:02.000>this <00:05:02.127>is <00:05:02.254>called <00:05:02.381>the <00:05:02.509>discrete <00:05:02.636>algorithm <00:05:02.763>Sorry, <00:05:02.890>the <00:05:03.018>discrete <00:05:03.145>logarithm, <00:05:03.272>and <00:05:03.400>this 00:05:04.390 --> 00:05:04.400 align:start position:0% <00:05:04.390>Sorry, <00:05:04.391>the <00:05:04.393>discrete <00:05:04.395>logarithm, <00:05:04.397>and <00:05:04.399>this 00:05:04.400 --> 00:05:06.630 align:start position:0% <00:05:04.400>Sorry, <00:05:04.527>the <00:05:04.654>discrete <00:05:04.781>logarithm, <00:05:04.909>and <00:05:05.036>this <00:05:05.163>is <00:05:05.290>very <00:05:05.418>famous <00:05:05.545>by <00:05:05.672>Diffie-Hellman. <00:05:05.799>We 00:05:06.630 --> 00:05:06.640 align:start position:0% <00:05:06.630>is <00:05:06.631>very <00:05:06.633>famous <00:05:06.635>by <00:05:06.637>Diffie-Hellman. <00:05:06.639>We 00:05:06.640 --> 00:05:10.030 align:start position:0% <00:05:06.640>is <00:05:06.747>very <00:05:06.855>famous <00:05:06.963>by <00:05:07.070>Diffie-Hellman. <00:05:07.178>We <00:05:07.286>know <00:05:07.393>these <00:05:07.501>guys, <00:05:07.609>and <00:05:07.716>also <00:05:07.824>we <00:05:07.932>know <00:05:08.039>RSA, 00:05:10.030 --> 00:05:10.040 align:start position:0% <00:05:10.030>know <00:05:10.031>these <00:05:10.032>guys, <00:05:10.033>and <00:05:10.035>also <00:05:10.036>we <00:05:10.037>know <00:05:10.039>RSA, 00:05:10.040 --> 00:05:12.870 align:start position:0% <00:05:10.040>know <00:05:10.147>these <00:05:10.255>guys, <00:05:10.363>and <00:05:10.470>also <00:05:10.578>we <00:05:10.686>know <00:05:10.793>RSA, <00:05:10.901>these <00:05:11.009>guys <00:05:11.116>who <00:05:11.224>which <00:05:11.332>is <00:05:11.440>foundation 00:05:12.870 --> 00:05:12.880 align:start position:0% <00:05:12.870>these <00:05:12.871>guys <00:05:12.873>who <00:05:12.875>which <00:05:12.877>is <00:05:12.879>foundation 00:05:12.880 --> 00:05:15.150 align:start position:0% <00:05:12.880>these <00:05:12.996>guys <00:05:13.113>who <00:05:13.230>which <00:05:13.346>is <00:05:13.463>foundation <00:05:13.580>of <00:05:13.696>the <00:05:13.813>last <00:05:13.930>decades <00:05:14.046>of <00:05:14.163>our <00:05:14.280>crypto. 00:05:15.150 --> 00:05:15.160 align:start position:0% <00:05:15.150>of <00:05:15.151>the <00:05:15.153>last <00:05:15.154>decades <00:05:15.156>of <00:05:15.157>our <00:05:15.159>crypto. 00:05:15.160 --> 00:05:17.270 align:start position:0% <00:05:15.160>of <00:05:15.300>the <00:05:15.440>last <00:05:15.580>decades <00:05:15.720>of <00:05:15.860>our <00:05:16.000>crypto. <00:05:16.140>Um <00:05:16.280>the <00:05:16.420>interesting <00:05:16.560>thing 00:05:17.270 --> 00:05:17.280 align:start position:0% <00:05:17.270>Um <00:05:17.272>the <00:05:17.275>interesting <00:05:17.279>thing 00:05:17.280 --> 00:05:19.110 align:start position:0% <00:05:17.280>Um <00:05:17.419>the <00:05:17.559>interesting <00:05:17.700>thing <00:05:17.840>on <00:05:17.979>Diffie-Hellman, <00:05:18.119>and <00:05:18.260>we <00:05:18.400>don't <00:05:18.539>go <00:05:18.679>more 00:05:19.110 --> 00:05:19.120 align:start position:0% <00:05:19.110>on <00:05:19.111>Diffie-Hellman, <00:05:19.113>and <00:05:19.114>we <00:05:19.116>don't <00:05:19.117>go <00:05:19.119>more 00:05:19.120 --> 00:05:20.590 align:start position:0% <00:05:19.120>on <00:05:19.285>Diffie-Hellman, <00:05:19.450>and <00:05:19.616>we <00:05:19.781>don't <00:05:19.946>go <00:05:20.112>more <00:05:20.277>deep, <00:05:20.443>because 00:05:20.590 --> 00:05:20.600 align:start position:0% <00:05:20.590>deep, <00:05:20.599>because 00:05:20.600 --> 00:05:21.909 align:start position:0% <00:05:20.600>deep, <00:05:20.730>because <00:05:20.861>this <00:05:20.992>would <00:05:21.123>be <00:05:21.254>an <00:05:21.385>interesting <00:05:21.516>talk <00:05:21.647>on <00:05:21.778>the 00:05:21.909 --> 00:05:21.919 align:start position:0% <00:05:21.909>this <00:05:21.910>would <00:05:21.911>be <00:05:21.912>an <00:05:21.914>interesting <00:05:21.915>talk <00:05:21.916>on <00:05:21.918>the 00:05:21.919 --> 00:05:24.070 align:start position:0% <00:05:21.919>this <00:05:22.019>would <00:05:22.119>be <00:05:22.219>an <00:05:22.318>interesting <00:05:22.419>talk <00:05:22.519>on <00:05:22.619>the <00:05:22.719>conference <00:05:22.818>in <00:05:22.919>the <00:05:23.019>'70s, <00:05:23.119>right? <00:05:23.219>But <00:05:23.318>just 00:05:24.070 --> 00:05:24.080 align:start position:0% <00:05:24.070>conference <00:05:24.071>in <00:05:24.073>the <00:05:24.074>'70s, <00:05:24.075>right? <00:05:24.077>But <00:05:24.079>just 00:05:24.080 --> 00:05:26.870 align:start position:0% <00:05:24.080>conference <00:05:24.187>in <00:05:24.295>the <00:05:24.403>'70s, <00:05:24.510>right? <00:05:24.618>But <00:05:24.726>just <00:05:24.833>for <00:05:24.941>remember, <00:05:25.049>whenever <00:05:25.156>we <00:05:25.264>have <00:05:25.372>this <00:05:25.479>mod 00:05:26.870 --> 00:05:26.880 align:start position:0% <00:05:26.870>for <00:05:26.871>remember, <00:05:26.873>whenever <00:05:26.874>we <00:05:26.876>have <00:05:26.877>this <00:05:26.879>mod 00:05:26.880 --> 00:05:30.150 align:start position:0% <00:05:26.880>for <00:05:26.987>remember, <00:05:27.095>whenever <00:05:27.203>we <00:05:27.310>have <00:05:27.418>this <00:05:27.526>mod <00:05:27.633>modulus <00:05:27.741>um <00:05:27.849>we <00:05:27.956>have <00:05:28.064>a <00:05:28.172>repeating <00:05:28.280>curve, 00:05:30.150 --> 00:05:30.160 align:start position:0% <00:05:30.150>modulus <00:05:30.151>um <00:05:30.153>we <00:05:30.154>have <00:05:30.156>a <00:05:30.157>repeating <00:05:30.159>curve, 00:05:30.160 --> 00:05:32.270 align:start position:0% <00:05:30.160>modulus <00:05:30.260>um <00:05:30.360>we <00:05:30.460>have <00:05:30.560>a <00:05:30.660>repeating <00:05:30.760>curve, <00:05:30.860>right? <00:05:30.960>In <00:05:31.060>this <00:05:31.160>case, <00:05:31.260>also <00:05:31.360>we <00:05:31.460>have <00:05:31.560>a 00:05:32.270 --> 00:05:32.280 align:start position:0% <00:05:32.270>right? <00:05:32.271>In <00:05:32.272>this <00:05:32.273>case, <00:05:32.275>also <00:05:32.276>we <00:05:32.277>have <00:05:32.279>a 00:05:32.280 --> 00:05:36.430 align:start position:0% <00:05:32.280>right? <00:05:32.407>In <00:05:32.534>this <00:05:32.661>case, <00:05:32.789>also <00:05:32.916>we <00:05:33.043>have <00:05:33.170>a <00:05:33.298>period, <00:05:33.425>like <00:05:33.552>every <00:05:33.679>eight 00:05:36.430 --> 00:05:36.440 align:start position:0% <00:05:36.430>period, <00:05:36.433>like <00:05:36.436>every <00:05:36.439>eight 00:05:36.440 --> 00:05:39.790 align:start position:0% <00:05:36.440>period, <00:05:36.640>like <00:05:36.840>every <00:05:37.040>eight <00:05:37.240>iterations, <00:05:37.440>the <00:05:37.640>wave <00:05:37.840>repeats. 00:05:39.790 --> 00:05:39.800 align:start position:0% <00:05:39.790>iterations, <00:05:39.793>the <00:05:39.796>wave <00:05:39.799>repeats. 00:05:39.800 --> 00:05:41.790 align:start position:0% <00:05:39.800>iterations, <00:05:39.916>the <00:05:40.033>wave <00:05:40.150>repeats. <00:05:40.266>We <00:05:40.383>have <00:05:40.500>a <00:05:40.616>period, <00:05:40.733>like <00:05:40.850>when <00:05:40.966>we <00:05:41.083>get <00:05:41.200>up 00:05:41.790 --> 00:05:41.800 align:start position:0% <00:05:41.790>We <00:05:41.791>have <00:05:41.792>a <00:05:41.793>period, <00:05:41.794>like <00:05:41.795>when <00:05:41.796>we <00:05:41.797>get <00:05:41.799>up 00:05:41.800 --> 00:05:43.470 align:start position:0% <00:05:41.800>We <00:05:41.893>have <00:05:41.986>a <00:05:42.080>period, <00:05:42.173>like <00:05:42.266>when <00:05:42.360>we <00:05:42.453>get <00:05:42.546>up <00:05:42.640>more <00:05:42.733>in <00:05:42.826>the <00:05:42.920>morning, <00:05:43.013>right? <00:05:43.106>24 <00:05:43.200>hours 00:05:43.470 --> 00:05:43.480 align:start position:0% <00:05:43.470>more <00:05:43.471>in <00:05:43.473>the <00:05:43.474>morning, <00:05:43.476>right? <00:05:43.477>24 <00:05:43.479>hours 00:05:43.480 --> 00:05:46.430 align:start position:0% <00:05:43.480>more <00:05:43.620>in <00:05:43.760>the <00:05:43.900>morning, <00:05:44.040>right? <00:05:44.180>24 <00:05:44.320>hours <00:05:44.460>later, <00:05:44.600>it <00:05:44.740>starts <00:05:44.880>again. 00:05:46.430 --> 00:05:46.440 align:start position:0% <00:05:46.430>later, <00:05:46.433>it <00:05:46.436>starts <00:05:46.439>again. 00:05:46.440 --> 00:05:48.430 align:start position:0% <00:05:46.440>later, <00:05:46.580>it <00:05:46.719>starts <00:05:46.860>again. <00:05:47.000>All <00:05:47.140>right. <00:05:47.280>Let's <00:05:47.420>take <00:05:47.560>not <00:05:47.700>more <00:05:47.840>about 00:05:48.430 --> 00:05:48.440 align:start position:0% <00:05:48.430>All <00:05:48.431>right. <00:05:48.433>Let's <00:05:48.434>take <00:05:48.436>not <00:05:48.437>more <00:05:48.439>about 00:05:48.440 --> 00:05:50.230 align:start position:0% <00:05:48.440>All <00:05:48.556>right. <00:05:48.673>Let's <00:05:48.790>take <00:05:48.906>not <00:05:49.023>more <00:05:49.140>about <00:05:49.256>Diffie-Hellman, <00:05:49.373>let's <00:05:49.490>take <00:05:49.606>one <00:05:49.723>more <00:05:49.840>look 00:05:50.230 --> 00:05:50.240 align:start position:0% <00:05:50.230>Diffie-Hellman, <00:05:50.231>let's <00:05:50.233>take <00:05:50.235>one <00:05:50.237>more <00:05:50.239>look 00:05:50.240 --> 00:05:51.510 align:start position:0% <00:05:50.240>Diffie-Hellman, <00:05:50.403>let's <00:05:50.566>take <00:05:50.729>one <00:05:50.893>more <00:05:51.056>look <00:05:51.219>at <00:05:51.383>RSA. 00:05:51.510 --> 00:05:51.520 align:start position:0% <00:05:51.510>at <00:05:51.519>RSA. 00:05:51.520 --> 00:05:52.550 align:start position:0% <00:05:51.520>at <00:05:51.983>RSA. <00:05:52.447>Um 00:05:52.550 --> 00:05:52.560 align:start position:0% Um 00:05:52.560 --> 00:05:53.910 align:start position:0% <00:05:52.560>Um <00:05:52.762>also <00:05:52.965>here <00:05:53.167>we <00:05:53.370>have <00:05:53.572>the <00:05:53.775>discrete 00:05:53.910 --> 00:05:53.920 align:start position:0% <00:05:53.909>also <00:05:53.911>here <00:05:53.913>we <00:05:53.915>have <00:05:53.917>the <00:05:53.919>discrete 00:05:53.920 --> 00:05:56.310 align:start position:0% <00:05:53.920>also <00:05:54.020>here <00:05:54.120>we <00:05:54.220>have <00:05:54.320>the <00:05:54.420>discrete <00:05:54.520>logarithm. <00:05:54.620>We <00:05:54.720>can <00:05:54.820>see <00:05:54.920>here <00:05:55.020>in <00:05:55.120>the <00:05:55.220>um <00:05:55.320>in 00:05:56.310 --> 00:05:56.320 align:start position:0% <00:05:56.310>logarithm. <00:05:56.311>We <00:05:56.312>can <00:05:56.313>see <00:05:56.314>here <00:05:56.315>in <00:05:56.316>the <00:05:56.317>um <00:05:56.319>in 00:05:56.320 --> 00:05:57.950 align:start position:0% <00:05:56.320>logarithm. <00:05:56.475>We <00:05:56.631>can <00:05:56.786>see <00:05:56.942>here <00:05:57.097>in <00:05:57.253>the <00:05:57.408>um <00:05:57.564>in <00:05:57.719>the 00:05:57.950 --> 00:05:57.960 align:start position:0% the 00:05:57.960 --> 00:06:00.190 align:start position:0% <00:05:57.960>the <00:05:58.159>in <00:05:58.359>the <00:05:58.560>the <00:05:58.760>decryption <00:05:58.960>part, <00:05:59.159>the <00:05:59.359>the 00:06:00.190 --> 00:06:00.200 align:start position:0% <00:06:00.190>in <00:06:00.191>the <00:06:00.193>the <00:06:00.194>decryption <00:06:00.195>part, <00:06:00.197>the <00:06:00.199>the 00:06:00.200 --> 00:06:01.790 align:start position:0% <00:06:00.200>in <00:06:00.340>the <00:06:00.479>the <00:06:00.620>decryption <00:06:00.760>part, <00:06:00.900>the <00:06:01.039>the <00:06:01.180>discrete <00:06:01.320>logarithm, <00:06:01.460>but <00:06:01.599>there's 00:06:01.790 --> 00:06:01.800 align:start position:0% <00:06:01.790>discrete <00:06:01.793>logarithm, <00:06:01.796>but <00:06:01.799>there's 00:06:01.800 --> 00:06:03.670 align:start position:0% <00:06:01.800>discrete <00:06:01.940>logarithm, <00:06:02.080>but <00:06:02.220>there's <00:06:02.360>something <00:06:02.500>more. <00:06:02.640>What <00:06:02.780>you <00:06:02.920>usually <00:06:03.060>do <00:06:03.200>is 00:06:03.670 --> 00:06:03.680 align:start position:0% <00:06:03.670>something <00:06:03.671>more. <00:06:03.673>What <00:06:03.674>you <00:06:03.676>usually <00:06:03.677>do <00:06:03.679>is 00:06:03.680 --> 00:06:06.310 align:start position:0% <00:06:03.680>something <00:06:03.820>more. <00:06:03.960>What <00:06:04.100>you <00:06:04.240>usually <00:06:04.380>do <00:06:04.520>is <00:06:04.660>you <00:06:04.800>choose <00:06:04.940>one <00:06:05.080>exponent. 00:06:06.310 --> 00:06:06.320 align:start position:0% <00:06:06.310>you <00:06:06.313>choose <00:06:06.316>one <00:06:06.319>exponent. 00:06:06.320 --> 00:06:07.630 align:start position:0% <00:06:06.320>you <00:06:06.467>choose <00:06:06.614>one <00:06:06.762>exponent. <00:06:06.909>Theoretically, <00:06:07.056>you <00:06:07.204>can <00:06:07.351>choose <00:06:07.499>in 00:06:07.630 --> 00:06:07.640 align:start position:0% <00:06:07.630>Theoretically, <00:06:07.632>you <00:06:07.634>can <00:06:07.636>choose <00:06:07.639>in 00:06:07.640 --> 00:06:09.310 align:start position:0% <00:06:07.640>Theoretically, <00:06:07.780>you <00:06:07.919>can <00:06:08.060>choose <00:06:08.200>in <00:06:08.340>practice <00:06:08.479>you <00:06:08.620>always <00:06:08.760>use <00:06:08.900>this <00:06:09.039>number. 00:06:09.310 --> 00:06:09.320 align:start position:0% <00:06:09.310>practice <00:06:09.311>you <00:06:09.313>always <00:06:09.315>use <00:06:09.317>this <00:06:09.319>number. 00:06:09.320 --> 00:06:12.870 align:start position:0% <00:06:09.320>practice <00:06:09.427>you <00:06:09.535>always <00:06:09.643>use <00:06:09.750>this <00:06:09.858>number. <00:06:09.966>This <00:06:10.073>is <00:06:10.181>Fermat <00:06:10.289>uh <00:06:10.396>prime, <00:06:10.504>which <00:06:10.612>uh <00:06:10.719>in 00:06:12.870 --> 00:06:12.880 align:start position:0% <00:06:12.870>This <00:06:12.871>is <00:06:12.872>Fermat <00:06:12.873>uh <00:06:12.875>prime, <00:06:12.876>which <00:06:12.877>uh <00:06:12.879>in 00:06:12.880 --> 00:06:14.790 align:start position:0% <00:06:12.880>This <00:06:12.973>is <00:06:13.066>Fermat <00:06:13.159>uh <00:06:13.253>prime, <00:06:13.346>which <00:06:13.440>uh <00:06:13.533>in <00:06:13.626>binary <00:06:13.719>has <00:06:13.813>a <00:06:13.906>lot <00:06:14.000>of <00:06:14.093>zeros, <00:06:14.186>which <00:06:14.280>makes 00:06:14.790 --> 00:06:14.800 align:start position:0% <00:06:14.790>binary <00:06:14.791>has <00:06:14.792>a <00:06:14.793>lot <00:06:14.795>of <00:06:14.796>zeros, <00:06:14.797>which <00:06:14.799>makes 00:06:14.800 --> 00:06:16.630 align:start position:0% <00:06:14.800>binary <00:06:14.900>has <00:06:15.000>a <00:06:15.100>lot <00:06:15.200>of <00:06:15.300>zeros, <00:06:15.400>which <00:06:15.500>makes <00:06:15.600>it <00:06:15.700>easy <00:06:15.800>to <00:06:15.900>compute. <00:06:16.000>It's <00:06:16.100>In <00:06:16.200>practice, 00:06:16.630 --> 00:06:16.640 align:start position:0% <00:06:16.630>it <00:06:16.631>easy <00:06:16.633>to <00:06:16.634>compute. <00:06:16.635>It's <00:06:16.637>In <00:06:16.639>practice, 00:06:16.640 --> 00:06:18.590 align:start position:0% <00:06:16.640>it <00:06:16.747>easy <00:06:16.855>to <00:06:16.963>compute. <00:06:17.070>It's <00:06:17.178>In <00:06:17.286>practice, <00:06:17.393>it's <00:06:17.501>always <00:06:17.609>this <00:06:17.716>number. <00:06:17.824>Then <00:06:17.932>you <00:06:18.039>choose 00:06:18.590 --> 00:06:18.600 align:start position:0% <00:06:18.590>it's <00:06:18.591>always <00:06:18.592>this <00:06:18.594>number. <00:06:18.596>Then <00:06:18.597>you <00:06:18.599>choose 00:06:18.600 --> 00:06:21.990 align:start position:0% <00:06:18.600>it's <00:06:18.707>always <00:06:18.815>this <00:06:18.923>number. <00:06:19.030>Then <00:06:19.138>you <00:06:19.246>choose <00:06:19.353>two <00:06:19.461>more <00:06:19.569>or <00:06:19.676>less <00:06:19.784>random <00:06:19.892>prime <00:06:20.000>numbers 00:06:21.990 --> 00:06:22.000 align:start position:0% <00:06:21.990>two <00:06:21.991>more <00:06:21.993>or <00:06:21.994>less <00:06:21.996>random <00:06:21.997>prime <00:06:21.999>numbers 00:06:22.000 --> 00:06:23.830 align:start position:0% <00:06:22.000>two <00:06:22.116>more <00:06:22.233>or <00:06:22.350>less <00:06:22.466>random <00:06:22.583>prime <00:06:22.700>numbers <00:06:22.816>and <00:06:22.933>multiply <00:06:23.050>them. <00:06:23.166>It's <00:06:23.283>another <00:06:23.400>trap 00:06:23.830 --> 00:06:23.840 align:start position:0% <00:06:23.830>and <00:06:23.831>multiply <00:06:23.833>them. <00:06:23.835>It's <00:06:23.837>another <00:06:23.839>trap 00:06:23.840 --> 00:06:25.750 align:start position:0% <00:06:23.840>and <00:06:23.956>multiply <00:06:24.073>them. <00:06:24.190>It's <00:06:24.306>another <00:06:24.423>trap <00:06:24.539>function. <00:06:24.656>It's <00:06:24.773>very <00:06:24.890>easy <00:06:25.006>to <00:06:25.123>multiply <00:06:25.239>two 00:06:25.750 --> 00:06:25.760 align:start position:0% <00:06:25.750>function. <00:06:25.751>It's <00:06:25.753>very <00:06:25.754>easy <00:06:25.756>to <00:06:25.757>multiply <00:06:25.759>two 00:06:25.760 --> 00:06:28.110 align:start position:0% <00:06:25.760>function. <00:06:25.853>It's <00:06:25.946>very <00:06:26.039>easy <00:06:26.133>to <00:06:26.226>multiply <00:06:26.320>two <00:06:26.413>primes, <00:06:26.506>but <00:06:26.599>it's <00:06:26.693>very <00:06:26.786>hard <00:06:26.880>to <00:06:26.973>get <00:06:27.066>from <00:06:27.159>a 00:06:28.110 --> 00:06:28.120 align:start position:0% <00:06:28.110>primes, <00:06:28.111>but <00:06:28.112>it's <00:06:28.113>very <00:06:28.114>hard <00:06:28.115>to <00:06:28.116>get <00:06:28.117>from <00:06:28.119>a 00:06:28.120 --> 00:06:30.430 align:start position:0% <00:06:28.120>primes, <00:06:28.227>but <00:06:28.335>it's <00:06:28.443>very <00:06:28.550>hard <00:06:28.658>to <00:06:28.766>get <00:06:28.873>from <00:06:28.981>a <00:06:29.089>huge <00:06:29.196>number <00:06:29.304>the <00:06:29.412>two <00:06:29.520>primes. 00:06:30.430 --> 00:06:30.440 align:start position:0% <00:06:30.430>huge <00:06:30.432>number <00:06:30.434>the <00:06:30.436>two <00:06:30.439>primes. 00:06:30.440 --> 00:06:31.750 align:start position:0% <00:06:30.440>huge <00:06:30.547>number <00:06:30.654>the <00:06:30.761>two <00:06:30.868>primes. <00:06:30.975>So, <00:06:31.083>and <00:06:31.190>this <00:06:31.297>is <00:06:31.404>something <00:06:31.511>we <00:06:31.619>must 00:06:31.750 --> 00:06:31.760 align:start position:0% <00:06:31.750>So, <00:06:31.751>and <00:06:31.753>this <00:06:31.754>is <00:06:31.756>something <00:06:31.757>we <00:06:31.759>must 00:06:31.760 --> 00:06:34.590 align:start position:0% <00:06:31.760>So, <00:06:31.867>and <00:06:31.975>this <00:06:32.083>is <00:06:32.190>something <00:06:32.298>we <00:06:32.406>must <00:06:32.513>remember <00:06:32.621>when <00:06:32.729>we <00:06:32.836>talk <00:06:32.944>about <00:06:33.052>quantum <00:06:33.159>X. 00:06:34.590 --> 00:06:34.600 align:start position:0% <00:06:34.590>remember <00:06:34.591>when <00:06:34.593>we <00:06:34.594>talk <00:06:34.596>about <00:06:34.597>quantum <00:06:34.599>X. 00:06:34.600 --> 00:06:37.310 align:start position:0% <00:06:34.600>remember <00:06:34.707>when <00:06:34.815>we <00:06:34.923>talk <00:06:35.030>about <00:06:35.138>quantum <00:06:35.246>X. <00:06:35.353>I <00:06:35.461>here <00:06:35.569>pasted <00:06:35.676>the <00:06:35.784>uh <00:06:35.892>the <00:06:36.000>well-known 00:06:37.310 --> 00:06:37.320 align:start position:0% <00:06:37.310>I <00:06:37.311>here <00:06:37.313>pasted <00:06:37.314>the <00:06:37.316>uh <00:06:37.317>the <00:06:37.319>well-known 00:06:37.320 --> 00:06:40.110 align:start position:0% <00:06:37.320>I <00:06:37.436>here <00:06:37.553>pasted <00:06:37.670>the <00:06:37.786>uh <00:06:37.903>the <00:06:38.020>well-known <00:06:38.136>endpoint <00:06:38.253>from <00:06:38.370>GitHub, <00:06:38.486>which <00:06:38.603>uses <00:06:38.719>RSA, 00:06:40.110 --> 00:06:40.120 align:start position:0% <00:06:40.110>endpoint <00:06:40.111>from <00:06:40.113>GitHub, <00:06:40.115>which <00:06:40.117>uses <00:06:40.119>RSA, 00:06:40.120 --> 00:06:42.470 align:start position:0% <00:06:40.120>endpoint <00:06:40.260>from <00:06:40.400>GitHub, <00:06:40.540>which <00:06:40.680>uses <00:06:40.820>RSA, <00:06:40.960>and <00:06:41.100>we <00:06:41.240>can <00:06:41.380>see <00:06:41.520>here 00:06:42.470 --> 00:06:42.480 align:start position:0% <00:06:42.470>and <00:06:42.472>we <00:06:42.474>can <00:06:42.476>see <00:06:42.479>here 00:06:42.480 --> 00:06:45.790 align:start position:0% <00:06:42.480>and <00:06:42.635>we <00:06:42.791>can <00:06:42.946>see <00:06:43.102>here <00:06:43.257>the <00:06:43.413>exponent <00:06:43.568>of <00:06:43.724>RSA <00:06:43.880>whoop 00:06:45.790 --> 00:06:45.800 align:start position:0% <00:06:45.790>the <00:06:45.792>exponent <00:06:45.794>of <00:06:45.796>RSA <00:06:45.799>whoop 00:06:45.800 --> 00:06:48.190 align:start position:0% <00:06:45.800>the <00:06:45.955>exponent <00:06:46.111>of <00:06:46.266>RSA <00:06:46.422>whoop <00:06:46.577>Let <00:06:46.733>me <00:06:46.888>better <00:06:47.044>take <00:06:47.200>this. 00:06:48.190 --> 00:06:48.200 align:start position:0% <00:06:48.190>Let <00:06:48.192>me <00:06:48.194>better <00:06:48.196>take <00:06:48.199>this. 00:06:48.200 --> 00:06:50.909 align:start position:0% <00:06:48.200>Let <00:06:48.316>me <00:06:48.433>better <00:06:48.550>take <00:06:48.666>this. <00:06:48.783>All <00:06:48.900>right. <00:06:49.016>This <00:06:49.133>is <00:06:49.250>uh <00:06:49.366>base <00:06:49.483>64, <00:06:49.599>the 00:06:50.909 --> 00:06:50.919 align:start position:0% <00:06:50.909>All <00:06:50.910>right. <00:06:50.911>This <00:06:50.912>is <00:06:50.914>uh <00:06:50.915>base <00:06:50.916>64, <00:06:50.918>the 00:06:50.919 --> 00:06:53.590 align:start position:0% <00:06:50.919>All <00:06:51.012>right. <00:06:51.105>This <00:06:51.198>is <00:06:51.292>uh <00:06:51.385>base <00:06:51.479>64, <00:06:51.572>the <00:06:51.665>Fermat <00:06:51.758>number, <00:06:51.852>and <00:06:51.945>here <00:06:52.039>I <00:06:52.132>have <00:06:52.225>this <00:06:52.318>N. 00:06:53.590 --> 00:06:53.600 align:start position:0% <00:06:53.590>Fermat <00:06:53.591>number, <00:06:53.592>and <00:06:53.593>here <00:06:53.595>I <00:06:53.596>have <00:06:53.597>this <00:06:53.599>N. 00:06:53.600 --> 00:06:55.630 align:start position:0% <00:06:53.600>Fermat <00:06:53.682>number, <00:06:53.764>and <00:06:53.847>here <00:06:53.929>I <00:06:54.011>have <00:06:54.094>this <00:06:54.176>N. <00:06:54.258>And <00:06:54.341>the <00:06:54.423>N <00:06:54.505>is <00:06:54.588>the <00:06:54.670>prime <00:06:54.752>of <00:06:54.835>the <00:06:54.917>two <00:06:55.000>prime 00:06:55.630 --> 00:06:55.640 align:start position:0% <00:06:55.630>And <00:06:55.631>the <00:06:55.632>N <00:06:55.633>is <00:06:55.634>the <00:06:55.635>prime <00:06:55.635>of <00:06:55.637>the <00:06:55.638>two <00:06:55.639>prime 00:06:55.640 --> 00:06:57.790 align:start position:0% <00:06:55.640>And <00:06:55.717>the <00:06:55.795>N <00:06:55.873>is <00:06:55.951>the <00:06:56.028>prime <00:06:56.106>of <00:06:56.184>the <00:06:56.262>two <00:06:56.340>prime <00:06:56.417>numbers. <00:06:56.495>And <00:06:56.573>if <00:06:56.651>I <00:06:56.728>would <00:06:56.806>be <00:06:56.884>able <00:06:56.962>to <00:06:57.039>get 00:06:57.790 --> 00:06:57.800 align:start position:0% <00:06:57.790>numbers. <00:06:57.791>And <00:06:57.792>if <00:06:57.793>I <00:06:57.794>would <00:06:57.795>be <00:06:57.796>able <00:06:57.797>to <00:06:57.799>get 00:06:57.800 --> 00:06:59.630 align:start position:0% <00:06:57.800>numbers. <00:06:57.893>And <00:06:57.986>if <00:06:58.080>I <00:06:58.173>would <00:06:58.266>be <00:06:58.360>able <00:06:58.453>to <00:06:58.546>get <00:06:58.640>from <00:06:58.733>this <00:06:58.826>N, <00:06:58.920>this <00:06:59.013>is <00:06:59.106>public <00:06:59.200>available 00:06:59.630 --> 00:06:59.640 align:start position:0% <00:06:59.630>from <00:06:59.631>this <00:06:59.633>N, <00:06:59.634>this <00:06:59.635>is <00:06:59.637>public <00:06:59.639>available 00:06:59.640 --> 00:07:02.630 align:start position:0% <00:06:59.640>from <00:06:59.733>this <00:06:59.826>N, <00:06:59.919>this <00:07:00.013>is <00:07:00.106>public <00:07:00.200>available <00:07:00.293>here. <00:07:00.386>If <00:07:00.479>I <00:07:00.573>would <00:07:00.666>have <00:07:00.760>a <00:07:00.853>function <00:07:00.946>to <00:07:01.039>get 00:07:02.630 --> 00:07:02.640 align:start position:0% <00:07:02.630>here. <00:07:02.631>If <00:07:02.632>I <00:07:02.633>would <00:07:02.634>have <00:07:02.635>a <00:07:02.636>function <00:07:02.637>to <00:07:02.639>get 00:07:02.640 --> 00:07:05.190 align:start position:0% <00:07:02.640>here. <00:07:02.767>If <00:07:02.894>I <00:07:03.021>would <00:07:03.149>have <00:07:03.276>a <00:07:03.403>function <00:07:03.530>to <00:07:03.658>get <00:07:03.785>the <00:07:03.912>two <00:07:04.039>primes, 00:07:05.190 --> 00:07:05.200 align:start position:0% <00:07:05.190>the <00:07:05.194>two <00:07:05.199>primes, 00:07:05.200 --> 00:07:06.750 align:start position:0% <00:07:05.200>the <00:07:05.479>two <00:07:05.758>primes, <00:07:06.037>then <00:07:06.316>we're <00:07:06.595>done. 00:07:06.750 --> 00:07:06.760 align:start position:0% <00:07:06.750>then <00:07:06.754>we're <00:07:06.759>done. 00:07:06.760 --> 00:07:10.470 align:start position:0% <00:07:06.760>then <00:07:06.887>we're <00:07:07.014>done. <00:07:07.141>And <00:07:07.269>this <00:07:07.396>is <00:07:07.523>what <00:07:07.650>Peter <00:07:07.778>Shor <00:07:07.905>did <00:07:08.032>in <00:07:08.159>1996 00:07:10.470 --> 00:07:10.480 align:start position:0% <00:07:10.470>And <00:07:10.471>this <00:07:10.472>is <00:07:10.473>what <00:07:10.474>Peter <00:07:10.475>Shor <00:07:10.476>did <00:07:10.477>in <00:07:10.479>1996 00:07:10.480 --> 00:07:12.830 align:start position:0% <00:07:10.480>And <00:07:10.573>this <00:07:10.666>is <00:07:10.760>what <00:07:10.853>Peter <00:07:10.946>Shor <00:07:11.040>did <00:07:11.133>in <00:07:11.226>1996 <00:07:11.320>on <00:07:11.413>a <00:07:11.506>theoretical <00:07:11.600>mathematical <00:07:11.693>level <00:07:11.786>on <00:07:11.880>a 00:07:12.830 --> 00:07:12.840 align:start position:0% <00:07:12.830>on <00:07:12.831>a <00:07:12.832>theoretical <00:07:12.834>mathematical <00:07:12.835>level <00:07:12.837>on <00:07:12.839>a 00:07:12.840 --> 00:07:15.790 align:start position:0% <00:07:12.840>on <00:07:12.956>a <00:07:13.073>theoretical <00:07:13.190>mathematical <00:07:13.306>level <00:07:13.423>on <00:07:13.539>a <00:07:13.656>theoretical <00:07:13.773>quantum <00:07:13.890>computer, <00:07:14.006>and <00:07:14.123>now <00:07:14.239>it 00:07:15.790 --> 00:07:15.800 align:start position:0% <00:07:15.790>theoretical <00:07:15.791>quantum <00:07:15.793>computer, <00:07:15.795>and <00:07:15.797>now <00:07:15.799>it 00:07:15.800 --> 00:07:17.190 align:start position:0% <00:07:15.800>theoretical <00:07:15.939>quantum <00:07:16.078>computer, <00:07:16.217>and <00:07:16.356>now <00:07:16.495>it <00:07:16.634>turns <00:07:16.773>out <00:07:16.912>it <00:07:17.051>works 00:07:17.190 --> 00:07:17.200 align:start position:0% <00:07:17.190>turns <00:07:17.193>out <00:07:17.195>it <00:07:17.199>works 00:07:17.200 --> 00:07:18.870 align:start position:0% <00:07:17.200>turns <00:07:17.355>out <00:07:17.511>it <00:07:17.666>works <00:07:17.822>on <00:07:17.977>small <00:07:18.133>scale <00:07:18.288>because <00:07:18.444>the <00:07:18.599>quantum 00:07:18.870 --> 00:07:18.880 align:start position:0% <00:07:18.870>on <00:07:18.871>small <00:07:18.873>scale <00:07:18.875>because <00:07:18.877>the <00:07:18.879>quantum 00:07:18.880 --> 00:07:21.390 align:start position:0% <00:07:18.880>on <00:07:18.996>small <00:07:19.113>scale <00:07:19.230>because <00:07:19.346>the <00:07:19.463>quantum <00:07:19.580>computers <00:07:19.696>are <00:07:19.813>small <00:07:19.930>scale, <00:07:20.046>but <00:07:20.163>it <00:07:20.280>works. 00:07:21.390 --> 00:07:21.400 align:start position:0% <00:07:21.390>computers <00:07:21.391>are <00:07:21.393>small <00:07:21.394>scale, <00:07:21.395>but <00:07:21.397>it <00:07:21.399>works. 00:07:21.400 --> 00:07:23.430 align:start position:0% <00:07:21.400>computers <00:07:21.507>are <00:07:21.615>small <00:07:21.723>scale, <00:07:21.830>but <00:07:21.938>it <00:07:22.046>works. <00:07:22.153>And <00:07:22.261>this <00:07:22.369>is <00:07:22.476>a <00:07:22.584>problem. <00:07:22.692>This <00:07:22.799>algorithm, 00:07:23.430 --> 00:07:23.440 align:start position:0% <00:07:23.430>And <00:07:23.431>this <00:07:23.433>is <00:07:23.434>a <00:07:23.436>problem. <00:07:23.437>This <00:07:23.439>algorithm, 00:07:23.440 --> 00:07:25.150 align:start position:0% <00:07:23.440>And <00:07:23.556>this <00:07:23.673>is <00:07:23.790>a <00:07:23.906>problem. <00:07:24.023>This <00:07:24.140>algorithm, <00:07:24.256>which <00:07:24.373>is <00:07:24.490>polynomial <00:07:24.606>time <00:07:24.723>algorithm <00:07:24.840>for 00:07:25.150 --> 00:07:25.160 align:start position:0% <00:07:25.150>which <00:07:25.151>is <00:07:25.153>polynomial <00:07:25.155>time <00:07:25.157>algorithm <00:07:25.159>for 00:07:25.160 --> 00:07:27.830 align:start position:0% <00:07:25.160>which <00:07:25.300>is <00:07:25.440>polynomial <00:07:25.580>time <00:07:25.720>algorithm <00:07:25.860>for <00:07:26.000>prime <00:07:26.140>factorization, <00:07:26.280>okay, <00:07:26.420>RSA, <00:07:26.560>and 00:07:27.830 --> 00:07:27.840 align:start position:0% <00:07:27.830>prime <00:07:27.832>factorization, <00:07:27.834>okay, <00:07:27.836>RSA, <00:07:27.839>and 00:07:27.840 --> 00:07:30.870 align:start position:0% <00:07:27.840>prime <00:07:28.015>factorization, <00:07:28.190>okay, <00:07:28.364>RSA, <00:07:28.539>and <00:07:28.715>discrete <00:07:28.890>logarithms, <00:07:29.065>Diffie-Hellman <00:07:29.239>and 00:07:30.870 --> 00:07:30.880 align:start position:0% <00:07:30.870>discrete <00:07:30.873>logarithms, <00:07:30.876>Diffie-Hellman <00:07:30.879>and 00:07:30.880 --> 00:07:32.790 align:start position:0% <00:07:30.880>discrete <00:07:31.159>logarithms, <00:07:31.440>Diffie-Hellman <00:07:31.719>and <00:07:32.000>elliptic <00:07:32.280>curve. 00:07:32.790 --> 00:07:32.800 align:start position:0% <00:07:32.790>elliptic <00:07:32.799>curve. 00:07:32.800 --> 00:07:34.909 align:start position:0% <00:07:32.800>elliptic <00:07:32.975>curve. <00:07:33.150>And <00:07:33.325>so <00:07:33.500>we're <00:07:33.675>doomed. <00:07:33.850>Okay, <00:07:34.025>quantum. <00:07:34.200>Why 00:07:34.909 --> 00:07:34.919 align:start position:0% <00:07:34.909>And <00:07:34.910>so <00:07:34.912>we're <00:07:34.913>doomed. <00:07:34.914>Okay, <00:07:34.916>quantum. <00:07:34.918>Why 00:07:34.919 --> 00:07:36.070 align:start position:0% <00:07:34.919>And <00:07:35.034>so <00:07:35.149>we're <00:07:35.264>doomed. <00:07:35.379>Okay, <00:07:35.494>quantum. <00:07:35.609>Why <00:07:35.724>are <00:07:35.839>we <00:07:35.954>doomed? 00:07:36.070 --> 00:07:36.080 align:start position:0% <00:07:36.070>are <00:07:36.074>we <00:07:36.079>doomed? 00:07:36.080 --> 00:07:37.990 align:start position:0% <00:07:36.080>are <00:07:36.313>we <00:07:36.546>doomed? <00:07:36.780>Um <00:07:37.013>quantum's <00:07:37.246>something <00:07:37.479>really 00:07:37.990 --> 00:07:38.000 align:start position:0% <00:07:37.990>Um <00:07:37.993>quantum's <00:07:37.996>something <00:07:37.999>really 00:07:38.000 --> 00:07:40.430 align:start position:0% <00:07:38.000>Um <00:07:38.140>quantum's <00:07:38.280>something <00:07:38.420>really <00:07:38.560>interesting. <00:07:38.700>As <00:07:38.840>I <00:07:38.980>said, <00:07:39.120>I <00:07:39.260>was <00:07:39.400>really 00:07:40.430 --> 00:07:40.440 align:start position:0% <00:07:40.430>interesting. <00:07:40.431>As <00:07:40.433>I <00:07:40.434>said, <00:07:40.436>I <00:07:40.437>was <00:07:40.439>really 00:07:40.440 --> 00:07:44.870 align:start position:0% <00:07:40.440>interesting. <00:07:40.547>As <00:07:40.655>I <00:07:40.763>said, <00:07:40.870>I <00:07:40.978>was <00:07:41.086>really <00:07:41.193>amazed <00:07:41.301>when <00:07:41.409>I <00:07:41.516>prepared <00:07:41.624>this <00:07:41.732>talk <00:07:41.840>and 00:07:44.870 --> 00:07:44.880 align:start position:0% <00:07:44.870>amazed <00:07:44.871>when <00:07:44.873>I <00:07:44.874>prepared <00:07:44.876>this <00:07:44.877>talk <00:07:44.879>and 00:07:44.880 --> 00:07:47.790 align:start position:0% <00:07:44.880>amazed <00:07:44.980>when <00:07:45.080>I <00:07:45.180>prepared <00:07:45.280>this <00:07:45.380>talk <00:07:45.480>and <00:07:45.580>we <00:07:45.680>we <00:07:45.780>can't <00:07:45.880>do <00:07:45.980>quantum <00:07:46.080>mechanics <00:07:46.180>here <00:07:46.280>in 00:07:47.790 --> 00:07:47.800 align:start position:0% <00:07:47.790>we <00:07:47.791>we <00:07:47.792>can't <00:07:47.793>do <00:07:47.795>quantum <00:07:47.796>mechanics <00:07:47.797>here <00:07:47.799>in 00:07:47.800 --> 00:07:49.590 align:start position:0% <00:07:47.800>we <00:07:47.887>we <00:07:47.975>can't <00:07:48.062>do <00:07:48.150>quantum <00:07:48.237>mechanics <00:07:48.325>here <00:07:48.412>in <00:07:48.500>less <00:07:48.587>than <00:07:48.675>half <00:07:48.762>an <00:07:48.850>hour, <00:07:48.937>yeah? <00:07:49.025>But <00:07:49.112>I <00:07:49.200>want 00:07:49.590 --> 00:07:49.600 align:start position:0% <00:07:49.590>less <00:07:49.591>than <00:07:49.592>half <00:07:49.593>an <00:07:49.594>hour, <00:07:49.595>yeah? <00:07:49.596>But <00:07:49.597>I <00:07:49.599>want 00:07:49.600 --> 00:07:52.070 align:start position:0% <00:07:49.600>less <00:07:49.687>than <00:07:49.775>half <00:07:49.862>an <00:07:49.950>hour, <00:07:50.037>yeah? <00:07:50.125>But <00:07:50.212>I <00:07:50.300>want <00:07:50.387>to <00:07:50.475>take <00:07:50.562>you <00:07:50.650>on <00:07:50.737>a <00:07:50.825>little <00:07:50.912>journey. <00:07:51.000>And 00:07:52.070 --> 00:07:52.080 align:start position:0% <00:07:52.070>to <00:07:52.071>take <00:07:52.072>you <00:07:52.073>on <00:07:52.075>a <00:07:52.076>little <00:07:52.077>journey. <00:07:52.079>And 00:07:52.080 --> 00:07:53.750 align:start position:0% <00:07:52.080>to <00:07:52.173>take <00:07:52.266>you <00:07:52.359>on <00:07:52.453>a <00:07:52.546>little <00:07:52.640>journey. <00:07:52.733>And <00:07:52.826>what <00:07:52.919>I <00:07:53.013>found <00:07:53.106>interesting <00:07:53.200>here, <00:07:53.293>I <00:07:53.386>found <00:07:53.479>a 00:07:53.750 --> 00:07:53.760 align:start position:0% <00:07:53.750>what <00:07:53.751>I <00:07:53.752>found <00:07:53.753>interesting <00:07:53.755>here, <00:07:53.756>I <00:07:53.757>found <00:07:53.759>a 00:07:53.760 --> 00:07:55.270 align:start position:0% <00:07:53.760>what <00:07:53.857>I <00:07:53.954>found <00:07:54.051>interesting <00:07:54.148>here, <00:07:54.245>I <00:07:54.342>found <00:07:54.439>a <00:07:54.536>a <00:07:54.633>picture <00:07:54.730>of <00:07:54.827>a <00:07:54.924>conference <00:07:55.021>called <00:07:55.119>the 00:07:55.270 --> 00:07:55.280 align:start position:0% <00:07:55.270>a <00:07:55.271>picture <00:07:55.272>of <00:07:55.274>a <00:07:55.275>conference <00:07:55.277>called <00:07:55.279>the 00:07:55.280 --> 00:07:57.270 align:start position:0% <00:07:55.280>a <00:07:55.396>picture <00:07:55.513>of <00:07:55.630>a <00:07:55.746>conference <00:07:55.863>called <00:07:55.979>the <00:07:56.096>Solvay <00:07:56.213>conference <00:07:56.330>somewhere <00:07:56.446>in <00:07:56.563>in <00:07:56.679>France 00:07:57.270 --> 00:07:57.280 align:start position:0% <00:07:57.270>Solvay <00:07:57.271>conference <00:07:57.273>somewhere <00:07:57.275>in <00:07:57.277>in <00:07:57.279>France 00:07:57.280 --> 00:07:59.230 align:start position:0% <00:07:57.280>Solvay <00:07:57.479>conference <00:07:57.679>somewhere <00:07:57.880>in <00:07:58.080>in <00:07:58.280>France <00:07:58.479>in <00:07:58.679>1927. 00:07:59.230 --> 00:07:59.240 align:start position:0% <00:07:59.230>in <00:07:59.239>1927. 00:07:59.240 --> 00:08:01.470 align:start position:0% <00:07:59.240>in <00:07:59.395>1927. <00:07:59.551>And <00:07:59.706>there <00:07:59.862>were <00:08:00.017>a <00:08:00.173>lot <00:08:00.328>of <00:08:00.484>famous <00:08:00.640>people. 00:08:01.470 --> 00:08:01.480 align:start position:0% <00:08:01.470>And <00:08:01.471>there <00:08:01.472>were <00:08:01.473>a <00:08:01.475>lot <00:08:01.476>of <00:08:01.477>famous <00:08:01.479>people. 00:08:01.480 --> 00:08:02.990 align:start position:0% <00:08:01.480>And <00:08:01.559>there <00:08:01.639>were <00:08:01.719>a <00:08:01.799>lot <00:08:01.879>of <00:08:01.959>famous <00:08:02.039>people. <00:08:02.119>Uh <00:08:02.199>the <00:08:02.279>one <00:08:02.359>I <00:08:02.439>put <00:08:02.519>a <00:08:02.599>name <00:08:02.679>here <00:08:02.759>are <00:08:02.839>the 00:08:02.990 --> 00:08:03.000 align:start position:0% <00:08:02.990>Uh <00:08:02.991>the <00:08:02.992>one <00:08:02.993>I <00:08:02.994>put <00:08:02.995>a <00:08:02.996>name <00:08:02.997>here <00:08:02.998>are <00:08:02.999>the 00:08:03.000 --> 00:08:05.470 align:start position:0% <00:08:03.000>Uh <00:08:03.093>the <00:08:03.186>one <00:08:03.280>I <00:08:03.373>put <00:08:03.466>a <00:08:03.560>name <00:08:03.653>here <00:08:03.746>are <00:08:03.840>the <00:08:03.933>ones <00:08:04.026>famous <00:08:04.120>for <00:08:04.213>um <00:08:04.306>for <00:08:04.400>quantum 00:08:05.470 --> 00:08:05.480 align:start position:0% <00:08:05.470>ones <00:08:05.471>famous <00:08:05.473>for <00:08:05.475>um <00:08:05.477>for <00:08:05.479>quantum 00:08:05.480 --> 00:08:07.190 align:start position:0% <00:08:05.480>ones <00:08:05.713>famous <00:08:05.946>for <00:08:06.180>um <00:08:06.413>for <00:08:06.646>quantum <00:08:06.880>computing. 00:08:07.190 --> 00:08:07.200 align:start position:0% computing. 00:08:07.200 --> 00:08:08.350 align:start position:0% <00:08:07.200>computing. <00:08:08.235>And 00:08:08.350 --> 00:08:08.360 align:start position:0% And 00:08:08.360 --> 00:08:10.470 align:start position:0% <00:08:08.360>And <00:08:08.593>also <00:08:08.826>interesting <00:08:09.060>here, <00:08:09.293>it's <00:08:09.526>27 <00:08:09.760>people 00:08:10.470 --> 00:08:10.480 align:start position:0% <00:08:10.470>also <00:08:10.471>interesting <00:08:10.473>here, <00:08:10.475>it's <00:08:10.477>27 <00:08:10.479>people 00:08:10.480 --> 00:08:13.070 align:start position:0% <00:08:10.480>also <00:08:10.635>interesting <00:08:10.791>here, <00:08:10.946>it's <00:08:11.102>27 <00:08:11.257>people <00:08:11.413>with <00:08:11.568>17 <00:08:11.724>Nobel <00:08:11.880>prizes. 00:08:13.070 --> 00:08:13.080 align:start position:0% <00:08:13.070>with <00:08:13.073>17 <00:08:13.075>Nobel <00:08:13.079>prizes. 00:08:13.080 --> 00:08:15.070 align:start position:0% <00:08:13.080>with <00:08:13.235>17 <00:08:13.391>Nobel <00:08:13.546>prizes. <00:08:13.702>So, <00:08:13.857>really <00:08:14.013>amazing <00:08:14.168>conference. <00:08:14.324>Maybe <00:08:14.479>we 00:08:15.070 --> 00:08:15.080 align:start position:0% <00:08:15.070>So, <00:08:15.071>really <00:08:15.073>amazing <00:08:15.075>conference. <00:08:15.077>Maybe <00:08:15.079>we 00:08:15.080 --> 00:08:16.150 align:start position:0% <00:08:15.080>So, <00:08:15.167>really <00:08:15.255>amazing <00:08:15.342>conference. <00:08:15.430>Maybe <00:08:15.517>we <00:08:15.605>should <00:08:15.692>take <00:08:15.780>a <00:08:15.867>picture <00:08:15.955>like <00:08:16.043>this 00:08:16.150 --> 00:08:16.160 align:start position:0% <00:08:16.150>should <00:08:16.151>take <00:08:16.153>a <00:08:16.155>picture <00:08:16.157>like <00:08:16.159>this 00:08:16.160 --> 00:08:18.710 align:start position:0% <00:08:16.160>should <00:08:16.335>take <00:08:16.510>a <00:08:16.685>picture <00:08:16.860>like <00:08:17.035>this <00:08:17.210>afterwards, <00:08:17.385>who <00:08:17.560>knows? 00:08:18.710 --> 00:08:18.720 align:start position:0% <00:08:18.710>afterwards, <00:08:18.714>who <00:08:18.719>knows? 00:08:18.720 --> 00:08:21.150 align:start position:0% <00:08:18.720>afterwards, <00:08:18.875>who <00:08:19.031>knows? <00:08:19.186>Okay, <00:08:19.342>but <00:08:19.497>for <00:08:19.653>understanding <00:08:19.808>how <00:08:19.964>Shor <00:08:20.120>is 00:08:21.150 --> 00:08:21.160 align:start position:0% <00:08:21.150>Okay, <00:08:21.151>but <00:08:21.153>for <00:08:21.154>understanding <00:08:21.156>how <00:08:21.157>Shor <00:08:21.159>is 00:08:21.160 --> 00:08:23.870 align:start position:0% <00:08:21.160>Okay, <00:08:21.267>but <00:08:21.375>for <00:08:21.483>understanding <00:08:21.590>how <00:08:21.698>Shor <00:08:21.806>is <00:08:21.913>able <00:08:22.021>to <00:08:22.129>break <00:08:22.236>encryption, <00:08:22.344>we <00:08:22.452>must <00:08:22.560>at 00:08:23.870 --> 00:08:23.880 align:start position:0% <00:08:23.870>able <00:08:23.871>to <00:08:23.873>break <00:08:23.874>encryption, <00:08:23.876>we <00:08:23.877>must <00:08:23.879>at 00:08:23.880 --> 00:08:25.710 align:start position:0% <00:08:23.880>able <00:08:23.996>to <00:08:24.113>break <00:08:24.230>encryption, <00:08:24.346>we <00:08:24.463>must <00:08:24.580>at <00:08:24.696>least <00:08:24.813>understand <00:08:24.930>two <00:08:25.046>concepts <00:08:25.163>of <00:08:25.280>quantum 00:08:25.710 --> 00:08:25.720 align:start position:0% <00:08:25.710>least <00:08:25.711>understand <00:08:25.713>two <00:08:25.715>concepts <00:08:25.717>of <00:08:25.719>quantum 00:08:25.720 --> 00:08:27.230 align:start position:0% <00:08:25.720>least <00:08:25.914>understand <00:08:26.108>two <00:08:26.302>concepts <00:08:26.496>of <00:08:26.690>quantum <00:08:26.884>mechanics, <00:08:27.079>two 00:08:27.230 --> 00:08:27.240 align:start position:0% <00:08:27.230>mechanics, <00:08:27.239>two 00:08:27.240 --> 00:08:28.870 align:start position:0% <00:08:27.240>mechanics, <00:08:27.440>two <00:08:27.640>from <00:08:27.840>a <00:08:28.040>lot. <00:08:28.240>It's <00:08:28.440>called <00:08:28.640>superposition 00:08:28.870 --> 00:08:28.880 align:start position:0% <00:08:28.870>from <00:08:28.871>a <00:08:28.873>lot. <00:08:28.875>It's <00:08:28.877>called <00:08:28.879>superposition 00:08:28.880 --> 00:08:32.029 align:start position:0% <00:08:28.880>from <00:08:29.035>a <00:08:29.191>lot. <00:08:29.346>It's <00:08:29.502>called <00:08:29.657>superposition <00:08:29.813>and <00:08:29.968>entanglement. <00:08:30.124>Superposition <00:08:30.280>first. 00:08:32.029 --> 00:08:32.039 align:start position:0% <00:08:32.029>and <00:08:32.032>entanglement. <00:08:32.034>Superposition <00:08:32.038>first. 00:08:32.039 --> 00:08:35.510 align:start position:0% <00:08:32.039>and <00:08:32.239>entanglement. <00:08:32.438>Superposition <00:08:32.639>first. <00:08:32.838>Um <00:08:33.039>in <00:08:33.239>our <00:08:33.438>macro 00:08:35.510 --> 00:08:35.520 align:start position:0% <00:08:35.510>Um <00:08:35.513>in <00:08:35.515>our <00:08:35.519>macro 00:08:35.520 --> 00:08:36.670 align:start position:0% <00:08:35.520>Um <00:08:35.778>in <00:08:36.037>our <00:08:36.296>macro <00:08:36.554>physics, 00:08:36.670 --> 00:08:36.680 align:start position:0% physics, 00:08:36.680 --> 00:08:38.230 align:start position:0% <00:08:36.679>physics, <00:08:36.912>we <00:08:37.145>have <00:08:37.377>an <00:08:37.610>understanding <00:08:37.842>how <00:08:38.075>things 00:08:38.230 --> 00:08:38.240 align:start position:0% <00:08:38.230>we <00:08:38.231>have <00:08:38.233>an <00:08:38.235>understanding <00:08:38.237>how <00:08:38.239>things 00:08:38.240 --> 00:08:40.070 align:start position:0% <00:08:38.240>we <00:08:38.395>have <00:08:38.551>an <00:08:38.706>understanding <00:08:38.862>how <00:08:39.017>things <00:08:39.173>behave <00:08:39.328>to <00:08:39.484>each <00:08:39.640>other. 00:08:40.070 --> 00:08:40.080 align:start position:0% <00:08:40.070>behave <00:08:40.073>to <00:08:40.076>each <00:08:40.079>other. 00:08:40.080 --> 00:08:41.550 align:start position:0% <00:08:40.080>behave <00:08:40.200>to <00:08:40.320>each <00:08:40.440>other. <00:08:40.561>I <00:08:40.681>took <00:08:40.801>a <00:08:40.921>cat <00:08:41.042>here <00:08:41.162>because <00:08:41.282>that's <00:08:41.403>this 00:08:41.550 --> 00:08:41.560 align:start position:0% <00:08:41.549>I <00:08:41.551>took <00:08:41.552>a <00:08:41.553>cat <00:08:41.555>here <00:08:41.556>because <00:08:41.557>that's <00:08:41.558>this 00:08:41.560 --> 00:08:43.350 align:start position:0% <00:08:41.559>I <00:08:41.676>took <00:08:41.793>a <00:08:41.909>cat <00:08:42.026>here <00:08:42.143>because <00:08:42.260>that's <00:08:42.376>this <00:08:42.493>famous <00:08:42.609>Schrödinger <00:08:42.726>cat, <00:08:42.843>right? <00:08:42.959>Don't 00:08:43.350 --> 00:08:43.360 align:start position:0% <00:08:43.350>famous <00:08:43.352>Schrödinger <00:08:43.354>cat, <00:08:43.356>right? <00:08:43.359>Don't 00:08:43.360 --> 00:08:45.950 align:start position:0% <00:08:43.360>famous <00:08:43.467>Schrödinger <00:08:43.575>cat, <00:08:43.683>right? <00:08:43.790>Don't <00:08:43.898>know <00:08:44.006>why <00:08:44.113>always <00:08:44.221>a <00:08:44.329>cat, <00:08:44.436>but <00:08:44.544>we <00:08:44.652>can <00:08:44.760>put 00:08:45.950 --> 00:08:45.960 align:start position:0% <00:08:45.950>know <00:08:45.951>why <00:08:45.952>always <00:08:45.953>a <00:08:45.954>cat, <00:08:45.955>but <00:08:45.956>we <00:08:45.957>can <00:08:45.959>put 00:08:45.960 --> 00:08:49.950 align:start position:0% <00:08:45.960>know <00:08:46.060>why <00:08:46.160>always <00:08:46.260>a <00:08:46.360>cat, <00:08:46.460>but <00:08:46.560>we <00:08:46.660>can <00:08:46.760>put <00:08:46.860>two <00:08:46.960>macro <00:08:47.060>physics <00:08:47.160>into <00:08:47.260>a <00:08:47.360>relationship. 00:08:49.950 --> 00:08:49.960 align:start position:0% <00:08:49.950>two <00:08:49.951>macro <00:08:49.953>physics <00:08:49.955>into <00:08:49.957>a <00:08:49.959>relationship. 00:08:49.960 --> 00:08:52.230 align:start position:0% <00:08:49.960>two <00:08:50.076>macro <00:08:50.193>physics <00:08:50.310>into <00:08:50.426>a <00:08:50.543>relationship. <00:08:50.660>And <00:08:50.776>give <00:08:50.893>us <00:08:51.010>some <00:08:51.126>kind <00:08:51.243>of <00:08:51.360>probability. 00:08:52.230 --> 00:08:52.240 align:start position:0% <00:08:52.230>And <00:08:52.231>give <00:08:52.233>us <00:08:52.234>some <00:08:52.236>kind <00:08:52.237>of <00:08:52.239>probability. 00:08:52.240 --> 00:08:54.070 align:start position:0% <00:08:52.240>And <00:08:52.340>give <00:08:52.440>us <00:08:52.540>some <00:08:52.640>kind <00:08:52.740>of <00:08:52.840>probability. <00:08:52.940>All <00:08:53.040>right, <00:08:53.140>you <00:08:53.240>can <00:08:53.340>say <00:08:53.440>with <00:08:53.540>10% <00:08:53.640>there's 00:08:54.070 --> 00:08:54.080 align:start position:0% <00:08:54.070>All <00:08:54.071>right, <00:08:54.072>you <00:08:54.073>can <00:08:54.075>say <00:08:54.076>with <00:08:54.077>10% <00:08:54.079>there's 00:08:54.080 --> 00:08:56.990 align:start position:0% <00:08:54.080>All <00:08:54.167>right, <00:08:54.255>you <00:08:54.342>can <00:08:54.430>say <00:08:54.517>with <00:08:54.605>10% <00:08:54.692>there's <00:08:54.780>a <00:08:54.867>chance <00:08:54.955>that <00:08:55.042>the <00:08:55.130>cat <00:08:55.217>sits <00:08:55.305>on <00:08:55.392>the <00:08:55.480>box. 00:08:56.990 --> 00:08:57.000 align:start position:0% <00:08:56.990>a <00:08:56.991>chance <00:08:56.992>that <00:08:56.993>the <00:08:56.994>cat <00:08:56.995>sits <00:08:56.996>on <00:08:56.997>the <00:08:56.999>box. 00:08:57.000 --> 00:08:59.230 align:start position:0% <00:08:57.000>a <00:08:57.082>chance <00:08:57.164>that <00:08:57.247>the <00:08:57.329>cat <00:08:57.411>sits <00:08:57.494>on <00:08:57.576>the <00:08:57.658>box. <00:08:57.741>With <00:08:57.823>the <00:08:57.905>73% <00:08:57.988>there's <00:08:58.070>a <00:08:58.152>chance <00:08:58.235>the <00:08:58.317>cat <00:08:58.400>is 00:08:59.230 --> 00:08:59.240 align:start position:0% <00:08:59.230>With <00:08:59.231>the <00:08:59.232>73% <00:08:59.233>there's <00:08:59.234>a <00:08:59.235>chance <00:08:59.236>the <00:08:59.237>cat <00:08:59.239>is 00:08:59.240 --> 00:09:00.470 align:start position:0% <00:08:59.240>With <00:08:59.340>the <00:08:59.441>73% <00:08:59.541>there's <00:08:59.642>a <00:08:59.743>chance <00:08:59.843>the <00:08:59.944>cat <00:09:00.045>is <00:09:00.145>in <00:09:00.246>the <00:09:00.347>box. 00:09:00.470 --> 00:09:00.480 align:start position:0% <00:09:00.470>in <00:09:00.474>the <00:09:00.479>box. 00:09:00.480 --> 00:09:02.590 align:start position:0% <00:09:00.480>in <00:09:00.620>the <00:09:00.760>box. <00:09:00.900>Under <00:09:01.040>the <00:09:01.180>box, <00:09:01.320>behind <00:09:01.460>the <00:09:01.600>box, <00:09:01.740>in <00:09:01.880>front 00:09:02.590 --> 00:09:02.600 align:start position:0% <00:09:02.590>Under <00:09:02.591>the <00:09:02.592>box, <00:09:02.593>behind <00:09:02.595>the <00:09:02.596>box, <00:09:02.597>in <00:09:02.599>front 00:09:02.600 --> 00:09:04.190 align:start position:0% <00:09:02.600>Under <00:09:02.693>the <00:09:02.786>box, <00:09:02.880>behind <00:09:02.973>the <00:09:03.066>box, <00:09:03.160>in <00:09:03.253>front <00:09:03.346>of <00:09:03.440>the <00:09:03.533>box. <00:09:03.626>There's <00:09:03.720>a <00:09:03.813>little <00:09:03.906>very <00:09:04.000>very 00:09:04.190 --> 00:09:04.200 align:start position:0% <00:09:04.190>of <00:09:04.191>the <00:09:04.192>box. <00:09:04.193>There's <00:09:04.195>a <00:09:04.196>little <00:09:04.197>very <00:09:04.199>very 00:09:04.200 --> 00:09:06.030 align:start position:0% <00:09:04.200>of <00:09:04.293>the <00:09:04.386>box. <00:09:04.480>There's <00:09:04.573>a <00:09:04.666>little <00:09:04.760>very <00:09:04.853>very <00:09:04.946>little <00:09:05.040>chance <00:09:05.133>that <00:09:05.226>the <00:09:05.320>box <00:09:05.413>is <00:09:05.506>inside <00:09:05.600>the 00:09:06.030 --> 00:09:06.040 align:start position:0% <00:09:06.030>little <00:09:06.031>chance <00:09:06.032>that <00:09:06.033>the <00:09:06.035>box <00:09:06.036>is <00:09:06.037>inside <00:09:06.039>the 00:09:06.040 --> 00:09:07.190 align:start position:0% <00:09:06.040>little <00:09:06.169>chance <00:09:06.298>that <00:09:06.428>the <00:09:06.557>box <00:09:06.686>is <00:09:06.816>inside <00:09:06.945>the <00:09:07.075>cat. 00:09:07.190 --> 00:09:07.200 align:start position:0% cat. 00:09:07.200 --> 00:09:10.190 align:start position:0% <00:09:07.200>cat. <00:09:07.400>Maybe <00:09:07.600>not <00:09:07.800>zero, <00:09:08.000>but <00:09:08.200>very <00:09:08.400>very <00:09:08.600>small. 00:09:10.190 --> 00:09:10.200 align:start position:0% <00:09:10.190>Maybe <00:09:10.191>not <00:09:10.193>zero, <00:09:10.194>but <00:09:10.196>very <00:09:10.197>very <00:09:10.199>small. 00:09:10.200 --> 00:09:11.590 align:start position:0% <00:09:10.200>Maybe <00:09:10.378>not <00:09:10.557>zero, <00:09:10.736>but <00:09:10.914>very <00:09:11.093>very <00:09:11.272>small. <00:09:11.451>And 00:09:11.590 --> 00:09:11.600 align:start position:0% And 00:09:11.600 --> 00:09:13.870 align:start position:0% <00:09:11.600>And <00:09:12.300>of <00:09:13.000>course 00:09:13.870 --> 00:09:13.880 align:start position:0% <00:09:13.870>of <00:09:13.879>course 00:09:13.880 --> 00:09:17.150 align:start position:0% <00:09:13.880>of <00:09:14.035>course <00:09:14.191>or <00:09:14.346>or <00:09:14.502>let's <00:09:14.657>go <00:09:14.813>to <00:09:14.968>quantum. <00:09:15.124>In <00:09:15.280>quantum 00:09:17.150 --> 00:09:17.160 align:start position:0% <00:09:17.150>or <00:09:17.151>or <00:09:17.152>let's <00:09:17.153>go <00:09:17.155>to <00:09:17.156>quantum. <00:09:17.157>In <00:09:17.159>quantum 00:09:17.160 --> 00:09:19.510 align:start position:0% <00:09:17.160>or <00:09:17.276>or <00:09:17.393>let's <00:09:17.510>go <00:09:17.626>to <00:09:17.743>quantum. <00:09:17.860>In <00:09:17.976>quantum <00:09:18.093>mechanics, <00:09:18.209>the <00:09:18.326>superposition <00:09:18.443>state <00:09:18.560>says 00:09:19.510 --> 00:09:19.520 align:start position:0% <00:09:19.510>mechanics, <00:09:19.512>the <00:09:19.514>superposition <00:09:19.516>state <00:09:19.519>says 00:09:19.520 --> 00:09:22.150 align:start position:0% <00:09:19.520>mechanics, <00:09:19.636>the <00:09:19.753>superposition <00:09:19.870>state <00:09:19.986>says <00:09:20.103>it <00:09:20.220>can <00:09:20.336>have <00:09:20.453>all <00:09:20.569>the <00:09:20.686>states <00:09:20.803>at <00:09:20.920>once. 00:09:22.150 --> 00:09:22.160 align:start position:0% <00:09:22.150>it <00:09:22.151>can <00:09:22.152>have <00:09:22.153>all <00:09:22.155>the <00:09:22.156>states <00:09:22.157>at <00:09:22.159>once. 00:09:22.160 --> 00:09:23.910 align:start position:0% <00:09:22.160>it <00:09:22.260>can <00:09:22.360>have <00:09:22.459>all <00:09:22.560>the <00:09:22.660>states <00:09:22.760>at <00:09:22.860>once. <00:09:22.959>And <00:09:23.060>this <00:09:23.160>is <00:09:23.260>something <00:09:23.360>really <00:09:23.459>hard <00:09:23.560>to 00:09:23.910 --> 00:09:23.920 align:start position:0% <00:09:23.910>And <00:09:23.911>this <00:09:23.913>is <00:09:23.914>something <00:09:23.915>really <00:09:23.917>hard <00:09:23.919>to 00:09:23.920 --> 00:09:26.350 align:start position:0% <00:09:23.920>And <00:09:24.036>this <00:09:24.153>is <00:09:24.270>something <00:09:24.386>really <00:09:24.503>hard <00:09:24.620>to <00:09:24.736>imagine. <00:09:24.853>Um <00:09:24.969>with <00:09:25.086>macro <00:09:25.203>physics, <00:09:25.319>this 00:09:26.350 --> 00:09:26.360 align:start position:0% <00:09:26.350>imagine. <00:09:26.351>Um <00:09:26.353>with <00:09:26.355>macro <00:09:26.357>physics, <00:09:26.359>this 00:09:26.360 --> 00:09:28.430 align:start position:0% <00:09:26.360>imagine. <00:09:26.476>Um <00:09:26.593>with <00:09:26.710>macro <00:09:26.826>physics, <00:09:26.943>this <00:09:27.060>does <00:09:27.176>not <00:09:27.293>work. <00:09:27.410>With <00:09:27.526>the <00:09:27.643>smallest <00:09:27.760>pieces 00:09:28.430 --> 00:09:28.440 align:start position:0% <00:09:28.430>does <00:09:28.431>not <00:09:28.433>work. <00:09:28.434>With <00:09:28.436>the <00:09:28.437>smallest <00:09:28.439>pieces 00:09:28.440 --> 00:09:30.350 align:start position:0% <00:09:28.440>does <00:09:28.567>not <00:09:28.694>work. <00:09:28.821>With <00:09:28.949>the <00:09:29.076>smallest <00:09:29.203>pieces <00:09:29.330>on <00:09:29.458>Earth, <00:09:29.585>it <00:09:29.712>does <00:09:29.840>work. 00:09:30.350 --> 00:09:30.360 align:start position:0% <00:09:30.350>on <00:09:30.352>Earth, <00:09:30.354>it <00:09:30.356>does <00:09:30.359>work. 00:09:30.360 --> 00:09:33.150 align:start position:0% <00:09:30.360>on <00:09:30.467>Earth, <00:09:30.575>it <00:09:30.683>does <00:09:30.790>work. <00:09:30.898>And <00:09:31.006>you <00:09:31.113>can <00:09:31.221>on <00:09:31.329>the <00:09:31.436>one <00:09:31.544>hand <00:09:31.652>believe <00:09:31.760>it, 00:09:33.150 --> 00:09:33.160 align:start position:0% <00:09:33.150>And <00:09:33.151>you <00:09:33.152>can <00:09:33.153>on <00:09:33.154>the <00:09:33.155>one <00:09:33.156>hand <00:09:33.157>believe <00:09:33.159>it, 00:09:33.160 --> 00:09:35.390 align:start position:0% <00:09:33.160>And <00:09:33.242>you <00:09:33.324>can <00:09:33.407>on <00:09:33.489>the <00:09:33.571>one <00:09:33.654>hand <00:09:33.736>believe <00:09:33.818>it, <00:09:33.901>or <00:09:33.983>you <00:09:34.065>follow <00:09:34.148>me <00:09:34.230>in <00:09:34.312>the <00:09:34.395>next <00:09:34.477>5 <00:09:34.560>minutes 00:09:35.390 --> 00:09:35.400 align:start position:0% <00:09:35.390>or <00:09:35.391>you <00:09:35.392>follow <00:09:35.393>me <00:09:35.394>in <00:09:35.395>the <00:09:35.396>next <00:09:35.397>5 <00:09:35.399>minutes 00:09:35.400 --> 00:09:37.110 align:start position:0% <00:09:35.400>or <00:09:35.493>you <00:09:35.586>follow <00:09:35.680>me <00:09:35.773>in <00:09:35.866>the <00:09:35.959>next <00:09:36.053>5 <00:09:36.146>minutes <00:09:36.240>because <00:09:36.333>there's <00:09:36.426>a <00:09:36.520>little <00:09:36.613>proof <00:09:36.706>how <00:09:36.800>you 00:09:37.110 --> 00:09:37.120 align:start position:0% <00:09:37.110>because <00:09:37.111>there's <00:09:37.113>a <00:09:37.114>little <00:09:37.116>proof <00:09:37.117>how <00:09:37.119>you 00:09:37.120 --> 00:09:40.630 align:start position:0% <00:09:37.120>because <00:09:37.260>there's <00:09:37.400>a <00:09:37.540>little <00:09:37.680>proof <00:09:37.820>how <00:09:37.960>you <00:09:38.100>can <00:09:38.240>see <00:09:38.380>the <00:09:38.520>superposition. 00:09:40.630 --> 00:09:40.640 align:start position:0% <00:09:40.630>can <00:09:40.633>see <00:09:40.636>the <00:09:40.639>superposition. 00:09:40.640 --> 00:09:42.310 align:start position:0% <00:09:40.640>can <00:09:40.756>see <00:09:40.873>the <00:09:40.990>superposition. <00:09:41.106>Um <00:09:41.223>of <00:09:41.340>course <00:09:41.456>there <00:09:41.573>are <00:09:41.689>no <00:09:41.806>Q <00:09:41.923>cats <00:09:42.040>but 00:09:42.310 --> 00:09:42.320 align:start position:0% <00:09:42.310>Um <00:09:42.311>of <00:09:42.312>course <00:09:42.313>there <00:09:42.314>are <00:09:42.315>no <00:09:42.316>Q <00:09:42.317>cats <00:09:42.319>but 00:09:42.320 --> 00:09:43.950 align:start position:0% <00:09:42.320>Um <00:09:42.407>of <00:09:42.495>course <00:09:42.582>there <00:09:42.670>are <00:09:42.757>no <00:09:42.845>Q <00:09:42.932>cats <00:09:43.020>but <00:09:43.107>there <00:09:43.195>are <00:09:43.282>something <00:09:43.370>called <00:09:43.457>Q <00:09:43.545>bits <00:09:43.632>and <00:09:43.720>we 00:09:43.950 --> 00:09:43.960 align:start position:0% <00:09:43.950>there <00:09:43.951>are <00:09:43.952>something <00:09:43.953>called <00:09:43.955>Q <00:09:43.956>bits <00:09:43.957>and <00:09:43.959>we 00:09:43.960 --> 00:09:46.110 align:start position:0% <00:09:43.960>there <00:09:44.060>are <00:09:44.160>something <00:09:44.260>called <00:09:44.360>Q <00:09:44.460>bits <00:09:44.560>and <00:09:44.660>we <00:09:44.760>will <00:09:44.860>come <00:09:44.960>to <00:09:45.060>this <00:09:45.160>after <00:09:45.260>the <00:09:45.360>5-minute 00:09:46.110 --> 00:09:46.120 align:start position:0% <00:09:46.110>will <00:09:46.111>come <00:09:46.113>to <00:09:46.114>this <00:09:46.116>after <00:09:46.117>the <00:09:46.119>5-minute 00:09:46.120 --> 00:09:48.550 align:start position:0% <00:09:46.120>will <00:09:46.236>come <00:09:46.353>to <00:09:46.470>this <00:09:46.586>after <00:09:46.703>the <00:09:46.820>5-minute <00:09:46.936>break <00:09:47.053>for <00:09:47.170>the <00:09:47.286>proof <00:09:47.403>of <00:09:47.520>superposition, 00:09:48.550 --> 00:09:48.560 align:start position:0% <00:09:48.550>break <00:09:48.551>for <00:09:48.553>the <00:09:48.555>proof <00:09:48.557>of <00:09:48.559>superposition, 00:09:48.560 --> 00:09:50.510 align:start position:0% <00:09:48.560>break <00:09:48.687>for <00:09:48.814>the <00:09:48.941>proof <00:09:49.069>of <00:09:49.196>superposition, <00:09:49.323>okay? <00:09:49.450>And <00:09:49.578>it <00:09:49.705>starts <00:09:49.832>very <00:09:49.959>early 00:09:50.510 --> 00:09:50.520 align:start position:0% <00:09:50.510>okay? <00:09:50.511>And <00:09:50.513>it <00:09:50.515>starts <00:09:50.517>very <00:09:50.519>early 00:09:50.520 --> 00:09:53.150 align:start position:0% <00:09:50.520>okay? <00:09:50.627>And <00:09:50.735>it <00:09:50.843>starts <00:09:50.950>very <00:09:51.058>early <00:09:51.166>on <00:09:51.273>a <00:09:51.381>discussion <00:09:51.489>of <00:09:51.596>light. <00:09:51.704>Is <00:09:51.812>light <00:09:51.920>a 00:09:53.150 --> 00:09:53.160 align:start position:0% <00:09:53.150>on <00:09:53.151>a <00:09:53.152>discussion <00:09:53.153>of <00:09:53.155>light. <00:09:53.156>Is <00:09:53.157>light <00:09:53.159>a 00:09:53.160 --> 00:09:55.590 align:start position:0% <00:09:53.160>on <00:09:53.253>a <00:09:53.346>discussion <00:09:53.439>of <00:09:53.533>light. <00:09:53.626>Is <00:09:53.719>light <00:09:53.813>a <00:09:53.906>particle <00:09:54.000>or <00:09:54.093>is <00:09:54.186>light <00:09:54.280>a <00:09:54.373>wave? <00:09:54.466>There <00:09:54.560>was 00:09:55.590 --> 00:09:55.600 align:start position:0% <00:09:55.590>particle <00:09:55.591>or <00:09:55.592>is <00:09:55.593>light <00:09:55.595>a <00:09:55.596>wave? <00:09:55.597>There <00:09:55.599>was 00:09:55.600 --> 00:09:57.910 align:start position:0% <00:09:55.600>particle <00:09:55.693>or <00:09:55.786>is <00:09:55.880>light <00:09:55.973>a <00:09:56.066>wave? <00:09:56.160>There <00:09:56.253>was <00:09:56.346>huge <00:09:56.440>discussion <00:09:56.533>going <00:09:56.626>on <00:09:56.720>since <00:09:56.813>in <00:09:56.906>the <00:09:57.000>7- 00:09:57.910 --> 00:09:57.920 align:start position:0% <00:09:57.910>huge <00:09:57.911>discussion <00:09:57.912>going <00:09:57.913>on <00:09:57.915>since <00:09:57.916>in <00:09:57.917>the <00:09:57.919>7- 00:09:57.920 --> 00:09:59.270 align:start position:0% <00:09:57.920>huge <00:09:58.001>discussion <00:09:58.082>going <00:09:58.163>on <00:09:58.243>since <00:09:58.324>in <00:09:58.406>the <00:09:58.487>7- <00:09:58.568>in <00:09:58.649>the <00:09:58.730>17th <00:09:58.810>and <00:09:58.891>then <00:09:58.973>there <00:09:59.054>was <00:09:59.135>an 00:09:59.270 --> 00:09:59.280 align:start position:0% <00:09:59.270>in <00:09:59.271>the <00:09:59.272>17th <00:09:59.273>and <00:09:59.275>then <00:09:59.276>there <00:09:59.277>was <00:09:59.279>an 00:09:59.280 --> 00:10:01.310 align:start position:0% <00:09:59.280>in <00:09:59.435>the <00:09:59.591>17th <00:09:59.746>and <00:09:59.902>then <00:10:00.057>there <00:10:00.213>was <00:10:00.368>an <00:10:00.524>experiment <00:10:00.680>in 00:10:01.310 --> 00:10:01.320 align:start position:0% <00:10:01.310>experiment <00:10:01.319>in 00:10:01.320 --> 00:10:04.030 align:start position:0% <00:10:01.320>experiment <00:10:01.475>in <00:10:01.631>let <00:10:01.786>me <00:10:01.942>lie, <00:10:02.097>1801 <00:10:02.253>by <00:10:02.408>Thomas <00:10:02.564>Young. <00:10:02.720>It's 00:10:04.030 --> 00:10:04.040 align:start position:0% <00:10:04.030>let <00:10:04.031>me <00:10:04.032>lie, <00:10:04.033>1801 <00:10:04.035>by <00:10:04.036>Thomas <00:10:04.037>Young. <00:10:04.039>It's 00:10:04.040 --> 00:10:06.750 align:start position:0% <00:10:04.040>let <00:10:04.147>me <00:10:04.255>lie, <00:10:04.363>1801 <00:10:04.470>by <00:10:04.578>Thomas <00:10:04.686>Young. <00:10:04.793>It's <00:10:04.901>called <00:10:05.009>the <00:10:05.116>double <00:10:05.224>slit <00:10:05.332>experiment. <00:10:05.439>And 00:10:06.750 --> 00:10:06.760 align:start position:0% <00:10:06.750>called <00:10:06.751>the <00:10:06.753>double <00:10:06.755>slit <00:10:06.757>experiment. <00:10:06.759>And 00:10:06.760 --> 00:10:09.350 align:start position:0% <00:10:06.760>called <00:10:06.867>the <00:10:06.975>double <00:10:07.083>slit <00:10:07.190>experiment. <00:10:07.298>And <00:10:07.406>the <00:10:07.513>idea <00:10:07.621>here <00:10:07.729>is <00:10:07.836>you <00:10:07.944>have <00:10:08.052>real <00:10:08.160>matter 00:10:09.350 --> 00:10:09.360 align:start position:0% <00:10:09.350>the <00:10:09.351>idea <00:10:09.352>here <00:10:09.353>is <00:10:09.355>you <00:10:09.356>have <00:10:09.357>real <00:10:09.359>matter 00:10:09.360 --> 00:10:12.110 align:start position:0% <00:10:09.360>the <00:10:09.453>idea <00:10:09.546>here <00:10:09.640>is <00:10:09.733>you <00:10:09.826>have <00:10:09.920>real <00:10:10.013>matter <00:10:10.106>like <00:10:10.200>a <00:10:10.293>gun <00:10:10.386>or <00:10:10.480>let's <00:10:10.573>better <00:10:10.666>take <00:10:10.760>colors 00:10:12.110 --> 00:10:12.120 align:start position:0% <00:10:12.110>like <00:10:12.111>a <00:10:12.112>gun <00:10:12.113>or <00:10:12.115>let's <00:10:12.116>better <00:10:12.117>take <00:10:12.119>colors 00:10:12.120 --> 00:10:13.630 align:start position:0% <00:10:12.120>like <00:10:12.217>a <00:10:12.314>gun <00:10:12.411>or <00:10:12.508>let's <00:10:12.605>better <00:10:12.702>take <00:10:12.799>colors <00:10:12.896>or <00:10:12.993>something <00:10:13.090>like <00:10:13.187>this <00:10:13.284>in <00:10:13.381>in <00:10:13.479>nowadays 00:10:13.630 --> 00:10:13.640 align:start position:0% <00:10:13.630>or <00:10:13.631>something <00:10:13.633>like <00:10:13.634>this <00:10:13.636>in <00:10:13.637>in <00:10:13.639>nowadays 00:10:13.640 --> 00:10:15.590 align:start position:0% <00:10:13.640>or <00:10:13.756>something <00:10:13.873>like <00:10:13.990>this <00:10:14.106>in <00:10:14.223>in <00:10:14.340>nowadays <00:10:14.456>world, <00:10:14.573>okay? <00:10:14.689>But <00:10:14.806>if <00:10:14.923>you <00:10:15.040>shoot 00:10:15.590 --> 00:10:15.600 align:start position:0% <00:10:15.590>world, <00:10:15.591>okay? <00:10:15.593>But <00:10:15.595>if <00:10:15.597>you <00:10:15.599>shoot 00:10:15.600 --> 00:10:18.270 align:start position:0% <00:10:15.600>world, <00:10:15.716>okay? <00:10:15.833>But <00:10:15.950>if <00:10:16.066>you <00:10:16.183>shoot <00:10:16.300>with <00:10:16.416>real <00:10:16.533>matter <00:10:16.650>on <00:10:16.766>a <00:10:16.883>double <00:10:17.000>slit, 00:10:18.270 --> 00:10:18.280 align:start position:0% <00:10:18.270>with <00:10:18.271>real <00:10:18.273>matter <00:10:18.274>on <00:10:18.276>a <00:10:18.277>double <00:10:18.279>slit, 00:10:18.280 --> 00:10:19.950 align:start position:0% <00:10:18.280>with <00:10:18.387>real <00:10:18.495>matter <00:10:18.603>on <00:10:18.710>a <00:10:18.818>double <00:10:18.926>slit, <00:10:19.033>what <00:10:19.141>you <00:10:19.249>would <00:10:19.356>expect <00:10:19.464>behind <00:10:19.572>the <00:10:19.680>double 00:10:19.950 --> 00:10:19.960 align:start position:0% <00:10:19.950>what <00:10:19.951>you <00:10:19.953>would <00:10:19.954>expect <00:10:19.956>behind <00:10:19.957>the <00:10:19.959>double 00:10:19.960 --> 00:10:22.470 align:start position:0% <00:10:19.960>what <00:10:20.047>you <00:10:20.135>would <00:10:20.222>expect <00:10:20.310>behind <00:10:20.397>the <00:10:20.485>double <00:10:20.572>slit <00:10:20.660>on <00:10:20.747>the <00:10:20.835>wall <00:10:20.922>is <00:10:21.010>this <00:10:21.097>is <00:10:21.185>Yeah, <00:10:21.272>it's <00:10:21.360>a 00:10:22.470 --> 00:10:22.480 align:start position:0% <00:10:22.470>slit <00:10:22.471>on <00:10:22.472>the <00:10:22.473>wall <00:10:22.474>is <00:10:22.475>this <00:10:22.476>is <00:10:22.477>Yeah, <00:10:22.478>it's <00:10:22.479>a 00:10:22.480 --> 00:10:23.830 align:start position:0% <00:10:22.480>slit <00:10:22.555>on <00:10:22.631>the <00:10:22.707>wall <00:10:22.783>is <00:10:22.859>this <00:10:22.935>is <00:10:23.011>Yeah, <00:10:23.087>it's <00:10:23.163>a <00:10:23.239>scene <00:10:23.315>like <00:10:23.391>this, <00:10:23.467>right? <00:10:23.543>You <00:10:23.619>have <00:10:23.695>this 00:10:23.830 --> 00:10:23.840 align:start position:0% <00:10:23.830>scene <00:10:23.831>like <00:10:23.833>this, <00:10:23.834>right? <00:10:23.836>You <00:10:23.837>have <00:10:23.839>this 00:10:23.840 --> 00:10:25.430 align:start position:0% <00:10:23.840>scene <00:10:24.015>like <00:10:24.190>this, <00:10:24.365>right? <00:10:24.540>You <00:10:24.715>have <00:10:24.890>this <00:10:25.065>double <00:10:25.240>slit. 00:10:25.430 --> 00:10:25.440 align:start position:0% <00:10:25.430>double <00:10:25.439>slit. 00:10:25.440 --> 00:10:27.590 align:start position:0% <00:10:25.440>double <00:10:25.615>slit. <00:10:25.790>Okay, <00:10:25.965>and <00:10:26.140>then <00:10:26.315>Thomas <00:10:26.490>Young <00:10:26.665>did <00:10:26.840>this 00:10:27.590 --> 00:10:27.600 align:start position:0% <00:10:27.590>Okay, <00:10:27.591>and <00:10:27.593>then <00:10:27.594>Thomas <00:10:27.596>Young <00:10:27.597>did <00:10:27.599>this 00:10:27.600 --> 00:10:29.390 align:start position:0% <00:10:27.600>Okay, <00:10:27.700>and <00:10:27.800>then <00:10:27.900>Thomas <00:10:28.000>Young <00:10:28.100>did <00:10:28.200>this <00:10:28.300>with <00:10:28.400>light <00:10:28.500>and <00:10:28.600>you <00:10:28.700>can <00:10:28.800>repeat <00:10:28.900>this <00:10:29.000>at 00:10:29.390 --> 00:10:29.400 align:start position:0% <00:10:29.390>with <00:10:29.391>light <00:10:29.392>and <00:10:29.393>you <00:10:29.395>can <00:10:29.396>repeat <00:10:29.397>this <00:10:29.399>at 00:10:29.400 --> 00:10:32.390 align:start position:0% <00:10:29.400>with <00:10:29.487>light <00:10:29.574>and <00:10:29.662>you <00:10:29.750>can <00:10:29.837>repeat <00:10:29.925>this <00:10:30.012>at <00:10:30.100>home <00:10:30.187>with <00:10:30.275>a <00:10:30.362>laser. <00:10:30.449>If <00:10:30.537>you <00:10:30.625>put <00:10:30.712>light <00:10:30.800>onto 00:10:32.390 --> 00:10:32.400 align:start position:0% <00:10:32.390>home <00:10:32.391>with <00:10:32.392>a <00:10:32.393>laser. <00:10:32.394>If <00:10:32.395>you <00:10:32.396>put <00:10:32.397>light <00:10:32.399>onto 00:10:32.400 --> 00:10:34.230 align:start position:0% <00:10:32.400>home <00:10:32.527>with <00:10:32.654>a <00:10:32.781>laser. <00:10:32.909>If <00:10:33.036>you <00:10:33.163>put <00:10:33.290>light <00:10:33.418>onto <00:10:33.545>a <00:10:33.672>double <00:10:33.800>slit, 00:10:34.230 --> 00:10:34.240 align:start position:0% <00:10:34.230>a <00:10:34.234>double <00:10:34.239>slit, 00:10:34.240 --> 00:10:37.710 align:start position:0% <00:10:34.240>a <00:10:34.367>double <00:10:34.494>slit, <00:10:34.621>you <00:10:34.749>see <00:10:34.876>behind <00:10:35.003>on <00:10:35.130>the <00:10:35.258>wall <00:10:35.385>this <00:10:35.512>kind <00:10:35.640>of 00:10:37.710 --> 00:10:37.720 align:start position:0% <00:10:37.710>you <00:10:37.711>see <00:10:37.712>behind <00:10:37.713>on <00:10:37.714>the <00:10:37.715>wall <00:10:37.716>this <00:10:37.717>kind <00:10:37.719>of 00:10:37.720 --> 00:10:39.350 align:start position:0% <00:10:37.720>you <00:10:37.820>see <00:10:37.920>behind <00:10:38.020>on <00:10:38.120>the <00:10:38.220>wall <00:10:38.320>this <00:10:38.420>kind <00:10:38.520>of <00:10:38.620>appearance. <00:10:38.720>And <00:10:38.820>the <00:10:38.920>question <00:10:39.020>of <00:10:39.120>course 00:10:39.350 --> 00:10:39.360 align:start position:0% <00:10:39.350>appearance. <00:10:39.351>And <00:10:39.353>the <00:10:39.355>question <00:10:39.357>of <00:10:39.359>course 00:10:39.360 --> 00:10:40.790 align:start position:0% <00:10:39.360>appearance. <00:10:39.459>And <00:10:39.558>the <00:10:39.657>question <00:10:39.756>of <00:10:39.855>course <00:10:39.954>is <00:10:40.053>how <00:10:40.151>could <00:10:40.251>this <00:10:40.350>happen? <00:10:40.449>And <00:10:40.548>the <00:10:40.646>answer 00:10:40.790 --> 00:10:40.800 align:start position:0% <00:10:40.790>is <00:10:40.791>how <00:10:40.792>could <00:10:40.793>this <00:10:40.795>happen? <00:10:40.796>And <00:10:40.797>the <00:10:40.799>answer 00:10:40.800 --> 00:10:42.470 align:start position:0% <00:10:40.800>is <00:10:40.927>how <00:10:41.054>could <00:10:41.181>this <00:10:41.309>happen? <00:10:41.436>And <00:10:41.563>the <00:10:41.690>answer <00:10:41.818>of <00:10:41.945>course <00:10:42.072>is <00:10:42.199>wave. 00:10:42.470 --> 00:10:42.480 align:start position:0% <00:10:42.470>of <00:10:42.473>course <00:10:42.476>is <00:10:42.479>wave. 00:10:42.480 --> 00:10:44.790 align:start position:0% <00:10:42.480>of <00:10:42.596>course <00:10:42.713>is <00:10:42.830>wave. <00:10:42.946>Right? <00:10:43.063>If <00:10:43.180>you <00:10:43.296>imagine <00:10:43.413>hard <00:10:43.530>to <00:10:43.646>do <00:10:43.763>at <00:10:43.880>home 00:10:44.790 --> 00:10:44.800 align:start position:0% <00:10:44.790>Right? <00:10:44.791>If <00:10:44.792>you <00:10:44.793>imagine <00:10:44.794>hard <00:10:44.795>to <00:10:44.796>do <00:10:44.797>at <00:10:44.799>home 00:10:44.800 --> 00:10:47.070 align:start position:0% <00:10:44.800>Right? <00:10:44.882>If <00:10:44.964>you <00:10:45.047>imagine <00:10:45.129>hard <00:10:45.211>to <00:10:45.294>do <00:10:45.376>at <00:10:45.458>home <00:10:45.541>but <00:10:45.623>next <00:10:45.705>time <00:10:45.788>taking <00:10:45.870>a <00:10:45.952>bath <00:10:46.035>you <00:10:46.117>can <00:10:46.199>try, 00:10:47.070 --> 00:10:47.080 align:start position:0% <00:10:47.070>but <00:10:47.071>next <00:10:47.072>time <00:10:47.073>taking <00:10:47.074>a <00:10:47.075>bath <00:10:47.076>you <00:10:47.077>can <00:10:47.079>try, 00:10:47.080 --> 00:10:49.350 align:start position:0% <00:10:47.080>but <00:10:47.167>next <00:10:47.255>time <00:10:47.342>taking <00:10:47.430>a <00:10:47.517>bath <00:10:47.605>you <00:10:47.692>can <00:10:47.780>try, <00:10:47.867>right? <00:10:47.955>If <00:10:48.042>you <00:10:48.130>have <00:10:48.217>waves <00:10:48.305>and <00:10:48.392>you <00:10:48.480>come 00:10:49.350 --> 00:10:49.360 align:start position:0% <00:10:49.350>right? <00:10:49.351>If <00:10:49.352>you <00:10:49.353>have <00:10:49.355>waves <00:10:49.356>and <00:10:49.357>you <00:10:49.359>come 00:10:49.360 --> 00:10:51.470 align:start position:0% <00:10:49.360>right? <00:10:49.460>If <00:10:49.560>you <00:10:49.660>have <00:10:49.760>waves <00:10:49.860>and <00:10:49.960>you <00:10:50.060>come <00:10:50.160>into <00:10:50.260>the <00:10:50.360>double <00:10:50.460>slit, <00:10:50.560>behind <00:10:50.660>the <00:10:50.760>waves 00:10:51.470 --> 00:10:51.480 align:start position:0% <00:10:51.470>into <00:10:51.471>the <00:10:51.473>double <00:10:51.474>slit, <00:10:51.476>behind <00:10:51.477>the <00:10:51.479>waves 00:10:51.480 --> 00:10:54.030 align:start position:0% <00:10:51.480>into <00:10:51.587>the <00:10:51.695>double <00:10:51.803>slit, <00:10:51.910>behind <00:10:52.018>the <00:10:52.126>waves <00:10:52.233>they <00:10:52.341>are <00:10:52.449>again <00:10:52.556>coming <00:10:52.664>waves <00:10:52.772>and <00:10:52.880>they 00:10:54.030 --> 00:10:54.040 align:start position:0% <00:10:54.030>they <00:10:54.031>are <00:10:54.033>again <00:10:54.034>coming <00:10:54.036>waves <00:10:54.037>and <00:10:54.039>they 00:10:54.040 --> 00:10:56.590 align:start position:0% <00:10:54.040>they <00:10:54.156>are <00:10:54.273>again <00:10:54.390>coming <00:10:54.506>waves <00:10:54.623>and <00:10:54.740>they <00:10:54.856>have <00:10:54.973>an <00:10:55.089>interference <00:10:55.206>with <00:10:55.323>each <00:10:55.439>other. 00:10:56.590 --> 00:10:56.600 align:start position:0% <00:10:56.590>have <00:10:56.591>an <00:10:56.593>interference <00:10:56.595>with <00:10:56.597>each <00:10:56.599>other. 00:10:56.600 --> 00:10:58.150 align:start position:0% <00:10:56.600>have <00:10:56.699>an <00:10:56.799>interference <00:10:56.898>with <00:10:56.998>each <00:10:57.098>other. <00:10:57.197>Right? <00:10:57.297>Like <00:10:57.397>you <00:10:57.496>can <00:10:57.596>see <00:10:57.696>this <00:10:57.795>on <00:10:57.895>the <00:10:57.995>on 00:10:58.150 --> 00:10:58.160 align:start position:0% <00:10:58.150>Right? <00:10:58.151>Like <00:10:58.152>you <00:10:58.153>can <00:10:58.154>see <00:10:58.155>this <00:10:58.156>on <00:10:58.157>the <00:10:58.159>on 00:10:58.160 --> 00:10:59.750 align:start position:0% <00:10:58.160>Right? <00:10:58.247>Like <00:10:58.334>you <00:10:58.422>can <00:10:58.510>see <00:10:58.597>this <00:10:58.685>on <00:10:58.772>the <00:10:58.860>on <00:10:58.947>the <00:10:59.035>wave. <00:10:59.122>If <00:10:59.209>high <00:10:59.297>and <00:10:59.385>high <00:10:59.472>wave <00:10:59.560>comes 00:10:59.750 --> 00:10:59.760 align:start position:0% <00:10:59.750>the <00:10:59.751>wave. <00:10:59.752>If <00:10:59.753>high <00:10:59.755>and <00:10:59.756>high <00:10:59.757>wave <00:10:59.759>comes 00:10:59.760 --> 00:11:00.990 align:start position:0% <00:10:59.760>the <00:10:59.898>wave. <00:11:00.036>If <00:11:00.175>high <00:11:00.313>and <00:11:00.451>high <00:11:00.590>wave <00:11:00.728>comes <00:11:00.867>together, 00:11:00.990 --> 00:11:01.000 align:start position:0% together, 00:11:01.000 --> 00:11:03.710 align:start position:0% <00:11:01.000>together, <00:11:01.175>it's <00:11:01.350>negating <00:11:01.525>out. <00:11:01.700>If <00:11:01.875>zero <00:11:02.050>and <00:11:02.225>you <00:11:02.400>have 00:11:03.710 --> 00:11:03.720 align:start position:0% <00:11:03.710>it's <00:11:03.711>negating <00:11:03.712>out. <00:11:03.713>If <00:11:03.715>zero <00:11:03.716>and <00:11:03.717>you <00:11:03.719>have 00:11:03.720 --> 00:11:05.270 align:start position:0% <00:11:03.720>it's <00:11:03.827>negating <00:11:03.934>out. <00:11:04.041>If <00:11:04.149>zero <00:11:04.256>and <00:11:04.363>you <00:11:04.471>have <00:11:04.578>interference <00:11:04.685>between <00:11:04.793>the <00:11:04.900>waves <00:11:05.007>and <00:11:05.115>this 00:11:05.270 --> 00:11:05.280 align:start position:0% <00:11:05.270>interference <00:11:05.271>between <00:11:05.273>the <00:11:05.275>waves <00:11:05.277>and <00:11:05.279>this 00:11:05.280 --> 00:11:07.470 align:start position:0% <00:11:05.280>interference <00:11:05.387>between <00:11:05.495>the <00:11:05.603>waves <00:11:05.710>and <00:11:05.818>this <00:11:05.926>is <00:11:06.033>the <00:11:06.141>only <00:11:06.249>explanation <00:11:06.356>how <00:11:06.464>you <00:11:06.572>can <00:11:06.680>that 00:11:07.470 --> 00:11:07.480 align:start position:0% <00:11:07.470>is <00:11:07.471>the <00:11:07.472>only <00:11:07.473>explanation <00:11:07.475>how <00:11:07.476>you <00:11:07.477>can <00:11:07.479>that 00:11:07.480 --> 00:11:10.190 align:start position:0% <00:11:07.480>is <00:11:07.573>the <00:11:07.666>only <00:11:07.760>explanation <00:11:07.853>how <00:11:07.946>you <00:11:08.040>can <00:11:08.133>that <00:11:08.226>get <00:11:08.320>the <00:11:08.413>screen. <00:11:08.506>So, <00:11:08.600>from <00:11:08.693>this <00:11:08.786>time <00:11:08.880>on 00:11:10.190 --> 00:11:10.200 align:start position:0% <00:11:10.190>get <00:11:10.191>the <00:11:10.192>screen. <00:11:10.193>So, <00:11:10.195>from <00:11:10.196>this <00:11:10.197>time <00:11:10.199>on 00:11:10.200 --> 00:11:12.070 align:start position:0% <00:11:10.200>get <00:11:10.327>the <00:11:10.454>screen. <00:11:10.581>So, <00:11:10.709>from <00:11:10.836>this <00:11:10.963>time <00:11:11.090>on <00:11:11.218>there <00:11:11.345>was <00:11:11.472>the <00:11:11.600>assumption 00:11:12.070 --> 00:11:12.080 align:start position:0% <00:11:12.070>there <00:11:12.073>was <00:11:12.076>the <00:11:12.079>assumption 00:11:12.080 --> 00:11:14.870 align:start position:0% <00:11:12.080>there <00:11:12.196>was <00:11:12.313>the <00:11:12.430>assumption <00:11:12.546>for <00:11:12.663>the <00:11:12.780>next <00:11:12.896>more <00:11:13.013>or <00:11:13.130>less <00:11:13.246>200 <00:11:13.363>or <00:11:13.480>120 00:11:14.870 --> 00:11:14.880 align:start position:0% <00:11:14.870>for <00:11:14.871>the <00:11:14.872>next <00:11:14.873>more <00:11:14.874>or <00:11:14.875>less <00:11:14.876>200 <00:11:14.877>or <00:11:14.879>120 00:11:14.880 --> 00:11:16.150 align:start position:0% <00:11:14.880>for <00:11:15.007>the <00:11:15.134>next <00:11:15.261>more <00:11:15.388>or <00:11:15.515>less <00:11:15.641>200 <00:11:15.769>or <00:11:15.896>120 <00:11:16.023>years 00:11:16.150 --> 00:11:16.160 align:start position:0% years 00:11:16.160 --> 00:11:19.270 align:start position:0% <00:11:16.160>years <00:11:16.315>that <00:11:16.471>light <00:11:16.626>is <00:11:16.782>a <00:11:16.937>wave. <00:11:17.093>But <00:11:17.248>it <00:11:17.404>gets <00:11:17.560>more 00:11:19.270 --> 00:11:19.280 align:start position:0% <00:11:19.270>that <00:11:19.271>light <00:11:19.272>is <00:11:19.273>a <00:11:19.274>wave. <00:11:19.275>But <00:11:19.276>it <00:11:19.277>gets <00:11:19.279>more 00:11:19.280 --> 00:11:20.670 align:start position:0% <00:11:19.280>that <00:11:19.353>light <00:11:19.427>is <00:11:19.500>a <00:11:19.574>wave. <00:11:19.647>But <00:11:19.721>it <00:11:19.795>gets <00:11:19.868>more <00:11:19.942>lot <00:11:20.015>of <00:11:20.089>these <00:11:20.163>guys <00:11:20.236>which <00:11:20.310>we <00:11:20.383>saw <00:11:20.457>in <00:11:20.531>the 00:11:20.670 --> 00:11:20.680 align:start position:0% <00:11:20.670>lot <00:11:20.671>of <00:11:20.672>these <00:11:20.673>guys <00:11:20.674>which <00:11:20.675>we <00:11:20.676>saw <00:11:20.677>in <00:11:20.679>the 00:11:20.680 --> 00:11:22.790 align:start position:0% <00:11:20.680>lot <00:11:20.780>of <00:11:20.880>these <00:11:20.979>guys <00:11:21.079>which <00:11:21.180>we <00:11:21.280>saw <00:11:21.380>in <00:11:21.479>the <00:11:21.579>photo <00:11:21.680>make <00:11:21.780>their <00:11:21.880>quantum <00:11:21.979>stuff. <00:11:22.079>Albert 00:11:22.790 --> 00:11:22.800 align:start position:0% <00:11:22.790>photo <00:11:22.791>make <00:11:22.793>their <00:11:22.795>quantum <00:11:22.797>stuff. <00:11:22.799>Albert 00:11:22.800 --> 00:11:25.230 align:start position:0% <00:11:22.800>photo <00:11:22.927>make <00:11:23.054>their <00:11:23.181>quantum <00:11:23.309>stuff. <00:11:23.436>Albert <00:11:23.563>Einstein, <00:11:23.690>the <00:11:23.818>photoelectric <00:11:23.945>is <00:11:24.072>back. <00:11:24.199>Uh 00:11:25.230 --> 00:11:25.240 align:start position:0% <00:11:25.230>Einstein, <00:11:25.231>the <00:11:25.233>photoelectric <00:11:25.235>is <00:11:25.237>back. <00:11:25.239>Uh 00:11:25.240 --> 00:11:27.390 align:start position:0% <00:11:25.240>Einstein, <00:11:25.473>the <00:11:25.706>photoelectric <00:11:25.940>is <00:11:26.173>back. <00:11:26.406>Uh <00:11:26.640>photoelectric 00:11:27.390 --> 00:11:27.400 align:start position:0% photoelectric 00:11:27.400 --> 00:11:30.030 align:start position:0% <00:11:27.400>photoelectric <00:11:27.633>effect <00:11:27.866>which <00:11:28.100>turns <00:11:28.333>out <00:11:28.566>the <00:11:28.800>photon. 00:11:30.030 --> 00:11:30.040 align:start position:0% <00:11:30.030>effect <00:11:30.031>which <00:11:30.033>turns <00:11:30.035>out <00:11:30.037>the <00:11:30.039>photon. 00:11:30.040 --> 00:11:32.670 align:start position:0% <00:11:30.040>effect <00:11:30.156>which <00:11:30.273>turns <00:11:30.390>out <00:11:30.506>the <00:11:30.623>photon. <00:11:30.740>Photon <00:11:30.856>is <00:11:30.973>like <00:11:31.089>a <00:11:31.206>particle <00:11:31.323>behaving <00:11:31.439>like 00:11:32.670 --> 00:11:32.680 align:start position:0% <00:11:32.670>Photon <00:11:32.671>is <00:11:32.673>like <00:11:32.674>a <00:11:32.675>particle <00:11:32.677>behaving <00:11:32.679>like 00:11:32.680 --> 00:11:33.750 align:start position:0% <00:11:32.680>Photon <00:11:32.800>is <00:11:32.920>like <00:11:33.041>a <00:11:33.161>particle <00:11:33.281>behaving <00:11:33.402>like <00:11:33.522>a <00:11:33.643>wave. 00:11:33.750 --> 00:11:33.760 align:start position:0% <00:11:33.750>a <00:11:33.759>wave. 00:11:33.760 --> 00:11:37.670 align:start position:0% <00:11:33.760>a <00:11:33.900>wave. <00:11:34.040>And <00:11:34.180>then <00:11:34.319>we're <00:11:34.460>at <00:11:34.600>1961 <00:11:34.740>and <00:11:34.880>we <00:11:35.020>have <00:11:35.160>now 00:11:37.670 --> 00:11:37.680 align:start position:0% <00:11:37.670>And <00:11:37.671>then <00:11:37.672>we're <00:11:37.673>at <00:11:37.674>1961 <00:11:37.675>and <00:11:37.676>we <00:11:37.677>have <00:11:37.679>now 00:11:37.680 --> 00:11:41.350 align:start position:0% <00:11:37.680>And <00:11:37.787>then <00:11:37.895>we're <00:11:38.003>at <00:11:38.110>1961 <00:11:38.218>and <00:11:38.326>we <00:11:38.433>have <00:11:38.541>now <00:11:38.649>electron <00:11:38.756>gun. <00:11:38.864>Electrons, <00:11:38.972>real <00:11:39.079>matter. 00:11:41.350 --> 00:11:41.360 align:start position:0% <00:11:41.350>electron <00:11:41.352>gun. <00:11:41.354>Electrons, <00:11:41.356>real <00:11:41.359>matter. 00:11:41.360 --> 00:11:43.710 align:start position:0% <00:11:41.360>electron <00:11:41.487>gun. <00:11:41.614>Electrons, <00:11:41.741>real <00:11:41.869>matter. <00:11:41.996>And <00:11:42.123>this <00:11:42.250>real <00:11:42.378>matter <00:11:42.505>electrons <00:11:42.632>were <00:11:42.760>shot 00:11:43.710 --> 00:11:43.720 align:start position:0% <00:11:43.710>And <00:11:43.711>this <00:11:43.713>real <00:11:43.714>matter <00:11:43.716>electrons <00:11:43.717>were <00:11:43.719>shot 00:11:43.720 --> 00:11:45.710 align:start position:0% <00:11:43.720>And <00:11:43.847>this <00:11:43.974>real <00:11:44.101>matter <00:11:44.229>electrons <00:11:44.356>were <00:11:44.483>shot <00:11:44.610>again <00:11:44.738>on <00:11:44.865>the <00:11:44.992>steel <00:11:45.120>plate 00:11:45.710 --> 00:11:45.720 align:start position:0% <00:11:45.710>again <00:11:45.712>on <00:11:45.714>the <00:11:45.716>steel <00:11:45.719>plate 00:11:45.720 --> 00:11:47.870 align:start position:0% <00:11:45.720>again <00:11:45.875>on <00:11:46.031>the <00:11:46.186>steel <00:11:46.342>plate <00:11:46.497>and <00:11:46.653>something <00:11:46.808>weird <00:11:46.964>happened. <00:11:47.120>Real 00:11:47.870 --> 00:11:47.880 align:start position:0% <00:11:47.870>and <00:11:47.872>something <00:11:47.874>weird <00:11:47.876>happened. <00:11:47.879>Real 00:11:47.880 --> 00:11:51.070 align:start position:0% <00:11:47.880>and <00:11:48.035>something <00:11:48.191>weird <00:11:48.346>happened. <00:11:48.502>Real <00:11:48.657>matter <00:11:48.813>behaves <00:11:48.968>like <00:11:49.124>a <00:11:49.280>wave. 00:11:51.070 --> 00:11:51.080 align:start position:0% <00:11:51.070>matter <00:11:51.072>behaves <00:11:51.074>like <00:11:51.076>a <00:11:51.079>wave. 00:11:51.080 --> 00:11:54.030 align:start position:0% <00:11:51.080>matter <00:11:51.220>behaves <00:11:51.360>like <00:11:51.500>a <00:11:51.640>wave. <00:11:51.780>That's <00:11:51.920>weird. <00:11:52.060>Real <00:11:52.200>matter <00:11:52.340>like <00:11:52.480>wave. 00:11:54.030 --> 00:11:54.040 align:start position:0% <00:11:54.030>That's <00:11:54.031>weird. <00:11:54.033>Real <00:11:54.035>matter <00:11:54.037>like <00:11:54.039>wave. 00:11:54.040 --> 00:11:56.190 align:start position:0% <00:11:54.040>That's <00:11:54.156>weird. <00:11:54.273>Real <00:11:54.390>matter <00:11:54.506>like <00:11:54.623>wave. <00:11:54.740>Okay. <00:11:54.856>So, <00:11:54.973>they <00:11:55.089>started <00:11:55.206>to <00:11:55.323>thinking <00:11:55.439>about 00:11:56.190 --> 00:11:56.200 align:start position:0% <00:11:56.190>Okay. <00:11:56.191>So, <00:11:56.193>they <00:11:56.194>started <00:11:56.196>to <00:11:56.197>thinking <00:11:56.199>about 00:11:56.200 --> 00:11:58.270 align:start position:0% <00:11:56.200>Okay. <00:11:56.300>So, <00:11:56.400>they <00:11:56.500>started <00:11:56.600>to <00:11:56.700>thinking <00:11:56.800>about <00:11:56.900>how <00:11:57.000>could <00:11:57.100>this <00:11:57.200>be <00:11:57.300>and <00:11:57.400>tried <00:11:57.500>to <00:11:57.600>place 00:11:58.270 --> 00:11:58.280 align:start position:0% <00:11:58.270>how <00:11:58.271>could <00:11:58.272>this <00:11:58.273>be <00:11:58.275>and <00:11:58.276>tried <00:11:58.277>to <00:11:58.279>place 00:11:58.280 --> 00:12:01.630 align:start position:0% <00:11:58.280>how <00:11:58.407>could <00:11:58.534>this <00:11:58.661>be <00:11:58.789>and <00:11:58.916>tried <00:11:59.043>to <00:11:59.170>place <00:11:59.298>some <00:11:59.425>detectors <00:11:59.552>behind <00:11:59.680>the 00:12:01.630 --> 00:12:01.640 align:start position:0% <00:12:01.630>some <00:12:01.633>detectors <00:12:01.636>behind <00:12:01.639>the 00:12:01.640 --> 00:12:03.830 align:start position:0% <00:12:01.640>some <00:12:01.795>detectors <00:12:01.951>behind <00:12:02.106>the <00:12:02.262>the <00:12:02.417>the <00:12:02.573>the <00:12:02.728>the <00:12:02.884>two <00:12:03.040>slits. 00:12:03.830 --> 00:12:03.840 align:start position:0% <00:12:03.830>the <00:12:03.831>the <00:12:03.833>the <00:12:03.835>the <00:12:03.837>two <00:12:03.839>slits. 00:12:03.840 --> 00:12:06.550 align:start position:0% <00:12:03.840>the <00:12:03.956>the <00:12:04.073>the <00:12:04.190>the <00:12:04.306>two <00:12:04.423>slits. <00:12:04.540>And <00:12:04.656>once <00:12:04.773>they <00:12:04.890>want <00:12:05.006>to <00:12:05.123>detect <00:12:05.240>which 00:12:06.550 --> 00:12:06.560 align:start position:0% <00:12:06.550>And <00:12:06.551>once <00:12:06.553>they <00:12:06.554>want <00:12:06.555>to <00:12:06.557>detect <00:12:06.559>which 00:12:06.560 --> 00:12:08.510 align:start position:0% <00:12:06.560>And <00:12:06.667>once <00:12:06.775>they <00:12:06.883>want <00:12:06.990>to <00:12:07.098>detect <00:12:07.206>which <00:12:07.313>electron <00:12:07.421>is <00:12:07.529>coming <00:12:07.636>to <00:12:07.744>which <00:12:07.852>slit, <00:12:07.959>it 00:12:08.510 --> 00:12:08.520 align:start position:0% <00:12:08.510>electron <00:12:08.511>is <00:12:08.513>coming <00:12:08.514>to <00:12:08.516>which <00:12:08.517>slit, <00:12:08.519>it 00:12:08.520 --> 00:12:10.710 align:start position:0% <00:12:08.520>electron <00:12:08.647>is <00:12:08.774>coming <00:12:08.901>to <00:12:09.029>which <00:12:09.156>slit, <00:12:09.283>it <00:12:09.410>behaves <00:12:09.538>differently. <00:12:09.665>Okay? <00:12:09.792>Once <00:12:09.920>more, 00:12:10.710 --> 00:12:10.720 align:start position:0% <00:12:10.710>behaves <00:12:10.712>differently. <00:12:10.714>Okay? <00:12:10.716>Once <00:12:10.719>more, 00:12:10.720 --> 00:12:13.350 align:start position:0% <00:12:10.720>behaves <00:12:10.836>differently. <00:12:10.953>Okay? <00:12:11.070>Once <00:12:11.186>more, <00:12:11.303>they <00:12:11.420>have <00:12:11.536>the <00:12:11.653>detector <00:12:11.770>on, <00:12:11.886>this <00:12:12.003>is <00:12:12.120>the 00:12:13.350 --> 00:12:13.360 align:start position:0% <00:12:13.350>they <00:12:13.351>have <00:12:13.352>the <00:12:13.353>detector <00:12:13.355>on, <00:12:13.356>this <00:12:13.357>is <00:12:13.359>the 00:12:13.360 --> 00:12:15.310 align:start position:0% <00:12:13.360>they <00:12:13.467>have <00:12:13.575>the <00:12:13.683>detector <00:12:13.790>on, <00:12:13.898>this <00:12:14.006>is <00:12:14.113>the <00:12:14.221>appearance. <00:12:14.329>They <00:12:14.436>have <00:12:14.544>the <00:12:14.652>detectors <00:12:14.760>off 00:12:15.310 --> 00:12:15.320 align:start position:0% <00:12:15.310>appearance. <00:12:15.311>They <00:12:15.313>have <00:12:15.315>the <00:12:15.317>detectors <00:12:15.319>off 00:12:15.320 --> 00:12:17.390 align:start position:0% <00:12:15.320>appearance. <00:12:15.436>They <00:12:15.553>have <00:12:15.670>the <00:12:15.786>detectors <00:12:15.903>off <00:12:16.020>and <00:12:16.136>this <00:12:16.253>is <00:12:16.370>the <00:12:16.486>experience. <00:12:16.603>So, <00:12:16.720>real 00:12:17.390 --> 00:12:17.400 align:start position:0% <00:12:17.390>and <00:12:17.391>this <00:12:17.393>is <00:12:17.394>the <00:12:17.396>experience. <00:12:17.397>So, <00:12:17.399>real 00:12:17.400 --> 00:12:20.790 align:start position:0% <00:12:17.400>and <00:12:17.500>this <00:12:17.600>is <00:12:17.699>the <00:12:17.800>experience. <00:12:17.900>So, <00:12:18.000>real <00:12:18.100>matter <00:12:18.199>can <00:12:18.300>behave <00:12:18.400>like <00:12:18.500>waves <00:12:18.600>or <00:12:18.699>like <00:12:18.800>um 00:12:20.790 --> 00:12:20.800 align:start position:0% <00:12:20.790>matter <00:12:20.791>can <00:12:20.792>behave <00:12:20.793>like <00:12:20.795>waves <00:12:20.796>or <00:12:20.797>like <00:12:20.799>um 00:12:20.800 --> 00:12:23.670 align:start position:0% <00:12:20.800>matter <00:12:20.893>can <00:12:20.986>behave <00:12:21.079>like <00:12:21.173>waves <00:12:21.266>or <00:12:21.359>like <00:12:21.453>um <00:12:21.546>or <00:12:21.640>like <00:12:21.733>particles. <00:12:21.826>Or <00:12:21.920>we <00:12:22.013>can <00:12:22.106>say <00:12:22.199>let's 00:12:23.670 --> 00:12:23.680 align:start position:0% <00:12:23.670>or <00:12:23.671>like <00:12:23.672>particles. <00:12:23.673>Or <00:12:23.675>we <00:12:23.676>can <00:12:23.677>say <00:12:23.679>let's 00:12:23.680 --> 00:12:25.430 align:start position:0% <00:12:23.680>or <00:12:23.796>like <00:12:23.913>particles. <00:12:24.030>Or <00:12:24.146>we <00:12:24.263>can <00:12:24.380>say <00:12:24.496>let's <00:12:24.613>let's <00:12:24.729>do <00:12:24.846>something <00:12:24.963>more, <00:12:25.079>okay? 00:12:25.430 --> 00:12:25.440 align:start position:0% <00:12:25.430>let's <00:12:25.432>do <00:12:25.434>something <00:12:25.436>more, <00:12:25.439>okay? 00:12:25.440 --> 00:12:29.150 align:start position:0% <00:12:25.440>let's <00:12:25.567>do <00:12:25.694>something <00:12:25.821>more, <00:12:25.949>okay? <00:12:26.076>So, <00:12:26.203>some <00:12:26.330>years <00:12:26.458>later <00:12:26.585>um <00:12:26.712>same <00:12:26.840>experiment 00:12:29.150 --> 00:12:29.160 align:start position:0% <00:12:29.150>So, <00:12:29.151>some <00:12:29.153>years <00:12:29.154>later <00:12:29.156>um <00:12:29.157>same <00:12:29.159>experiment 00:12:29.160 --> 00:12:31.270 align:start position:0% <00:12:29.160>So, <00:12:29.253>some <00:12:29.346>years <00:12:29.439>later <00:12:29.533>um <00:12:29.626>same <00:12:29.719>experiment <00:12:29.813>again <00:12:29.906>with <00:12:30.000>light. <00:12:30.093>And <00:12:30.186>now <00:12:30.280>we <00:12:30.373>come <00:12:30.466>to <00:12:30.560>the 00:12:31.270 --> 00:12:31.280 align:start position:0% <00:12:31.270>again <00:12:31.271>with <00:12:31.272>light. <00:12:31.273>And <00:12:31.274>now <00:12:31.275>we <00:12:31.276>come <00:12:31.277>to <00:12:31.279>the 00:12:31.280 --> 00:12:32.790 align:start position:0% <00:12:31.280>again <00:12:31.377>with <00:12:31.474>light. <00:12:31.571>And <00:12:31.668>now <00:12:31.765>we <00:12:31.862>come <00:12:31.959>to <00:12:32.056>the <00:12:32.153>second <00:12:32.250>part, <00:12:32.347>which <00:12:32.444>you <00:12:32.541>have <00:12:32.639>to 00:12:32.790 --> 00:12:32.800 align:start position:0% <00:12:32.790>second <00:12:32.791>part, <00:12:32.793>which <00:12:32.795>you <00:12:32.797>have <00:12:32.799>to 00:12:32.800 --> 00:12:35.590 align:start position:0% <00:12:32.800>second <00:12:32.939>part, <00:12:33.079>which <00:12:33.219>you <00:12:33.359>have <00:12:33.500>to <00:12:33.640>understand <00:12:33.780>today, <00:12:33.920>which <00:12:34.060>is <00:12:34.199>entanglement. 00:12:35.590 --> 00:12:35.600 align:start position:0% <00:12:35.590>understand <00:12:35.592>today, <00:12:35.594>which <00:12:35.596>is <00:12:35.599>entanglement. 00:12:35.600 --> 00:12:37.270 align:start position:0% <00:12:35.600>understand <00:12:35.727>today, <00:12:35.854>which <00:12:35.981>is <00:12:36.109>entanglement. <00:12:36.236>There's <00:12:36.363>a <00:12:36.490>crystal <00:12:36.618>and <00:12:36.745>now <00:12:36.872>we <00:12:37.000>have 00:12:37.270 --> 00:12:37.280 align:start position:0% <00:12:37.270>There's <00:12:37.271>a <00:12:37.273>crystal <00:12:37.274>and <00:12:37.276>now <00:12:37.277>we <00:12:37.279>have 00:12:37.280 --> 00:12:38.990 align:start position:0% <00:12:37.280>There's <00:12:37.454>a <00:12:37.630>crystal <00:12:37.805>and <00:12:37.980>now <00:12:38.155>we <00:12:38.329>have <00:12:38.505>photons, <00:12:38.680>okay? 00:12:38.990 --> 00:12:39.000 align:start position:0% <00:12:38.990>photons, <00:12:38.999>okay? 00:12:39.000 --> 00:12:41.790 align:start position:0% <00:12:39.000>photons, <00:12:39.155>okay? <00:12:39.311>Uh <00:12:39.466>maybe <00:12:39.622>one <00:12:39.777>one <00:12:39.933>more <00:12:40.088>back <00:12:40.244>that's <00:12:40.400>even 00:12:41.790 --> 00:12:41.800 align:start position:0% <00:12:41.790>Uh <00:12:41.791>maybe <00:12:41.792>one <00:12:41.793>one <00:12:41.795>more <00:12:41.796>back <00:12:41.797>that's <00:12:41.799>even 00:12:41.800 --> 00:12:44.150 align:start position:0% <00:12:41.800>Uh <00:12:41.893>maybe <00:12:41.986>one <00:12:42.079>one <00:12:42.173>more <00:12:42.266>back <00:12:42.359>that's <00:12:42.453>even <00:12:42.546>there <00:12:42.640>is <00:12:42.733>this <00:12:42.826>braces <00:12:42.920>one <00:12:43.013>by <00:12:43.106>one. <00:12:43.199>So, 00:12:44.150 --> 00:12:44.160 align:start position:0% <00:12:44.150>there <00:12:44.151>is <00:12:44.152>this <00:12:44.153>braces <00:12:44.155>one <00:12:44.156>by <00:12:44.157>one. <00:12:44.159>So, 00:12:44.160 --> 00:12:46.390 align:start position:0% <00:12:44.160>there <00:12:44.260>is <00:12:44.360>this <00:12:44.459>braces <00:12:44.560>one <00:12:44.660>by <00:12:44.760>one. <00:12:44.860>So, <00:12:44.959>what <00:12:45.060>they <00:12:45.160>were <00:12:45.260>doing, <00:12:45.360>shoot <00:12:45.459>just <00:12:45.560>one 00:12:46.390 --> 00:12:46.400 align:start position:0% <00:12:46.390>what <00:12:46.391>they <00:12:46.393>were <00:12:46.394>doing, <00:12:46.396>shoot <00:12:46.397>just <00:12:46.399>one 00:12:46.400 --> 00:12:48.070 align:start position:0% <00:12:46.400>what <00:12:46.600>they <00:12:46.800>were <00:12:47.000>doing, <00:12:47.199>shoot <00:12:47.400>just <00:12:47.600>one <00:12:47.800>electron. 00:12:48.070 --> 00:12:48.080 align:start position:0% electron. 00:12:48.080 --> 00:12:49.710 align:start position:0% <00:12:48.080>electron. <00:12:48.780>Another <00:12:49.480>electron. 00:12:49.710 --> 00:12:49.720 align:start position:0% <00:12:49.710>Another <00:12:49.719>electron. 00:12:49.720 --> 00:12:51.070 align:start position:0% <00:12:49.720>Another <00:12:50.125>electron. <00:12:50.530>And <00:12:50.935>still 00:12:51.070 --> 00:12:51.080 align:start position:0% <00:12:51.070>And <00:12:51.079>still 00:12:51.080 --> 00:12:53.910 align:start position:0% <00:12:51.080>And <00:12:51.280>still <00:12:51.480>the <00:12:51.680>wave. <00:12:51.880>So, <00:12:52.080>one <00:12:52.280>electron <00:12:52.480>is 00:12:53.910 --> 00:12:53.920 align:start position:0% <00:12:53.910>the <00:12:53.911>wave. <00:12:53.913>So, <00:12:53.915>one <00:12:53.917>electron <00:12:53.919>is 00:12:53.920 --> 00:12:58.270 align:start position:0% <00:12:53.920>the <00:12:54.060>wave. <00:12:54.199>So, <00:12:54.339>one <00:12:54.479>electron <00:12:54.620>is <00:12:54.760>interferencing <00:12:54.900>with <00:12:55.040>itself. <00:12:55.180>Okay? <00:12:55.319>Crazy. 00:12:58.270 --> 00:12:58.280 align:start position:0% <00:12:58.270>interferencing <00:12:58.272>with <00:12:58.274>itself. <00:12:58.276>Okay? <00:12:58.279>Crazy. 00:12:58.280 --> 00:13:01.110 align:start position:0% <00:12:58.280>interferencing <00:12:58.420>with <00:12:58.560>itself. <00:12:58.699>Okay? <00:12:58.839>Crazy. <00:12:58.980>The <00:12:59.120>crystal. <00:12:59.260>What's <00:12:59.400>happening <00:12:59.540>here <00:12:59.680>is 00:13:01.110 --> 00:13:01.120 align:start position:0% <00:13:01.110>The <00:13:01.111>crystal. <00:13:01.113>What's <00:13:01.115>happening <00:13:01.117>here <00:13:01.119>is 00:13:01.120 --> 00:13:05.829 align:start position:0% <00:13:01.120>The <00:13:01.227>crystal. <00:13:01.335>What's <00:13:01.443>happening <00:13:01.550>here <00:13:01.658>is <00:13:01.766>one <00:13:01.873>photon <00:13:01.981>gets <00:13:02.089>split <00:13:02.196>in <00:13:02.304>a <00:13:02.412>45° <00:13:02.520>angle 00:13:05.829 --> 00:13:05.839 align:start position:0% <00:13:05.829>one <00:13:05.830>photon <00:13:05.831>gets <00:13:05.832>split <00:13:05.834>in <00:13:05.835>a <00:13:05.836>45° <00:13:05.838>angle 00:13:05.839 --> 00:13:08.070 align:start position:0% <00:13:05.839>one <00:13:05.994>photon <00:13:06.150>gets <00:13:06.305>split <00:13:06.461>in <00:13:06.616>a <00:13:06.772>45° <00:13:06.927>angle <00:13:07.083>exactly <00:13:07.239>away. 00:13:08.070 --> 00:13:08.080 align:start position:0% <00:13:08.070>exactly <00:13:08.079>away. 00:13:08.080 --> 00:13:10.230 align:start position:0% <00:13:08.080>exactly <00:13:08.255>away. <00:13:08.430>The <00:13:08.605>one <00:13:08.780>photon, <00:13:08.955>which <00:13:09.130>is <00:13:09.305>called <00:13:09.480>the 00:13:10.230 --> 00:13:10.240 align:start position:0% <00:13:10.230>The <00:13:10.231>one <00:13:10.233>photon, <00:13:10.234>which <00:13:10.236>is <00:13:10.237>called <00:13:10.239>the 00:13:10.240 --> 00:13:12.510 align:start position:0% <00:13:10.240>The <00:13:10.340>one <00:13:10.440>photon, <00:13:10.540>which <00:13:10.640>is <00:13:10.740>called <00:13:10.840>the <00:13:10.940>signal <00:13:11.040>photon, <00:13:11.140>is <00:13:11.240>going <00:13:11.340>to <00:13:11.440>the <00:13:11.540>wall <00:13:11.640>to 00:13:12.510 --> 00:13:12.520 align:start position:0% <00:13:12.510>signal <00:13:12.511>photon, <00:13:12.512>is <00:13:12.513>going <00:13:12.515>to <00:13:12.516>the <00:13:12.517>wall <00:13:12.519>to 00:13:12.520 --> 00:13:14.030 align:start position:0% <00:13:12.520>signal <00:13:12.689>photon, <00:13:12.859>is <00:13:13.029>going <00:13:13.199>to <00:13:13.369>the <00:13:13.539>wall <00:13:13.709>to <00:13:13.879>observe 00:13:14.030 --> 00:13:14.040 align:start position:0% observe 00:13:14.040 --> 00:13:15.430 align:start position:0% <00:13:14.040>observe <00:13:14.179>the <00:13:14.318>scene. <00:13:14.457>The <00:13:14.596>other <00:13:14.734>one <00:13:14.873>is <00:13:15.012>going <00:13:15.151>to <00:13:15.290>a 00:13:15.430 --> 00:13:15.440 align:start position:0% <00:13:15.430>the <00:13:15.431>scene. <00:13:15.432>The <00:13:15.433>other <00:13:15.434>one <00:13:15.435>is <00:13:15.436>going <00:13:15.437>to <00:13:15.439>a 00:13:15.440 --> 00:13:16.950 align:start position:0% <00:13:15.440>the <00:13:15.591>scene. <00:13:15.742>The <00:13:15.893>other <00:13:16.044>one <00:13:16.195>is <00:13:16.346>going <00:13:16.497>to <00:13:16.648>a <00:13:16.799>detector. 00:13:16.950 --> 00:13:16.960 align:start position:0% detector. 00:13:16.960 --> 00:13:18.829 align:start position:0% <00:13:16.960>detector. <00:13:18.360>And 00:13:18.829 --> 00:13:18.839 align:start position:0% And 00:13:18.839 --> 00:13:21.790 align:start position:0% <00:13:18.839>And <00:13:20.238>still 00:13:21.800 --> 00:13:23.870 align:start position:0% <00:13:21.800>the <00:13:21.974>So, <00:13:22.150>you <00:13:22.324>know <00:13:22.500>what <00:13:22.675>I <00:13:22.849>mean? <00:13:23.025>What <00:13:23.199>we 00:13:23.870 --> 00:13:23.880 align:start position:0% <00:13:23.870>the <00:13:23.871>So, <00:13:23.872>you <00:13:23.873>know <00:13:23.874>what <00:13:23.875>I <00:13:23.876>mean? <00:13:23.877>What <00:13:23.879>we 00:13:23.880 --> 00:13:25.390 align:start position:0% <00:13:23.880>the <00:13:23.977>So, <00:13:24.074>you <00:13:24.171>know <00:13:24.268>what <00:13:24.365>I <00:13:24.462>mean? <00:13:24.559>What <00:13:24.656>we <00:13:24.753>see <00:13:24.850>here, <00:13:24.947>the <00:13:25.044>interference <00:13:25.141>pattern <00:13:25.239>all 00:13:25.390 --> 00:13:25.400 align:start position:0% <00:13:25.390>see <00:13:25.391>here, <00:13:25.393>the <00:13:25.395>interference <00:13:25.397>pattern <00:13:25.399>all 00:13:25.400 --> 00:13:28.670 align:start position:0% <00:13:25.400>see <00:13:25.527>here, <00:13:25.654>the <00:13:25.781>interference <00:13:25.909>pattern <00:13:26.036>all <00:13:26.163>signal <00:13:26.290>photons, <00:13:26.418>behave <00:13:26.545>like <00:13:26.672>they <00:13:26.800>were 00:13:28.670 --> 00:13:28.680 align:start position:0% <00:13:28.670>signal <00:13:28.671>photons, <00:13:28.673>behave <00:13:28.675>like <00:13:28.677>they <00:13:28.679>were 00:13:28.680 --> 00:13:30.950 align:start position:0% <00:13:28.680>signal <00:13:28.819>photons, <00:13:28.959>behave <00:13:29.099>like <00:13:29.239>they <00:13:29.380>were <00:13:29.520>observed. <00:13:29.660>So, <00:13:29.800>this <00:13:29.939>is <00:13:30.079>entanglement. 00:13:30.950 --> 00:13:30.960 align:start position:0% <00:13:30.950>observed. <00:13:30.952>So, <00:13:30.954>this <00:13:30.956>is <00:13:30.959>entanglement. 00:13:30.960 --> 00:13:32.870 align:start position:0% <00:13:30.960>observed. <00:13:31.100>So, <00:13:31.240>this <00:13:31.380>is <00:13:31.520>entanglement. <00:13:31.660>Entanglement <00:13:31.800>means, <00:13:31.940>and <00:13:32.080>this <00:13:32.220>is <00:13:32.360>the 00:13:32.870 --> 00:13:32.880 align:start position:0% <00:13:32.870>Entanglement <00:13:32.871>means, <00:13:32.873>and <00:13:32.875>this <00:13:32.877>is <00:13:32.879>the 00:13:32.880 --> 00:13:36.230 align:start position:0% <00:13:32.880>Entanglement <00:13:33.020>means, <00:13:33.160>and <00:13:33.300>this <00:13:33.439>is <00:13:33.580>the <00:13:33.720>proof <00:13:33.860>for <00:13:34.000>this, <00:13:34.140>when <00:13:34.280>one 00:13:36.230 --> 00:13:36.240 align:start position:0% <00:13:36.230>proof <00:13:36.232>for <00:13:36.234>this, <00:13:36.236>when <00:13:36.239>one 00:13:36.240 --> 00:13:38.310 align:start position:0% <00:13:36.240>proof <00:13:36.356>for <00:13:36.473>this, <00:13:36.590>when <00:13:36.706>one <00:13:36.823>when <00:13:36.940>when <00:13:37.056>when <00:13:37.173>two <00:13:37.290>photons <00:13:37.406>in <00:13:37.523>this <00:13:37.640>case 00:13:38.310 --> 00:13:38.320 align:start position:0% <00:13:38.310>when <00:13:38.311>when <00:13:38.312>when <00:13:38.313>two <00:13:38.315>photons <00:13:38.316>in <00:13:38.317>this <00:13:38.319>case 00:13:38.320 --> 00:13:39.790 align:start position:0% <00:13:38.320>when <00:13:38.467>when <00:13:38.614>when <00:13:38.761>two <00:13:38.908>photons <00:13:39.055>in <00:13:39.202>this <00:13:39.348>case <00:13:39.496>are <00:13:39.643>entangled, 00:13:39.790 --> 00:13:39.800 align:start position:0% <00:13:39.790>are <00:13:39.799>entangled, 00:13:39.800 --> 00:13:41.750 align:start position:0% <00:13:39.800>are <00:13:39.955>entangled, <00:13:40.111>the <00:13:40.266>one <00:13:40.422>behaves <00:13:40.577>like <00:13:40.733>the <00:13:40.888>other. <00:13:41.044>And <00:13:41.199>this 00:13:41.750 --> 00:13:41.760 align:start position:0% <00:13:41.750>the <00:13:41.751>one <00:13:41.752>behaves <00:13:41.753>like <00:13:41.755>the <00:13:41.756>other. <00:13:41.757>And <00:13:41.759>this 00:13:41.760 --> 00:13:44.430 align:start position:0% <00:13:41.760>the <00:13:41.860>one <00:13:41.960>behaves <00:13:42.060>like <00:13:42.160>the <00:13:42.260>other. <00:13:42.360>And <00:13:42.460>this <00:13:42.560>one <00:13:42.660>knows <00:13:42.760>that <00:13:42.860>it <00:13:42.960>gets <00:13:43.060>observed <00:13:43.160>and 00:13:44.430 --> 00:13:44.440 align:start position:0% <00:13:44.430>one <00:13:44.431>knows <00:13:44.433>that <00:13:44.434>it <00:13:44.436>gets <00:13:44.437>observed <00:13:44.439>and 00:13:44.440 --> 00:13:45.910 align:start position:0% <00:13:44.440>one <00:13:44.541>knows <00:13:44.643>that <00:13:44.745>it <00:13:44.847>gets <00:13:44.948>observed <00:13:45.050>and <00:13:45.152>behaves <00:13:45.254>like <00:13:45.355>it <00:13:45.457>gets <00:13:45.559>observed. <00:13:45.661>It <00:13:45.762>gets 00:13:45.910 --> 00:13:45.920 align:start position:0% <00:13:45.910>behaves <00:13:45.911>like <00:13:45.913>it <00:13:45.914>gets <00:13:45.915>observed. <00:13:45.917>It <00:13:45.919>gets 00:13:45.920 --> 00:13:48.030 align:start position:0% <00:13:45.920>behaves <00:13:46.036>like <00:13:46.153>it <00:13:46.270>gets <00:13:46.386>observed. <00:13:46.503>It <00:13:46.620>gets <00:13:46.736>even <00:13:46.853>weird. <00:13:46.969>This <00:13:47.086>is <00:13:47.203>delayed <00:13:47.319>choice 00:13:48.030 --> 00:13:48.040 align:start position:0% <00:13:48.030>even <00:13:48.031>weird. <00:13:48.033>This <00:13:48.035>is <00:13:48.037>delayed <00:13:48.039>choice 00:13:48.040 --> 00:13:50.150 align:start position:0% <00:13:48.040>even <00:13:48.167>weird. <00:13:48.294>This <00:13:48.421>is <00:13:48.549>delayed <00:13:48.676>choice <00:13:48.803>experiment. <00:13:48.930>So, <00:13:49.058>you <00:13:49.185>just <00:13:49.312>pull <00:13:49.439>the 00:13:50.150 --> 00:13:50.160 align:start position:0% <00:13:50.150>experiment. <00:13:50.151>So, <00:13:50.153>you <00:13:50.155>just <00:13:50.157>pull <00:13:50.159>the 00:13:50.160 --> 00:13:52.350 align:start position:0% <00:13:50.160>experiment. <00:13:50.334>So, <00:13:50.510>you <00:13:50.685>just <00:13:50.860>pull <00:13:51.035>the <00:13:51.209>detector <00:13:51.385>far <00:13:51.560>away. 00:13:52.350 --> 00:13:52.360 align:start position:0% <00:13:52.350>detector <00:13:52.354>far <00:13:52.359>away. 00:13:52.360 --> 00:13:54.830 align:start position:0% <00:13:52.360>detector <00:13:52.500>far <00:13:52.640>away. <00:13:52.780>So, <00:13:52.920>first <00:13:53.060>it <00:13:53.200>hits <00:13:53.340>the <00:13:53.480>screen, <00:13:53.620>later <00:13:53.760>it 00:13:54.830 --> 00:13:54.840 align:start position:0% <00:13:54.830>So, <00:13:54.831>first <00:13:54.832>it <00:13:54.833>hits <00:13:54.835>the <00:13:54.836>screen, <00:13:54.837>later <00:13:54.839>it 00:13:54.840 --> 00:13:58.190 align:start position:0% <00:13:54.840>So, <00:13:54.956>first <00:13:55.073>it <00:13:55.190>hits <00:13:55.306>the <00:13:55.423>screen, <00:13:55.540>later <00:13:55.656>it <00:13:55.773>gets <00:13:55.890>detected. <00:13:56.006>Still <00:13:56.123>no <00:13:56.240>interference. 00:13:58.190 --> 00:13:58.200 align:start position:0% <00:13:58.190>gets <00:13:58.192>detected. <00:13:58.194>Still <00:13:58.196>no <00:13:58.199>interference. 00:13:58.200 --> 00:13:59.190 align:start position:0% <00:13:58.200>gets <00:13:58.378>detected. <00:13:58.556>Still <00:13:58.734>no <00:13:58.912>interference. <00:13:59.091>So, 00:13:59.190 --> 00:13:59.200 align:start position:0% So, 00:13:59.200 --> 00:14:01.070 align:start position:0% <00:13:59.200>So, <00:13:59.355>the <00:13:59.511>one <00:13:59.666>in <00:13:59.822>the <00:13:59.977>past <00:14:00.133>knows <00:14:00.288>it <00:14:00.444>will <00:14:00.600>get 00:14:01.070 --> 00:14:01.080 align:start position:0% <00:14:01.070>the <00:14:01.071>one <00:14:01.072>in <00:14:01.073>the <00:14:01.074>past <00:14:01.075>knows <00:14:01.076>it <00:14:01.077>will <00:14:01.079>get 00:14:01.080 --> 00:14:04.710 align:start position:0% <00:14:01.080>the <00:14:01.207>one <00:14:01.334>in <00:14:01.461>the <00:14:01.589>past <00:14:01.716>knows <00:14:01.843>it <00:14:01.970>will <00:14:02.098>get <00:14:02.225>observed <00:14:02.352>very <00:14:02.480>soon. 00:14:04.720 --> 00:14:06.510 align:start position:0% <00:14:04.720>It <00:14:04.895>gets <00:14:05.070>even <00:14:05.245>one <00:14:05.420>more <00:14:05.595>weird, <00:14:05.770>and <00:14:05.945>this <00:14:06.120>is 00:14:06.510 --> 00:14:06.520 align:start position:0% <00:14:06.510>It <00:14:06.511>gets <00:14:06.512>even <00:14:06.513>one <00:14:06.514>more <00:14:06.515>weird, <00:14:06.516>and <00:14:06.517>this <00:14:06.519>is 00:14:06.520 --> 00:14:07.950 align:start position:0% <00:14:06.520>It <00:14:06.611>gets <00:14:06.703>even <00:14:06.795>one <00:14:06.887>more <00:14:06.979>weird, <00:14:07.071>and <00:14:07.163>this <00:14:07.255>is <00:14:07.347>the <00:14:07.439>experiment <00:14:07.531>that <00:14:07.623>really <00:14:07.715>shocked <00:14:07.807>the 00:14:07.950 --> 00:14:07.960 align:start position:0% <00:14:07.950>the <00:14:07.951>experiment <00:14:07.953>that <00:14:07.955>really <00:14:07.957>shocked <00:14:07.959>the 00:14:07.960 --> 00:14:09.430 align:start position:0% <00:14:07.960>the <00:14:08.180>experiment <00:14:08.401>that <00:14:08.621>really <00:14:08.842>shocked <00:14:09.062>the <00:14:09.282>world. 00:14:09.430 --> 00:14:09.440 align:start position:0% world. 00:14:09.440 --> 00:14:11.950 align:start position:0% <00:14:09.440>world. <00:14:09.615>Um <00:14:09.790>more <00:14:09.965>or <00:14:10.140>less <00:14:10.315>the <00:14:10.490>same <00:14:10.665>experiments <00:14:10.840>and 00:14:11.950 --> 00:14:11.960 align:start position:0% <00:14:11.950>Um <00:14:11.951>more <00:14:11.952>or <00:14:11.953>less <00:14:11.955>the <00:14:11.956>same <00:14:11.957>experiments <00:14:11.959>and 00:14:11.960 --> 00:14:13.550 align:start position:0% <00:14:11.960>Um <00:14:12.060>more <00:14:12.160>or <00:14:12.260>less <00:14:12.360>the <00:14:12.460>same <00:14:12.560>experiments <00:14:12.660>and <00:14:12.760>here <00:14:12.860>below <00:14:12.960>something <00:14:13.060>which <00:14:13.160>is <00:14:13.260>called <00:14:13.360>the 00:14:13.550 --> 00:14:13.560 align:start position:0% <00:14:13.550>here <00:14:13.551>below <00:14:13.553>something <00:14:13.554>which <00:14:13.555>is <00:14:13.557>called <00:14:13.559>the 00:14:13.560 --> 00:14:15.310 align:start position:0% <00:14:13.560>here <00:14:13.734>below <00:14:13.910>something <00:14:14.084>which <00:14:14.260>is <00:14:14.435>called <00:14:14.609>the <00:14:14.785>quantum <00:14:14.959>eraser. 00:14:15.310 --> 00:14:15.320 align:start position:0% <00:14:15.310>quantum <00:14:15.319>eraser. 00:14:15.320 --> 00:14:17.070 align:start position:0% <00:14:15.320>quantum <00:14:15.475>eraser. <00:14:15.631>Uh <00:14:15.786>you <00:14:15.942>can't <00:14:16.097>do <00:14:16.253>this <00:14:16.408>at <00:14:16.564>home <00:14:16.720>anymore. 00:14:17.070 --> 00:14:17.080 align:start position:0% <00:14:17.070>Uh <00:14:17.071>you <00:14:17.072>can't <00:14:17.073>do <00:14:17.075>this <00:14:17.076>at <00:14:17.077>home <00:14:17.079>anymore. 00:14:17.080 --> 00:14:19.750 align:start position:0% <00:14:17.080>Uh <00:14:17.173>you <00:14:17.266>can't <00:14:17.360>do <00:14:17.453>this <00:14:17.546>at <00:14:17.640>home <00:14:17.733>anymore. <00:14:17.826>This <00:14:17.920>one <00:14:18.013>is <00:14:18.106>a <00:14:18.200>silver <00:14:18.293>plate <00:14:18.386>and <00:14:18.480>the 00:14:19.750 --> 00:14:19.760 align:start position:0% <00:14:19.750>This <00:14:19.751>one <00:14:19.752>is <00:14:19.753>a <00:14:19.755>silver <00:14:19.756>plate <00:14:19.757>and <00:14:19.759>the 00:14:19.760 --> 00:14:21.870 align:start position:0% <00:14:19.760>This <00:14:19.900>one <00:14:20.040>is <00:14:20.180>a <00:14:20.319>silver <00:14:20.460>plate <00:14:20.600>and <00:14:20.740>the <00:14:20.880>silver <00:14:21.020>plate <00:14:21.160>um 00:14:21.870 --> 00:14:21.880 align:start position:0% <00:14:21.870>silver <00:14:21.874>plate <00:14:21.879>um 00:14:21.880 --> 00:14:24.430 align:start position:0% <00:14:21.880>silver <00:14:22.035>plate <00:14:22.191>um <00:14:22.346>is <00:14:22.502>acting <00:14:22.657>like <00:14:22.813>some <00:14:22.968>photons <00:14:23.124>I <00:14:23.280>let 00:14:24.430 --> 00:14:24.440 align:start position:0% <00:14:24.430>is <00:14:24.431>acting <00:14:24.433>like <00:14:24.434>some <00:14:24.436>photons <00:14:24.437>I <00:14:24.439>let 00:14:24.440 --> 00:14:25.470 align:start position:0% <00:14:24.440>is <00:14:24.572>acting <00:14:24.704>like <00:14:24.837>some <00:14:24.969>photons <00:14:25.102>I <00:14:25.234>let <00:14:25.367>through 00:14:25.470 --> 00:14:25.480 align:start position:0% through 00:14:25.480 --> 00:14:28.230 align:start position:0% <00:14:25.480>through <00:14:25.760>and <00:14:26.040>other <00:14:26.320>photons <00:14:26.600>I <00:14:26.880>reflect. 00:14:28.230 --> 00:14:28.240 align:start position:0% <00:14:28.230>and <00:14:28.232>other <00:14:28.234>photons <00:14:28.236>I <00:14:28.239>reflect. 00:14:28.240 --> 00:14:30.870 align:start position:0% <00:14:28.240>and <00:14:28.347>other <00:14:28.455>photons <00:14:28.563>I <00:14:28.670>reflect. <00:14:28.778>So, <00:14:28.886>when <00:14:28.993>they <00:14:29.101>are <00:14:29.209>here, <00:14:29.316>okay, <00:14:29.424>here <00:14:29.532>we <00:14:29.640>of 00:14:30.870 --> 00:14:30.880 align:start position:0% <00:14:30.870>So, <00:14:30.871>when <00:14:30.872>they <00:14:30.873>are <00:14:30.874>here, <00:14:30.875>okay, <00:14:30.876>here <00:14:30.877>we <00:14:30.879>of 00:14:30.880 --> 00:14:32.230 align:start position:0% <00:14:30.880>So, <00:14:30.961>when <00:14:31.042>they <00:14:31.123>are <00:14:31.204>here, <00:14:31.285>okay, <00:14:31.366>here <00:14:31.447>we <00:14:31.528>of <00:14:31.609>of <00:14:31.690>course <00:14:31.771>want <00:14:31.852>to <00:14:31.933>see <00:14:32.014>the <00:14:32.095>interference 00:14:32.230 --> 00:14:32.240 align:start position:0% <00:14:32.230>of <00:14:32.231>course <00:14:32.233>want <00:14:32.234>to <00:14:32.236>see <00:14:32.237>the <00:14:32.239>interference 00:14:32.240 --> 00:14:34.510 align:start position:0% <00:14:32.240>of <00:14:32.340>course <00:14:32.440>want <00:14:32.540>to <00:14:32.640>see <00:14:32.740>the <00:14:32.840>interference <00:14:32.940>pattern. <00:14:33.040>But <00:14:33.140>here <00:14:33.240>it <00:14:33.340>goes <00:14:33.440>here <00:14:33.540>on <00:14:33.640>the 00:14:34.510 --> 00:14:34.520 align:start position:0% <00:14:34.510>pattern. <00:14:34.511>But <00:14:34.512>here <00:14:34.513>it <00:14:34.515>goes <00:14:34.516>here <00:14:34.517>on <00:14:34.519>the 00:14:34.520 --> 00:14:36.990 align:start position:0% <00:14:34.520>pattern. <00:14:34.620>But <00:14:34.720>here <00:14:34.819>it <00:14:34.920>goes <00:14:35.020>here <00:14:35.120>on <00:14:35.220>the <00:14:35.319>green <00:14:35.420>line, <00:14:35.520>okay? <00:14:35.620>Follow <00:14:35.720>my <00:14:35.819>mouse. <00:14:35.920>And 00:14:36.990 --> 00:14:37.000 align:start position:0% <00:14:36.990>green <00:14:36.991>line, <00:14:36.993>okay? <00:14:36.994>Follow <00:14:36.996>my <00:14:36.997>mouse. <00:14:36.999>And 00:14:37.000 --> 00:14:39.110 align:start position:0% <00:14:37.000>green <00:14:37.107>line, <00:14:37.215>okay? <00:14:37.323>Follow <00:14:37.430>my <00:14:37.538>mouse. <00:14:37.646>And <00:14:37.753>from <00:14:37.861>this <00:14:37.969>green <00:14:38.076>line <00:14:38.184>some <00:14:38.292>are <00:14:38.400>measured, 00:14:39.110 --> 00:14:39.120 align:start position:0% <00:14:39.110>from <00:14:39.111>this <00:14:39.113>green <00:14:39.114>line <00:14:39.116>some <00:14:39.117>are <00:14:39.119>measured, 00:14:39.120 --> 00:14:41.230 align:start position:0% <00:14:39.120>from <00:14:39.260>this <00:14:39.400>green <00:14:39.540>line <00:14:39.680>some <00:14:39.820>are <00:14:39.960>measured, <00:14:40.100>others <00:14:40.240>are <00:14:40.380>gone <00:14:40.520>through. 00:14:41.230 --> 00:14:41.240 align:start position:0% <00:14:41.230>others <00:14:41.233>are <00:14:41.236>gone <00:14:41.239>through. 00:14:41.240 --> 00:14:43.150 align:start position:0% <00:14:41.240>others <00:14:41.367>are <00:14:41.494>gone <00:14:41.621>through. <00:14:41.749>And <00:14:41.876>here <00:14:42.003>just <00:14:42.130>a <00:14:42.258>mirror <00:14:42.385>and <00:14:42.512>here <00:14:42.640>another 00:14:43.150 --> 00:14:43.160 align:start position:0% <00:14:43.150>And <00:14:43.151>here <00:14:43.152>just <00:14:43.153>a <00:14:43.155>mirror <00:14:43.156>and <00:14:43.157>here <00:14:43.159>another 00:14:43.160 --> 00:14:46.150 align:start position:0% <00:14:43.160>And <00:14:43.260>here <00:14:43.360>just <00:14:43.459>a <00:14:43.560>mirror <00:14:43.660>and <00:14:43.760>here <00:14:43.860>another <00:14:43.959>silver <00:14:44.060>plate. <00:14:44.160>So, <00:14:44.260>some <00:14:44.360>are <00:14:44.459>reflected <00:14:44.560>and 00:14:46.150 --> 00:14:46.160 align:start position:0% <00:14:46.150>silver <00:14:46.151>plate. <00:14:46.153>So, <00:14:46.154>some <00:14:46.156>are <00:14:46.157>reflected <00:14:46.159>and 00:14:46.160 --> 00:14:48.829 align:start position:0% <00:14:46.160>silver <00:14:46.276>plate. <00:14:46.393>So, <00:14:46.510>some <00:14:46.626>are <00:14:46.743>reflected <00:14:46.860>and <00:14:46.976>here <00:14:47.093>measured <00:14:47.209>and <00:14:47.326>some <00:14:47.443>here <00:14:47.560>measured. 00:14:48.829 --> 00:14:48.839 align:start position:0% <00:14:48.829>here <00:14:48.830>measured <00:14:48.832>and <00:14:48.834>some <00:14:48.836>here <00:14:48.838>measured. 00:14:48.839 --> 00:14:51.230 align:start position:0% <00:14:48.839>here <00:14:48.939>measured <00:14:49.039>and <00:14:49.138>some <00:14:49.238>here <00:14:49.339>measured. <00:14:49.439>The <00:14:49.539>point <00:14:49.638>is <00:14:49.738>this <00:14:49.839>is <00:14:49.939>more <00:14:50.039>or <00:14:50.138>less <00:14:50.238>erased 00:14:51.230 --> 00:14:51.240 align:start position:0% <00:14:51.230>The <00:14:51.231>point <00:14:51.232>is <00:14:51.233>this <00:14:51.234>is <00:14:51.235>more <00:14:51.236>or <00:14:51.237>less <00:14:51.239>erased 00:14:51.240 --> 00:14:53.990 align:start position:0% <00:14:51.240>The <00:14:51.317>point <00:14:51.395>is <00:14:51.473>this <00:14:51.551>is <00:14:51.628>more <00:14:51.706>or <00:14:51.784>less <00:14:51.862>erased <00:14:51.940>because <00:14:52.017>if <00:14:52.095>it's <00:14:52.173>in <00:14:52.251>C <00:14:52.328>or <00:14:52.406>D, <00:14:52.484>I <00:14:52.562>can't <00:14:52.640>know 00:14:53.990 --> 00:14:54.000 align:start position:0% <00:14:53.990>because <00:14:53.991>if <00:14:53.992>it's <00:14:53.993>in <00:14:53.994>C <00:14:53.995>or <00:14:53.996>D, <00:14:53.997>I <00:14:53.998>can't <00:14:53.999>know 00:14:54.000 --> 00:14:56.230 align:start position:0% <00:14:54.000>because <00:14:54.087>if <00:14:54.175>it's <00:14:54.262>in <00:14:54.350>C <00:14:54.437>or <00:14:54.525>D, <00:14:54.612>I <00:14:54.700>can't <00:14:54.787>know <00:14:54.875>anymore <00:14:54.962>if <00:14:55.050>it's <00:14:55.137>coming <00:14:55.225>through <00:14:55.312>this <00:14:55.400>slit 00:14:56.230 --> 00:14:56.240 align:start position:0% <00:14:56.230>anymore <00:14:56.231>if <00:14:56.233>it's <00:14:56.234>coming <00:14:56.236>through <00:14:56.237>this <00:14:56.239>slit 00:14:56.240 --> 00:14:57.750 align:start position:0% <00:14:56.240>anymore <00:14:56.344>if <00:14:56.449>it's <00:14:56.553>coming <00:14:56.658>through <00:14:56.762>this <00:14:56.867>slit <00:14:56.971>or <00:14:57.076>through <00:14:57.180>this <00:14:57.285>slit <00:14:57.389>because <00:14:57.494>red <00:14:57.599>one 00:14:57.750 --> 00:14:57.760 align:start position:0% <00:14:57.750>or <00:14:57.751>through <00:14:57.753>this <00:14:57.754>slit <00:14:57.756>because <00:14:57.757>red <00:14:57.759>one 00:14:57.760 --> 00:14:59.550 align:start position:0% <00:14:57.760>or <00:14:57.867>through <00:14:57.975>this <00:14:58.083>slit <00:14:58.190>because <00:14:58.298>red <00:14:58.406>one <00:14:58.513>behaves <00:14:58.621>the <00:14:58.729>same <00:14:58.836>way, <00:14:58.944>right? <00:14:59.052>Here <00:14:59.160>it 00:14:59.550 --> 00:14:59.560 align:start position:0% <00:14:59.550>behaves <00:14:59.551>the <00:14:59.553>same <00:14:59.554>way, <00:14:59.555>right? <00:14:59.557>Here <00:14:59.559>it 00:14:59.560 --> 00:15:01.829 align:start position:0% <00:14:59.560>behaves <00:14:59.667>the <00:14:59.775>same <00:14:59.883>way, <00:14:59.990>right? <00:15:00.098>Here <00:15:00.206>it <00:15:00.313>gets <00:15:00.421>some <00:15:00.529>gets <00:15:00.636>measured, <00:15:00.744>other <00:15:00.852>one <00:15:00.959>gets 00:15:01.829 --> 00:15:01.839 align:start position:0% <00:15:01.829>gets <00:15:01.830>some <00:15:01.832>gets <00:15:01.833>measured, <00:15:01.835>other <00:15:01.836>one <00:15:01.838>gets 00:15:01.839 --> 00:15:03.630 align:start position:0% <00:15:01.839>gets <00:15:01.946>some <00:15:02.054>gets <00:15:02.162>measured, <00:15:02.269>other <00:15:02.377>one <00:15:02.485>gets <00:15:02.592>erased, <00:15:02.700>okay? <00:15:02.808>This <00:15:02.915>here <00:15:03.023>behind <00:15:03.131>is <00:15:03.239>the 00:15:03.630 --> 00:15:03.640 align:start position:0% <00:15:03.630>erased, <00:15:03.631>okay? <00:15:03.633>This <00:15:03.634>here <00:15:03.636>behind <00:15:03.637>is <00:15:03.639>the 00:15:03.640 --> 00:15:04.870 align:start position:0% <00:15:03.640>erased, <00:15:03.798>okay? <00:15:03.956>This <00:15:04.114>here <00:15:04.272>behind <00:15:04.430>is <00:15:04.588>the <00:15:04.747>eraser. 00:15:04.870 --> 00:15:04.880 align:start position:0% eraser. 00:15:04.880 --> 00:15:06.510 align:start position:0% <00:15:04.880>eraser. <00:15:05.055>And <00:15:05.230>now <00:15:05.405>of <00:15:05.580>course <00:15:05.755>the <00:15:05.930>big <00:15:06.105>question <00:15:06.280>is 00:15:06.510 --> 00:15:06.520 align:start position:0% <00:15:06.510>And <00:15:06.511>now <00:15:06.512>of <00:15:06.513>course <00:15:06.515>the <00:15:06.516>big <00:15:06.517>question <00:15:06.519>is 00:15:06.520 --> 00:15:08.270 align:start position:0% <00:15:06.520>And <00:15:06.647>now <00:15:06.774>of <00:15:06.901>course <00:15:07.029>the <00:15:07.156>big <00:15:07.283>question <00:15:07.410>is <00:15:07.538>how <00:15:07.665>does <00:15:07.792>it <00:15:07.920>behave? 00:15:08.270 --> 00:15:08.280 align:start position:0% <00:15:08.270>how <00:15:08.273>does <00:15:08.276>it <00:15:08.279>behave? 00:15:08.280 --> 00:15:11.030 align:start position:0% <00:15:08.280>how <00:15:08.420>does <00:15:08.560>it <00:15:08.699>behave? <00:15:08.839>And <00:15:08.980>the <00:15:09.120>answer <00:15:09.260>is <00:15:09.400>whenever, <00:15:09.540>also <00:15:09.680>here 00:15:11.030 --> 00:15:11.040 align:start position:0% <00:15:11.030>And <00:15:11.031>the <00:15:11.033>answer <00:15:11.034>is <00:15:11.036>whenever, <00:15:11.037>also <00:15:11.039>here 00:15:11.040 --> 00:15:13.150 align:start position:0% <00:15:11.040>And <00:15:11.133>the <00:15:11.226>answer <00:15:11.319>is <00:15:11.413>whenever, <00:15:11.506>also <00:15:11.599>here <00:15:11.693>they <00:15:11.786>did <00:15:11.880>this <00:15:11.973>one <00:15:12.066>by <00:15:12.160>one, <00:15:12.253>one <00:15:12.346>photon <00:15:12.439>by 00:15:13.150 --> 00:15:13.160 align:start position:0% <00:15:13.150>they <00:15:13.151>did <00:15:13.152>this <00:15:13.153>one <00:15:13.154>by <00:15:13.155>one, <00:15:13.156>one <00:15:13.157>photon <00:15:13.159>by 00:15:13.160 --> 00:15:15.630 align:start position:0% <00:15:13.160>they <00:15:13.253>did <00:15:13.346>this <00:15:13.439>one <00:15:13.533>by <00:15:13.626>one, <00:15:13.719>one <00:15:13.813>photon <00:15:13.906>by <00:15:14.000>one <00:15:14.093>photon, <00:15:14.186>the <00:15:14.280>ones <00:15:14.373>that <00:15:14.466>get <00:15:14.560>measured 00:15:15.630 --> 00:15:15.640 align:start position:0% <00:15:15.630>one <00:15:15.631>photon, <00:15:15.633>the <00:15:15.634>ones <00:15:15.636>that <00:15:15.637>get <00:15:15.639>measured 00:15:15.640 --> 00:15:17.790 align:start position:0% <00:15:15.640>one <00:15:15.747>photon, <00:15:15.855>the <00:15:15.963>ones <00:15:16.070>that <00:15:16.178>get <00:15:16.286>measured <00:15:16.393>have <00:15:16.501>no <00:15:16.609>interference <00:15:16.716>and <00:15:16.824>of <00:15:16.932>course <00:15:17.040>the 00:15:17.790 --> 00:15:17.800 align:start position:0% <00:15:17.790>have <00:15:17.791>no <00:15:17.793>interference <00:15:17.794>and <00:15:17.795>of <00:15:17.797>course <00:15:17.799>the 00:15:17.800 --> 00:15:20.070 align:start position:0% <00:15:17.800>have <00:15:17.900>no <00:15:18.000>interference <00:15:18.099>and <00:15:18.199>of <00:15:18.300>course <00:15:18.400>the <00:15:18.500>ones <00:15:18.599>that <00:15:18.699>get <00:15:18.800>erased, <00:15:18.900>they <00:15:19.000>have <00:15:19.099>a <00:15:19.199>wave 00:15:20.070 --> 00:15:20.080 align:start position:0% <00:15:20.070>ones <00:15:20.071>that <00:15:20.072>get <00:15:20.073>erased, <00:15:20.075>they <00:15:20.076>have <00:15:20.077>a <00:15:20.079>wave 00:15:20.080 --> 00:15:21.310 align:start position:0% <00:15:20.080>ones <00:15:20.218>that <00:15:20.356>get <00:15:20.495>erased, <00:15:20.633>they <00:15:20.771>have <00:15:20.910>a <00:15:21.048>wave <00:15:21.186>function. 00:15:21.310 --> 00:15:21.320 align:start position:0% function. 00:15:21.320 --> 00:15:22.710 align:start position:0% <00:15:21.320>function. <00:15:21.737>And <00:15:22.154>this <00:15:22.571>is 00:15:22.710 --> 00:15:22.720 align:start position:0% <00:15:22.710>And <00:15:22.714>this <00:15:22.719>is 00:15:22.720 --> 00:15:24.470 align:start position:0% <00:15:22.720>And <00:15:22.860>this <00:15:23.000>is <00:15:23.140>for <00:15:23.280>me <00:15:23.420>a <00:15:23.560>little <00:15:23.700>proof. <00:15:23.840>I <00:15:23.980>think <00:15:24.120>it's 00:15:24.470 --> 00:15:24.480 align:start position:0% <00:15:24.470>for <00:15:24.471>me <00:15:24.472>a <00:15:24.473>little <00:15:24.475>proof. <00:15:24.476>I <00:15:24.477>think <00:15:24.479>it's 00:15:24.480 --> 00:15:26.310 align:start position:0% <00:15:24.480>for <00:15:24.635>me <00:15:24.791>a <00:15:24.946>little <00:15:25.102>proof. <00:15:25.257>I <00:15:25.413>think <00:15:25.568>it's <00:15:25.724>overwhelming <00:15:25.880>because 00:15:26.310 --> 00:15:26.320 align:start position:0% <00:15:26.310>overwhelming <00:15:26.319>because 00:15:26.320 --> 00:15:29.110 align:start position:0% <00:15:26.320>overwhelming <00:15:26.475>because <00:15:26.631>like <00:15:26.786>if <00:15:26.942>you <00:15:27.097>don't <00:15:27.253>know <00:15:27.408>the <00:15:27.564>slit, <00:15:27.720>they 00:15:29.110 --> 00:15:29.120 align:start position:0% <00:15:29.110>like <00:15:29.111>if <00:15:29.112>you <00:15:29.113>don't <00:15:29.115>know <00:15:29.116>the <00:15:29.117>slit, <00:15:29.119>they 00:15:29.120 --> 00:15:31.990 align:start position:0% <00:15:29.120>like <00:15:29.213>if <00:15:29.306>you <00:15:29.400>don't <00:15:29.493>know <00:15:29.586>the <00:15:29.680>slit, <00:15:29.773>they <00:15:29.866>are <00:15:29.960>in <00:15:30.053>a <00:15:30.146>superposition <00:15:30.240>of <00:15:30.333>both <00:15:30.426>slits <00:15:30.520>at 00:15:31.990 --> 00:15:32.000 align:start position:0% <00:15:31.990>are <00:15:31.991>in <00:15:31.992>a <00:15:31.993>superposition <00:15:31.995>of <00:15:31.996>both <00:15:31.997>slits <00:15:31.999>at 00:15:32.000 --> 00:15:33.630 align:start position:0% <00:15:32.000>are <00:15:32.140>in <00:15:32.280>a <00:15:32.420>superposition <00:15:32.560>of <00:15:32.700>both <00:15:32.840>slits <00:15:32.980>at <00:15:33.120>the <00:15:33.260>same <00:15:33.400>time. 00:15:33.630 --> 00:15:33.640 align:start position:0% <00:15:33.630>the <00:15:33.634>same <00:15:33.639>time. 00:15:33.640 --> 00:15:36.550 align:start position:0% <00:15:33.640>the <00:15:33.767>same <00:15:33.894>time. <00:15:34.021>But <00:15:34.149>once <00:15:34.276>you <00:15:34.403>look <00:15:34.530>at <00:15:34.658>at <00:15:34.785>it <00:15:34.912>decides <00:15:35.040>if 00:15:36.550 --> 00:15:36.560 align:start position:0% <00:15:36.550>But <00:15:36.551>once <00:15:36.552>you <00:15:36.553>look <00:15:36.554>at <00:15:36.555>at <00:15:36.556>it <00:15:36.557>decides <00:15:36.559>if 00:15:36.560 --> 00:15:38.990 align:start position:0% <00:15:36.560>But <00:15:36.676>once <00:15:36.793>you <00:15:36.910>look <00:15:37.026>at <00:15:37.143>at <00:15:37.260>it <00:15:37.376>decides <00:15:37.493>if <00:15:37.609>it's <00:15:37.726>left <00:15:37.843>or <00:15:37.959>right. 00:15:38.990 --> 00:15:39.000 align:start position:0% <00:15:38.990>it's <00:15:38.993>left <00:15:38.996>or <00:15:38.999>right. 00:15:39.000 --> 00:15:41.910 align:start position:0% <00:15:39.000>it's <00:15:39.107>left <00:15:39.215>or <00:15:39.323>right. <00:15:39.430>Okay? <00:15:39.538>And <00:15:39.646>the <00:15:39.753>other <00:15:39.861>one <00:15:39.969>is <00:15:40.076>So <00:15:40.184>it <00:15:40.292>has <00:15:40.400>to 00:15:41.910 --> 00:15:41.920 align:start position:0% <00:15:41.910>Okay? <00:15:41.911>And <00:15:41.911>the <00:15:41.913>other <00:15:41.914>one <00:15:41.915>is <00:15:41.915>So <00:15:41.916>it <00:15:41.918>has <00:15:41.919>to 00:15:41.920 --> 00:15:43.830 align:start position:0% <00:15:41.920>Okay? <00:15:42.036>And <00:15:42.153>the <00:15:42.270>other <00:15:42.386>one <00:15:42.503>is <00:15:42.620>So <00:15:42.736>it <00:15:42.853>has <00:15:42.969>to <00:15:43.086>stay <00:15:43.203>superposition <00:15:43.319>is 00:15:43.830 --> 00:15:43.840 align:start position:0% <00:15:43.830>stay <00:15:43.834>superposition <00:15:43.839>is 00:15:43.840 --> 00:15:45.470 align:start position:0% <00:15:43.840>stay <00:15:43.980>superposition <00:15:44.120>is <00:15:44.260>both <00:15:44.400>states <00:15:44.540>at <00:15:44.680>once, <00:15:44.820>but <00:15:44.960>once <00:15:45.100>you <00:15:45.240>look 00:15:45.470 --> 00:15:45.480 align:start position:0% <00:15:45.470>both <00:15:45.471>states <00:15:45.472>at <00:15:45.473>once, <00:15:45.475>but <00:15:45.476>once <00:15:45.477>you <00:15:45.479>look 00:15:45.480 --> 00:15:46.710 align:start position:0% <00:15:45.480>both <00:15:45.603>states <00:15:45.726>at <00:15:45.849>once, <00:15:45.972>but <00:15:46.095>once <00:15:46.218>you <00:15:46.341>look <00:15:46.464>it <00:15:46.587>decides. 00:15:46.710 --> 00:15:46.720 align:start position:0% <00:15:46.710>it <00:15:46.719>decides. 00:15:46.720 --> 00:15:48.830 align:start position:0% <00:15:46.720>it <00:15:46.920>decides. <00:15:47.120>And <00:15:47.320>this <00:15:47.520>is <00:15:47.720>superposition <00:15:47.920>together <00:15:48.120>with 00:15:48.830 --> 00:15:48.840 align:start position:0% <00:15:48.830>And <00:15:48.831>this <00:15:48.833>is <00:15:48.835>superposition <00:15:48.837>together <00:15:48.839>with 00:15:48.840 --> 00:15:51.190 align:start position:0% <00:15:48.840>And <00:15:48.967>this <00:15:49.094>is <00:15:49.221>superposition <00:15:49.349>together <00:15:49.476>with <00:15:49.603>entanglement. <00:15:49.730>And <00:15:49.858>the <00:15:49.985>question <00:15:50.112>here <00:15:50.240>for 00:15:51.190 --> 00:15:51.200 align:start position:0% <00:15:51.190>entanglement. <00:15:51.191>And <00:15:51.193>the <00:15:51.195>question <00:15:51.197>here <00:15:51.199>for 00:15:51.200 --> 00:15:53.310 align:start position:0% <00:15:51.200>entanglement. <00:15:51.300>And <00:15:51.400>the <00:15:51.500>question <00:15:51.600>here <00:15:51.700>for <00:15:51.800>me <00:15:51.900>like <00:15:52.000>a <00:15:52.100>informatic <00:15:52.200>guy <00:15:52.300>is <00:15:52.400>like <00:15:52.500>is <00:15:52.600>it 00:15:53.310 --> 00:15:53.320 align:start position:0% <00:15:53.310>me <00:15:53.311>like <00:15:53.312>a <00:15:53.313>informatic <00:15:53.314>guy <00:15:53.315>is <00:15:53.316>like <00:15:53.317>is <00:15:53.319>it 00:15:53.320 --> 00:15:56.630 align:start position:0% <00:15:53.320>me <00:15:53.413>like <00:15:53.506>a <00:15:53.600>informatic <00:15:53.693>guy <00:15:53.786>is <00:15:53.880>like <00:15:53.973>is <00:15:54.066>it <00:15:54.160>undecided? <00:15:54.253>A <00:15:54.346>physican <00:15:54.440>would <00:15:54.533>say <00:15:54.626>it's <00:15:54.720>in 00:15:56.630 --> 00:15:56.640 align:start position:0% <00:15:56.630>undecided? <00:15:56.631>A <00:15:56.633>physican <00:15:56.634>would <00:15:56.636>say <00:15:56.637>it's <00:15:56.639>in 00:15:56.640 --> 00:16:00.230 align:start position:0% <00:15:56.640>undecided? <00:15:56.767>A <00:15:56.894>physican <00:15:57.021>would <00:15:57.149>say <00:15:57.276>it's <00:15:57.403>in <00:15:57.530>a <00:15:57.658>quantum <00:15:57.785>superposition <00:15:57.912>state <00:15:58.040>of 00:16:00.230 --> 00:16:00.240 align:start position:0% <00:16:00.230>a <00:16:00.232>quantum <00:16:00.234>superposition <00:16:00.236>state <00:16:00.239>of 00:16:00.240 --> 00:16:03.110 align:start position:0% <00:16:00.240>a <00:16:00.347>quantum <00:16:00.455>superposition <00:16:00.563>state <00:16:00.670>of <00:16:00.778>a <00:16:00.886>probability <00:16:00.993>it <00:16:01.101>is <00:16:01.209>in <00:16:01.316>left <00:16:01.424>state <00:16:01.532>and <00:16:01.640>a 00:16:03.110 --> 00:16:03.120 align:start position:0% <00:16:03.110>a <00:16:03.111>probability <00:16:03.112>it <00:16:03.113>is <00:16:03.114>in <00:16:03.115>left <00:16:03.116>state <00:16:03.117>and <00:16:03.119>a 00:16:03.120 --> 00:16:06.150 align:start position:0% <00:16:03.120>a <00:16:03.220>probability <00:16:03.320>it <00:16:03.420>is <00:16:03.520>in <00:16:03.620>left <00:16:03.720>state <00:16:03.820>and <00:16:03.920>a <00:16:04.020>probability <00:16:04.120>it <00:16:04.220>is <00:16:04.320>in <00:16:04.420>right <00:16:04.520>state. 00:16:06.150 --> 00:16:06.160 align:start position:0% <00:16:06.150>probability <00:16:06.151>it <00:16:06.153>is <00:16:06.155>in <00:16:06.157>right <00:16:06.159>state. 00:16:06.160 --> 00:16:07.470 align:start position:0% <00:16:06.160>probability <00:16:06.258>it <00:16:06.356>is <00:16:06.454>in <00:16:06.553>right <00:16:06.651>state. <00:16:06.749>To <00:16:06.847>be <00:16:06.946>honest, <00:16:07.044>it's <00:16:07.142>not <00:16:07.240>a <00:16:07.339>probability, 00:16:07.470 --> 00:16:07.480 align:start position:0% <00:16:07.470>To <00:16:07.471>be <00:16:07.473>honest, <00:16:07.474>it's <00:16:07.476>not <00:16:07.477>a <00:16:07.479>probability, 00:16:07.480 --> 00:16:09.750 align:start position:0% <00:16:07.480>To <00:16:07.607>be <00:16:07.734>honest, <00:16:07.861>it's <00:16:07.989>not <00:16:08.116>a <00:16:08.243>probability, <00:16:08.370>it's <00:16:08.498>an <00:16:08.625>amplitude <00:16:08.752>amp <00:16:08.880>amplitude 00:16:09.750 --> 00:16:09.760 align:start position:0% <00:16:09.750>it's <00:16:09.752>an <00:16:09.754>amplitude <00:16:09.756>amp <00:16:09.759>amplitude 00:16:09.760 --> 00:16:12.190 align:start position:0% <00:16:09.760>it's <00:16:09.915>an <00:16:10.071>amplitude <00:16:10.226>amp <00:16:10.382>amplitude <00:16:10.537>probability <00:16:10.693>and <00:16:10.848>the <00:16:11.004>probability <00:16:11.160>However, 00:16:12.190 --> 00:16:12.200 align:start position:0% <00:16:12.190>probability <00:16:12.192>and <00:16:12.194>the <00:16:12.196>probability <00:16:12.199>However, 00:16:12.200 --> 00:16:13.870 align:start position:0% <00:16:12.200>probability <00:16:12.480>and <00:16:12.760>the <00:16:13.040>probability <00:16:13.320>However, <00:16:13.600>okay? 00:16:13.870 --> 00:16:13.880 align:start position:0% okay? 00:16:13.880 --> 00:16:17.190 align:start position:0% <00:16:13.880>okay? <00:16:14.080>Let's <00:16:14.280>take <00:16:14.480>this <00:16:14.680>little <00:16:14.880>excurs <00:16:15.080>to <00:16:15.280>physics 00:16:17.190 --> 00:16:17.200 align:start position:0% <00:16:17.190>Let's <00:16:17.191>take <00:16:17.193>this <00:16:17.194>little <00:16:17.196>excurs <00:16:17.197>to <00:16:17.199>physics 00:16:17.200 --> 00:16:19.390 align:start position:0% <00:16:17.200>Let's <00:16:17.327>take <00:16:17.454>this <00:16:17.581>little <00:16:17.709>excurs <00:16:17.836>to <00:16:17.963>physics <00:16:18.090>and <00:16:18.218>come <00:16:18.345>back <00:16:18.472>to <00:16:18.600>informatic. 00:16:19.390 --> 00:16:19.400 align:start position:0% <00:16:19.390>and <00:16:19.392>come <00:16:19.394>back <00:16:19.396>to <00:16:19.399>informatic. 00:16:19.400 --> 00:16:22.910 align:start position:0% <00:16:19.400>and <00:16:19.507>come <00:16:19.615>back <00:16:19.723>to <00:16:19.830>informatic. <00:16:19.938>Um <00:16:20.046>we <00:16:20.153>can <00:16:20.261>work <00:16:20.369>now <00:16:20.476>with <00:16:20.584>qubits. <00:16:20.692>Um <00:16:20.800>we 00:16:22.910 --> 00:16:22.920 align:start position:0% <00:16:22.910>Um <00:16:22.911>we <00:16:22.912>can <00:16:22.913>work <00:16:22.914>now <00:16:22.915>with <00:16:22.916>qubits. <00:16:22.917>Um <00:16:22.919>we 00:16:22.920 --> 00:16:25.510 align:start position:0% <00:16:22.920>Um <00:16:23.013>we <00:16:23.106>can <00:16:23.199>work <00:16:23.293>now <00:16:23.386>with <00:16:23.479>qubits. <00:16:23.573>Um <00:16:23.666>we <00:16:23.760>see <00:16:23.853>we <00:16:23.946>saw <00:16:24.040>here <00:16:24.133>before <00:16:24.226>this <00:16:24.319>magic 00:16:25.510 --> 00:16:25.520 align:start position:0% <00:16:25.510>see <00:16:25.511>we <00:16:25.513>saw <00:16:25.514>here <00:16:25.516>before <00:16:25.517>this <00:16:25.519>magic 00:16:25.520 --> 00:16:28.470 align:start position:0% <00:16:25.520>see <00:16:25.620>we <00:16:25.720>saw <00:16:25.819>here <00:16:25.920>before <00:16:26.020>this <00:16:26.120>magic <00:16:26.220>arrow. <00:16:26.319>It's <00:16:26.420>called <00:16:26.520>the <00:16:26.620>cat <00:16:26.720>syntax. <00:16:26.819>Not <00:16:26.920>a 00:16:28.470 --> 00:16:28.480 align:start position:0% <00:16:28.470>arrow. <00:16:28.471>It's <00:16:28.472>called <00:16:28.473>the <00:16:28.475>cat <00:16:28.476>syntax. <00:16:28.477>Not <00:16:28.479>a 00:16:28.480 --> 00:16:31.150 align:start position:0% <00:16:28.480>arrow. <00:16:28.573>It's <00:16:28.666>called <00:16:28.760>the <00:16:28.853>cat <00:16:28.946>syntax. <00:16:29.040>Not <00:16:29.133>a <00:16:29.226>cat, <00:16:29.320>a <00:16:29.413>cat. <00:16:29.506>Okay, <00:16:29.600>it <00:16:29.693>comes <00:16:29.786>from <00:16:29.880>bracket. 00:16:31.150 --> 00:16:31.160 align:start position:0% <00:16:31.150>cat, <00:16:31.151>a <00:16:31.152>cat. <00:16:31.153>Okay, <00:16:31.155>it <00:16:31.156>comes <00:16:31.157>from <00:16:31.159>bracket. 00:16:31.160 --> 00:16:32.990 align:start position:0% <00:16:31.160>cat, <00:16:31.260>a <00:16:31.360>cat. <00:16:31.459>Okay, <00:16:31.560>it <00:16:31.660>comes <00:16:31.760>from <00:16:31.860>bracket. <00:16:31.959>There's <00:16:32.060>also <00:16:32.160>the <00:16:32.260>bra <00:16:32.360>syntax, <00:16:32.459>which <00:16:32.560>is 00:16:32.990 --> 00:16:33.000 align:start position:0% <00:16:32.990>There's <00:16:32.991>also <00:16:32.993>the <00:16:32.994>bra <00:16:32.996>syntax, <00:16:32.997>which <00:16:32.999>is 00:16:33.000 --> 00:16:34.950 align:start position:0% <00:16:33.000>There's <00:16:33.107>also <00:16:33.215>the <00:16:33.323>bra <00:16:33.430>syntax, <00:16:33.538>which <00:16:33.646>is <00:16:33.753>another <00:16:33.861>one, <00:16:33.969>okay? <00:16:34.076>But <00:16:34.184>you <00:16:34.292>could <00:16:34.400>think 00:16:34.950 --> 00:16:34.960 align:start position:0% <00:16:34.950>another <00:16:34.951>one, <00:16:34.953>okay? <00:16:34.954>But <00:16:34.956>you <00:16:34.957>could <00:16:34.959>think 00:16:34.960 --> 00:16:37.590 align:start position:0% <00:16:34.960>another <00:16:35.060>one, <00:16:35.160>okay? <00:16:35.260>But <00:16:35.360>you <00:16:35.460>could <00:16:35.560>think <00:16:35.660>of <00:16:35.760>cat. <00:16:35.860>And <00:16:35.960>it's <00:16:36.060>called <00:16:36.160>like <00:16:36.260>okay, <00:16:36.360>you 00:16:37.590 --> 00:16:37.600 align:start position:0% <00:16:37.590>of <00:16:37.591>cat. <00:16:37.592>And <00:16:37.593>it's <00:16:37.595>called <00:16:37.596>like <00:16:37.597>okay, <00:16:37.599>you 00:16:37.600 --> 00:16:39.270 align:start position:0% <00:16:37.600>of <00:16:37.693>cat. <00:16:37.786>And <00:16:37.880>it's <00:16:37.973>called <00:16:38.066>like <00:16:38.160>okay, <00:16:38.253>you <00:16:38.346>know <00:16:38.440>with <00:16:38.533>cat <00:16:38.626>you <00:16:38.720>are <00:16:38.813>in <00:16:38.906>a <00:16:39.000>superposition 00:16:39.270 --> 00:16:39.280 align:start position:0% <00:16:39.270>know <00:16:39.271>with <00:16:39.272>cat <00:16:39.273>you <00:16:39.275>are <00:16:39.276>in <00:16:39.277>a <00:16:39.279>superposition 00:16:39.280 --> 00:16:42.590 align:start position:0% <00:16:39.280>know <00:16:39.373>with <00:16:39.466>cat <00:16:39.560>you <00:16:39.653>are <00:16:39.746>in <00:16:39.839>a <00:16:39.933>superposition <00:16:40.026>with <00:16:40.120>a <00:16:40.213>probability. <00:16:40.306>And <00:16:40.400>we <00:16:40.493>can <00:16:40.586>use <00:16:40.680>this 00:16:42.590 --> 00:16:42.600 align:start position:0% <00:16:42.590>with <00:16:42.591>a <00:16:42.592>probability. <00:16:42.593>And <00:16:42.595>we <00:16:42.596>can <00:16:42.597>use <00:16:42.599>this 00:16:42.600 --> 00:16:45.590 align:start position:0% <00:16:42.600>with <00:16:42.700>a <00:16:42.800>probability. <00:16:42.900>And <00:16:43.000>we <00:16:43.100>can <00:16:43.200>use <00:16:43.300>this <00:16:43.400>to <00:16:43.500>have <00:16:43.600>an <00:16:43.700>analogies <00:16:43.800>to <00:16:43.900>our <00:16:44.000>existing 00:16:45.590 --> 00:16:45.600 align:start position:0% <00:16:45.590>to <00:16:45.591>have <00:16:45.593>an <00:16:45.594>analogies <00:16:45.596>to <00:16:45.597>our <00:16:45.599>existing 00:16:45.600 --> 00:16:48.510 align:start position:0% <00:16:45.600>to <00:16:45.707>have <00:16:45.815>an <00:16:45.923>analogies <00:16:46.030>to <00:16:46.138>our <00:16:46.246>existing <00:16:46.353>understanding <00:16:46.461>of <00:16:46.569>bits, <00:16:46.676>right? <00:16:46.784>We <00:16:46.892>have <00:16:47.000>in 00:16:48.510 --> 00:16:48.520 align:start position:0% <00:16:48.510>understanding <00:16:48.511>of <00:16:48.513>bits, <00:16:48.514>right? <00:16:48.516>We <00:16:48.517>have <00:16:48.519>in 00:16:48.520 --> 00:16:51.350 align:start position:0% <00:16:48.520>understanding <00:16:48.627>of <00:16:48.735>bits, <00:16:48.843>right? <00:16:48.950>We <00:16:49.058>have <00:16:49.166>in <00:16:49.273>superposition, <00:16:49.381>we <00:16:49.489>have <00:16:49.596>state <00:16:49.704>of <00:16:49.812>cat <00:16:49.920>zero 00:16:51.350 --> 00:16:51.360 align:start position:0% <00:16:51.350>superposition, <00:16:51.351>we <00:16:51.353>have <00:16:51.354>state <00:16:51.356>of <00:16:51.357>cat <00:16:51.359>zero 00:16:51.360 --> 00:16:53.710 align:start position:0% <00:16:51.360>superposition, <00:16:51.453>we <00:16:51.546>have <00:16:51.640>state <00:16:51.733>of <00:16:51.826>cat <00:16:51.920>zero <00:16:52.013>or <00:16:52.106>cat <00:16:52.200>one. <00:16:52.293>But <00:16:52.386>once <00:16:52.480>we <00:16:52.573>observe <00:16:52.666>it, <00:16:52.760>we 00:16:53.710 --> 00:16:53.720 align:start position:0% <00:16:53.710>or <00:16:53.711>cat <00:16:53.712>one. <00:16:53.713>But <00:16:53.714>once <00:16:53.715>we <00:16:53.716>observe <00:16:53.717>it, <00:16:53.719>we 00:16:53.720 --> 00:16:55.190 align:start position:0% <00:16:53.720>or <00:16:53.802>cat <00:16:53.885>one. <00:16:53.968>But <00:16:54.050>once <00:16:54.133>we <00:16:54.216>observe <00:16:54.298>it, <00:16:54.381>we <00:16:54.464>can <00:16:54.546>say <00:16:54.629>okay, <00:16:54.712>it's <00:16:54.794>zero <00:16:54.877>or <00:16:54.960>one <00:16:55.043>because 00:16:55.190 --> 00:16:55.200 align:start position:0% <00:16:55.190>can <00:16:55.191>say <00:16:55.192>okay, <00:16:55.193>it's <00:16:55.195>zero <00:16:55.196>or <00:16:55.197>one <00:16:55.199>because 00:16:55.200 --> 00:16:57.310 align:start position:0% <00:16:55.200>can <00:16:55.287>say <00:16:55.375>okay, <00:16:55.462>it's <00:16:55.550>zero <00:16:55.637>or <00:16:55.725>one <00:16:55.812>because <00:16:55.900>once <00:16:55.987>we <00:16:56.075>observe <00:16:56.162>it <00:16:56.250>decides <00:16:56.337>if <00:16:56.425>it's <00:16:56.512>a <00:16:56.600>one 00:16:57.310 --> 00:16:57.320 align:start position:0% <00:16:57.310>once <00:16:57.311>we <00:16:57.312>observe <00:16:57.313>it <00:16:57.314>decides <00:16:57.315>if <00:16:57.316>it's <00:16:57.317>a <00:16:57.319>one 00:16:57.320 --> 00:16:59.110 align:start position:0% <00:16:57.320>once <00:16:57.397>we <00:16:57.475>observe <00:16:57.553>it <00:16:57.631>decides <00:16:57.708>if <00:16:57.786>it's <00:16:57.864>a <00:16:57.942>one <00:16:58.020>or <00:16:58.097>if <00:16:58.175>it's <00:16:58.253>a <00:16:58.331>zero. <00:16:58.408>If <00:16:58.486>it's <00:16:58.564>left <00:16:58.642>or <00:16:58.720>if 00:16:59.110 --> 00:16:59.120 align:start position:0% <00:16:59.110>or <00:16:59.111>if <00:16:59.112>it's <00:16:59.113>a <00:16:59.114>zero. <00:16:59.115>If <00:16:59.116>it's <00:16:59.117>left <00:16:59.118>or <00:16:59.119>if 00:16:59.120 --> 00:17:00.390 align:start position:0% <00:16:59.120>or <00:16:59.223>if <00:16:59.327>it's <00:16:59.431>a <00:16:59.535>zero. <00:16:59.639>If <00:16:59.743>it's <00:16:59.847>left <00:16:59.951>or <00:17:00.055>if <00:17:00.159>it's <00:17:00.263>right. 00:17:00.390 --> 00:17:00.400 align:start position:0% <00:17:00.390>it's <00:17:00.399>right. 00:17:00.400 --> 00:17:02.110 align:start position:0% <00:17:00.400>it's <00:17:00.574>right. <00:17:00.750>Before <00:17:00.925>it's <00:17:01.100>in <00:17:01.275>a <00:17:01.449>superposition, <00:17:01.625>it's <00:17:01.800>in 00:17:02.110 --> 00:17:02.120 align:start position:0% <00:17:02.110>Before <00:17:02.111>it's <00:17:02.113>in <00:17:02.114>a <00:17:02.116>superposition, <00:17:02.117>it's <00:17:02.119>in 00:17:02.120 --> 00:17:04.030 align:start position:0% <00:17:02.120>Before <00:17:02.220>it's <00:17:02.320>in <00:17:02.420>a <00:17:02.520>superposition, <00:17:02.620>it's <00:17:02.720>in <00:17:02.820>all <00:17:02.920>states <00:17:03.020>at <00:17:03.120>once. <00:17:03.220>It's <00:17:03.320>in <00:17:03.420>both <00:17:03.520>slits 00:17:04.030 --> 00:17:04.040 align:start position:0% <00:17:04.030>all <00:17:04.031>states <00:17:04.032>at <00:17:04.033>once. <00:17:04.035>It's <00:17:04.036>in <00:17:04.037>both <00:17:04.039>slits 00:17:04.040 --> 00:17:05.510 align:start position:0% <00:17:04.040>all <00:17:04.141>states <00:17:04.243>at <00:17:04.345>once. <00:17:04.447>It's <00:17:04.548>in <00:17:04.650>both <00:17:04.752>slits <00:17:04.854>at <00:17:04.955>the <00:17:05.057>same <00:17:05.159>time <00:17:05.261>with <00:17:05.363>some 00:17:05.510 --> 00:17:05.520 align:start position:0% <00:17:05.510>at <00:17:05.511>the <00:17:05.513>same <00:17:05.515>time <00:17:05.517>with <00:17:05.519>some 00:17:05.520 --> 00:17:08.030 align:start position:0% <00:17:05.520>at <00:17:05.647>the <00:17:05.774>same <00:17:05.901>time <00:17:06.029>with <00:17:06.156>some <00:17:06.283>probabilities. <00:17:06.410>Imagine <00:17:06.538>like <00:17:06.665>you <00:17:06.792>pull <00:17:06.920>the 00:17:08.030 --> 00:17:08.040 align:start position:0% <00:17:08.030>probabilities. <00:17:08.031>Imagine <00:17:08.033>like <00:17:08.035>you <00:17:08.037>pull <00:17:08.039>the 00:17:08.040 --> 00:17:09.990 align:start position:0% <00:17:08.040>probabilities. <00:17:08.147>Imagine <00:17:08.255>like <00:17:08.363>you <00:17:08.470>pull <00:17:08.578>the <00:17:08.686>light <00:17:08.793>a <00:17:08.901>little <00:17:09.009>left <00:17:09.116>and <00:17:09.224>you <00:17:09.332>increase <00:17:09.440>the 00:17:09.990 --> 00:17:10.000 align:start position:0% <00:17:09.990>light <00:17:09.991>a <00:17:09.992>little <00:17:09.993>left <00:17:09.995>and <00:17:09.996>you <00:17:09.997>increase <00:17:09.999>the 00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:11.750 align:start position:0% <00:17:10.000>light <00:17:10.099>a <00:17:10.200>little <00:17:10.300>left <00:17:10.400>and <00:17:10.500>you <00:17:10.599>increase <00:17:10.700>the <00:17:10.800>probability <00:17:10.900>it <00:17:11.000>hits <00:17:11.099>one <00:17:11.200>or <00:17:11.300>the <00:17:11.400>other 00:17:11.750 --> 00:17:11.760 align:start position:0% <00:17:11.750>probability <00:17:11.751>it <00:17:11.752>hits <00:17:11.754>one <00:17:11.756>or <00:17:11.757>the <00:17:11.759>other 00:17:11.760 --> 00:17:13.350 align:start position:0% <00:17:11.760>probability <00:17:11.859>it <00:17:11.960>hits <00:17:12.060>one <00:17:12.160>or <00:17:12.260>the <00:17:12.359>other <00:17:12.460>slit, <00:17:12.560>right? <00:17:12.660>And <00:17:12.760>you <00:17:12.859>take <00:17:12.960>the <00:17:13.060>left <00:17:13.160>on 00:17:13.350 --> 00:17:13.360 align:start position:0% <00:17:13.349>slit, <00:17:13.351>right? <00:17:13.352>And <00:17:13.353>you <00:17:13.355>take <00:17:13.356>the <00:17:13.357>left <00:17:13.358>on 00:17:13.360 --> 00:17:15.189 align:start position:0% <00:17:13.359>slit, <00:17:13.442>right? <00:17:13.524>And <00:17:13.607>you <00:17:13.689>take <00:17:13.771>the <00:17:13.854>left <00:17:13.936>on <00:17:14.018>the <00:17:14.101>right <00:17:14.183>and <00:17:14.265>or <00:17:14.348>at <00:17:14.430>least <00:17:14.512>this <00:17:14.595>is <00:17:14.677>how <00:17:14.760>I 00:17:15.189 --> 00:17:15.199 align:start position:0% <00:17:15.189>the <00:17:15.190>right <00:17:15.191>and <00:17:15.192>or <00:17:15.193>at <00:17:15.194>least <00:17:15.195>this <00:17:15.196>is <00:17:15.197>how <00:17:15.198>I 00:17:15.199 --> 00:17:16.790 align:start position:0% <00:17:15.199>the <00:17:15.306>right <00:17:15.414>and <00:17:15.522>or <00:17:15.629>at <00:17:15.737>least <00:17:15.845>this <00:17:15.952>is <00:17:16.060>how <00:17:16.168>I <00:17:16.275>could <00:17:16.383>imagine <00:17:16.491>this, <00:17:16.599>okay? 00:17:16.790 --> 00:17:16.800 align:start position:0% <00:17:16.790>could <00:17:16.792>imagine <00:17:16.796>this, <00:17:16.799>okay? 00:17:16.800 --> 00:17:18.750 align:start position:0% <00:17:16.800>could <00:17:16.940>imagine <00:17:17.079>this, <00:17:17.220>okay? <00:17:17.359>Uh <00:17:17.500>one <00:17:17.639>one <00:17:17.780>thing <00:17:17.919>important <00:17:18.060>here <00:17:18.200>is 00:17:18.750 --> 00:17:18.760 align:start position:0% <00:17:18.750>Uh <00:17:18.751>one <00:17:18.752>one <00:17:18.754>thing <00:17:18.756>important <00:17:18.757>here <00:17:18.759>is 00:17:18.760 --> 00:17:21.150 align:start position:0% <00:17:18.760>Uh <00:17:18.887>one <00:17:19.014>one <00:17:19.141>thing <00:17:19.269>important <00:17:19.396>here <00:17:19.523>is <00:17:19.650>during <00:17:19.778>execution <00:17:19.905>it's <00:17:20.032>in <00:17:20.160>superposition. 00:17:21.150 --> 00:17:21.160 align:start position:0% <00:17:21.150>during <00:17:21.152>execution <00:17:21.154>it's <00:17:21.156>in <00:17:21.159>superposition. 00:17:21.160 --> 00:17:23.030 align:start position:0% <00:17:21.160>during <00:17:21.287>execution <00:17:21.414>it's <00:17:21.541>in <00:17:21.669>superposition. <00:17:21.796>This <00:17:21.923>means <00:17:22.050>goodbye <00:17:22.178>to <00:17:22.305>debug, <00:17:22.432>right? <00:17:22.560>You 00:17:23.030 --> 00:17:23.040 align:start position:0% <00:17:23.030>This <00:17:23.031>means <00:17:23.032>goodbye <00:17:23.034>to <00:17:23.036>debug, <00:17:23.037>right? <00:17:23.039>You 00:17:23.040 --> 00:17:25.309 align:start position:0% <00:17:23.040>This <00:17:23.180>means <00:17:23.319>goodbye <00:17:23.460>to <00:17:23.599>debug, <00:17:23.740>right? <00:17:23.879>You <00:17:24.020>can't <00:17:24.159>debug <00:17:24.300>anymore <00:17:24.440>because 00:17:25.309 --> 00:17:25.319 align:start position:0% <00:17:25.309>can't <00:17:25.311>debug <00:17:25.315>anymore <00:17:25.318>because 00:17:25.319 --> 00:17:28.150 align:start position:0% <00:17:25.319>can't <00:17:25.474>debug <00:17:25.630>anymore <00:17:25.785>because <00:17:25.941>once <00:17:26.096>you <00:17:26.252>look <00:17:26.407>the <00:17:26.563>state <00:17:26.719>decides. 00:17:28.150 --> 00:17:28.160 align:start position:0% <00:17:28.150>once <00:17:28.151>you <00:17:28.153>look <00:17:28.155>the <00:17:28.157>state <00:17:28.159>decides. 00:17:28.160 --> 00:17:31.550 align:start position:0% <00:17:28.160>once <00:17:28.267>you <00:17:28.375>look <00:17:28.483>the <00:17:28.590>state <00:17:28.698>decides. <00:17:28.806>But, <00:17:28.913>of <00:17:29.021>course, <00:17:29.129>you <00:17:29.236>can <00:17:29.344>try <00:17:29.452>to <00:17:29.560>modify 00:17:31.550 --> 00:17:31.560 align:start position:0% <00:17:31.550>But, <00:17:31.551>of <00:17:31.552>course, <00:17:31.553>you <00:17:31.555>can <00:17:31.556>try <00:17:31.557>to <00:17:31.559>modify 00:17:31.560 --> 00:17:33.670 align:start position:0% <00:17:31.560>But, <00:17:31.715>of <00:17:31.871>course, <00:17:32.026>you <00:17:32.182>can <00:17:32.337>try <00:17:32.493>to <00:17:32.648>modify <00:17:32.804>the <00:17:32.960>probabilities. 00:17:33.670 --> 00:17:33.680 align:start position:0% <00:17:33.670>the <00:17:33.679>probabilities. 00:17:33.680 --> 00:17:35.190 align:start position:0% <00:17:33.680>the <00:17:33.815>probabilities. <00:17:33.951>We <00:17:34.087>get <00:17:34.223>not <00:17:34.359>going <00:17:34.495>down <00:17:34.631>to <00:17:34.767>the <00:17:34.903>physics <00:17:35.039>of 00:17:35.190 --> 00:17:35.200 align:start position:0% <00:17:35.190>We <00:17:35.191>get <00:17:35.192>not <00:17:35.193>going <00:17:35.194>down <00:17:35.195>to <00:17:35.196>the <00:17:35.197>physics <00:17:35.199>of 00:17:35.200 --> 00:17:36.950 align:start position:0% <00:17:35.200>We <00:17:35.300>get <00:17:35.400>not <00:17:35.500>going <00:17:35.600>down <00:17:35.700>to <00:17:35.800>the <00:17:35.900>physics <00:17:36.000>of <00:17:36.100>quantum <00:17:36.200>computing <00:17:36.300>here. <00:17:36.400>There <00:17:36.500>are <00:17:36.600>lots 00:17:36.950 --> 00:17:36.960 align:start position:0% <00:17:36.950>quantum <00:17:36.951>computing <00:17:36.953>here. <00:17:36.955>There <00:17:36.957>are <00:17:36.959>lots 00:17:36.960 --> 00:17:39.590 align:start position:0% <00:17:36.960>quantum <00:17:37.100>computing <00:17:37.240>here. <00:17:37.380>There <00:17:37.520>are <00:17:37.660>lots <00:17:37.800>of <00:17:37.940>different <00:17:38.080>architectures <00:17:38.220>so <00:17:38.360>far, 00:17:39.590 --> 00:17:39.600 align:start position:0% <00:17:39.590>of <00:17:39.592>different <00:17:39.594>architectures <00:17:39.596>so <00:17:39.599>far, 00:17:39.600 --> 00:17:40.710 align:start position:0% <00:17:39.600>of <00:17:39.742>different <00:17:39.885>architectures <00:17:40.028>so <00:17:40.170>far, <00:17:40.313>right? <00:17:40.456>We <00:17:40.599>have 00:17:40.710 --> 00:17:40.720 align:start position:0% <00:17:40.710>right? <00:17:40.714>We <00:17:40.719>have 00:17:40.720 --> 00:17:42.870 align:start position:0% <00:17:40.720>right? <00:17:40.875>We <00:17:41.031>have <00:17:41.186>um <00:17:41.342>like <00:17:41.497>we <00:17:41.653>have <00:17:41.808>also <00:17:41.964>in <00:17:42.120>classical 00:17:42.870 --> 00:17:42.880 align:start position:0% <00:17:42.870>um <00:17:42.871>like <00:17:42.873>we <00:17:42.874>have <00:17:42.876>also <00:17:42.877>in <00:17:42.879>classical 00:17:42.880 --> 00:17:45.270 align:start position:0% <00:17:42.880>um <00:17:42.996>like <00:17:43.113>we <00:17:43.230>have <00:17:43.346>also <00:17:43.463>in <00:17:43.580>classical <00:17:43.696>computing <00:17:43.813>years <00:17:43.930>before. <00:17:44.046>Now <00:17:44.163>it's <00:17:44.280>always 00:17:45.270 --> 00:17:45.280 align:start position:0% <00:17:45.270>computing <00:17:45.271>years <00:17:45.273>before. <00:17:45.275>Now <00:17:45.277>it's <00:17:45.279>always 00:17:45.280 --> 00:17:47.270 align:start position:0% <00:17:45.280>computing <00:17:45.407>years <00:17:45.534>before. <00:17:45.661>Now <00:17:45.789>it's <00:17:45.916>always <00:17:46.043>MOSFET <00:17:46.170>transistors. <00:17:46.298>I <00:17:46.425>would <00:17:46.552>say <00:17:46.680>it's 00:17:47.270 --> 00:17:47.280 align:start position:0% <00:17:47.270>MOSFET <00:17:47.271>transistors. <00:17:47.273>I <00:17:47.275>would <00:17:47.277>say <00:17:47.279>it's 00:17:47.280 --> 00:17:48.790 align:start position:0% <00:17:47.280>MOSFET <00:17:47.403>transistors. <00:17:47.527>I <00:17:47.650>would <00:17:47.774>say <00:17:47.897>it's <00:17:48.021>easy, <00:17:48.144>it's <00:17:48.268>understood, <00:17:48.391>and <00:17:48.515>of <00:17:48.639>course 00:17:48.790 --> 00:17:48.800 align:start position:0% <00:17:48.790>easy, <00:17:48.791>it's <00:17:48.793>understood, <00:17:48.795>and <00:17:48.797>of <00:17:48.799>course 00:17:48.800 --> 00:17:50.310 align:start position:0% <00:17:48.800>easy, <00:17:48.994>it's <00:17:49.188>understood, <00:17:49.382>and <00:17:49.576>of <00:17:49.770>course <00:17:49.964>Nvidia <00:17:50.158>would 00:17:50.310 --> 00:17:50.320 align:start position:0% <00:17:50.310>Nvidia <00:17:50.319>would 00:17:50.320 --> 00:17:52.830 align:start position:0% <00:17:50.320>Nvidia <00:17:50.520>would <00:17:50.720>decline <00:17:50.919>that <00:17:51.120>it's <00:17:51.320>easy, <00:17:51.520>yeah? <00:17:51.720>But, 00:17:52.830 --> 00:17:52.840 align:start position:0% <00:17:52.830>decline <00:17:52.831>that <00:17:52.833>it's <00:17:52.835>easy, <00:17:52.837>yeah? <00:17:52.839>But, 00:17:52.840 --> 00:17:54.710 align:start position:0% <00:17:52.840>decline <00:17:52.956>that <00:17:53.073>it's <00:17:53.189>easy, <00:17:53.306>yeah? <00:17:53.423>But, <00:17:53.540>we <00:17:53.656>we <00:17:53.773>agreed <00:17:53.889>on <00:17:54.006>one <00:17:54.123>architecture, <00:17:54.240>which 00:17:54.710 --> 00:17:54.720 align:start position:0% <00:17:54.710>we <00:17:54.711>we <00:17:54.713>agreed <00:17:54.714>on <00:17:54.716>one <00:17:54.717>architecture, <00:17:54.719>which 00:17:54.720 --> 00:17:56.550 align:start position:0% <00:17:54.720>we <00:17:54.827>we <00:17:54.935>agreed <00:17:55.043>on <00:17:55.150>one <00:17:55.258>architecture, <00:17:55.366>which <00:17:55.473>is <00:17:55.581>the <00:17:55.689>MOSFET <00:17:55.796>transistor, <00:17:55.904>that <00:17:56.012>we <00:17:56.120>rely 00:17:56.550 --> 00:17:56.560 align:start position:0% <00:17:56.550>is <00:17:56.551>the <00:17:56.553>MOSFET <00:17:56.554>transistor, <00:17:56.556>that <00:17:56.557>we <00:17:56.559>rely 00:17:56.560 --> 00:17:58.550 align:start position:0% <00:17:56.560>is <00:17:56.653>the <00:17:56.746>MOSFET <00:17:56.840>transistor, <00:17:56.933>that <00:17:57.026>we <00:17:57.120>rely <00:17:57.213>on <00:17:57.306>this. <00:17:57.399>And <00:17:57.493>here <00:17:57.586>we <00:17:57.679>we <00:17:57.773>can't <00:17:57.866>rely <00:17:57.960>on 00:17:58.550 --> 00:17:58.560 align:start position:0% <00:17:58.550>on <00:17:58.551>this. <00:17:58.552>And <00:17:58.553>here <00:17:58.554>we <00:17:58.555>we <00:17:58.556>can't <00:17:58.557>rely <00:17:58.559>on 00:17:58.560 --> 00:18:00.190 align:start position:0% <00:17:58.560>on <00:17:58.659>this. <00:17:58.760>And <00:17:58.860>here <00:17:58.960>we <00:17:59.060>we <00:17:59.159>can't <00:17:59.260>rely <00:17:59.360>on <00:17:59.460>something. <00:17:59.560>There's <00:17:59.659>a <00:17:59.760>lot <00:17:59.860>of <00:17:59.960>experiments 00:18:00.190 --> 00:18:00.200 align:start position:0% <00:18:00.190>something. <00:18:00.191>There's <00:18:00.193>a <00:18:00.195>lot <00:18:00.197>of <00:18:00.199>experiments 00:18:00.200 --> 00:18:01.790 align:start position:0% <00:18:00.200>something. <00:18:00.316>There's <00:18:00.433>a <00:18:00.550>lot <00:18:00.666>of <00:18:00.783>experiments <00:18:00.900>going <00:18:01.016>on. <00:18:01.133>IBM <00:18:01.250>and <00:18:01.366>Google <00:18:01.483>are <00:18:01.600>doing 00:18:01.790 --> 00:18:01.800 align:start position:0% <00:18:01.790>going <00:18:01.791>on. <00:18:01.793>IBM <00:18:01.794>and <00:18:01.796>Google <00:18:01.797>are <00:18:01.799>doing 00:18:01.800 --> 00:18:04.030 align:start position:0% <00:18:01.800>going <00:18:01.927>on. <00:18:02.054>IBM <00:18:02.181>and <00:18:02.309>Google <00:18:02.436>are <00:18:02.563>doing <00:18:02.690>totally <00:18:02.818>different <00:18:02.945>stuff <00:18:03.072>than <00:18:03.200>Microsoft 00:18:04.030 --> 00:18:04.040 align:start position:0% <00:18:04.030>totally <00:18:04.032>different <00:18:04.034>stuff <00:18:04.036>than <00:18:04.039>Microsoft 00:18:04.040 --> 00:18:05.990 align:start position:0% <00:18:04.040>totally <00:18:04.180>different <00:18:04.320>stuff <00:18:04.460>than <00:18:04.600>Microsoft <00:18:04.740>or <00:18:04.879>German <00:18:05.020>startups, <00:18:05.159>okay? <00:18:05.300>But, <00:18:05.440>that's 00:18:05.990 --> 00:18:06.000 align:start position:0% <00:18:05.990>or <00:18:05.991>German <00:18:05.993>startups, <00:18:05.995>okay? <00:18:05.997>But, <00:18:05.999>that's 00:18:06.000 --> 00:18:07.550 align:start position:0% <00:18:06.000>or <00:18:06.116>German <00:18:06.232>startups, <00:18:06.348>okay? <00:18:06.465>But, <00:18:06.581>that's <00:18:06.697>the <00:18:06.813>hardware <00:18:06.930>layer. <00:18:07.046>But, <00:18:07.162>we <00:18:07.278>try, <00:18:07.395>of 00:18:07.550 --> 00:18:07.560 align:start position:0% <00:18:07.550>the <00:18:07.551>hardware <00:18:07.553>layer. <00:18:07.554>But, <00:18:07.556>we <00:18:07.557>try, <00:18:07.559>of 00:18:07.560 --> 00:18:10.150 align:start position:0% <00:18:07.560>the <00:18:07.667>hardware <00:18:07.775>layer. <00:18:07.883>But, <00:18:07.990>we <00:18:08.098>try, <00:18:08.206>of <00:18:08.313>course, <00:18:08.421>as <00:18:08.529>informaticians <00:18:08.636>to <00:18:08.744>get <00:18:08.852>rid <00:18:08.960>of 00:18:10.150 --> 00:18:10.160 align:start position:0% <00:18:10.150>course, <00:18:10.151>as <00:18:10.153>informaticians <00:18:10.154>to <00:18:10.156>get <00:18:10.157>rid <00:18:10.159>of 00:18:10.160 --> 00:18:12.310 align:start position:0% <00:18:10.160>course, <00:18:10.260>as <00:18:10.360>informaticians <00:18:10.460>to <00:18:10.560>get <00:18:10.660>rid <00:18:10.760>of <00:18:10.860>the <00:18:10.960>hardware <00:18:11.060>layer <00:18:11.160>and <00:18:11.260>try <00:18:11.360>to <00:18:11.460>define <00:18:11.560>a 00:18:12.310 --> 00:18:12.320 align:start position:0% <00:18:12.310>the <00:18:12.311>hardware <00:18:12.312>layer <00:18:12.313>and <00:18:12.315>try <00:18:12.316>to <00:18:12.317>define <00:18:12.319>a 00:18:12.320 --> 00:18:14.430 align:start position:0% <00:18:12.320>the <00:18:12.475>hardware <00:18:12.631>layer <00:18:12.786>and <00:18:12.942>try <00:18:13.097>to <00:18:13.253>define <00:18:13.408>a <00:18:13.564>programming <00:18:13.720>paradigm 00:18:14.430 --> 00:18:14.440 align:start position:0% <00:18:14.430>programming <00:18:14.439>paradigm 00:18:14.440 --> 00:18:16.630 align:start position:0% <00:18:14.440>programming <00:18:14.640>paradigm <00:18:14.840>that <00:18:15.040>is <00:18:15.240>regardless <00:18:15.440>of <00:18:15.640>hardware <00:18:15.840>working, 00:18:16.630 --> 00:18:16.640 align:start position:0% <00:18:16.630>that <00:18:16.631>is <00:18:16.633>regardless <00:18:16.635>of <00:18:16.637>hardware <00:18:16.639>working, 00:18:16.640 --> 00:18:19.310 align:start position:0% <00:18:16.640>that <00:18:16.756>is <00:18:16.873>regardless <00:18:16.990>of <00:18:17.106>hardware <00:18:17.223>working, <00:18:17.340>right? <00:18:17.456>And <00:18:17.573>there's <00:18:17.690>an <00:18:17.806>anonym <00:18:17.923>or <00:18:18.040>there's 00:18:19.310 --> 00:18:19.320 align:start position:0% <00:18:19.310>right? <00:18:19.311>And <00:18:19.312>there's <00:18:19.314>an <00:18:19.316>anonym <00:18:19.317>or <00:18:19.319>there's 00:18:19.320 --> 00:18:22.310 align:start position:0% <00:18:19.320>right? <00:18:19.460>And <00:18:19.600>there's <00:18:19.740>an <00:18:19.879>anonym <00:18:20.020>or <00:18:20.159>there's <00:18:20.300>there's <00:18:20.439>a <00:18:20.580>similarity <00:18:20.720>to 00:18:22.310 --> 00:18:22.320 align:start position:0% <00:18:22.310>there's <00:18:22.312>a <00:18:22.316>similarity <00:18:22.319>to 00:18:22.320 --> 00:18:24.030 align:start position:0% <00:18:22.320>there's <00:18:22.475>a <00:18:22.631>similarity <00:18:22.786>to <00:18:22.942>what's <00:18:23.097>what's <00:18:23.253>going <00:18:23.408>on <00:18:23.564>in <00:18:23.720>classical 00:18:24.030 --> 00:18:24.040 align:start position:0% <00:18:24.030>what's <00:18:24.031>what's <00:18:24.033>going <00:18:24.035>on <00:18:24.037>in <00:18:24.039>classical 00:18:24.040 --> 00:18:25.830 align:start position:0% <00:18:24.040>what's <00:18:24.156>what's <00:18:24.273>going <00:18:24.389>on <00:18:24.506>in <00:18:24.623>classical <00:18:24.740>computing. <00:18:24.856>We <00:18:24.973>have <00:18:25.090>the <00:18:25.206>quantum <00:18:25.323>gates <00:18:25.440>and 00:18:25.830 --> 00:18:25.840 align:start position:0% <00:18:25.830>computing. <00:18:25.831>We <00:18:25.832>have <00:18:25.834>the <00:18:25.836>quantum <00:18:25.837>gates <00:18:25.839>and 00:18:25.840 --> 00:18:28.550 align:start position:0% <00:18:25.840>computing. <00:18:25.933>We <00:18:26.026>have <00:18:26.120>the <00:18:26.213>quantum <00:18:26.306>gates <00:18:26.399>and <00:18:26.493>we <00:18:26.586>have <00:18:26.679>the <00:18:26.773>logical <00:18:26.866>gates. <00:18:26.959>And <00:18:27.053>we <00:18:27.146>we <00:18:27.240>saw 00:18:28.550 --> 00:18:28.560 align:start position:0% <00:18:28.550>we <00:18:28.551>have <00:18:28.552>the <00:18:28.553>logical <00:18:28.554>gates. <00:18:28.555>And <00:18:28.556>we <00:18:28.557>we <00:18:28.559>saw 00:18:28.560 --> 00:18:30.910 align:start position:0% <00:18:28.560>we <00:18:28.647>have <00:18:28.735>the <00:18:28.822>logical <00:18:28.909>gates. <00:18:28.997>And <00:18:29.085>we <00:18:29.172>we <00:18:29.260>saw <00:18:29.347>the <00:18:29.435>XOR <00:18:29.522>before <00:18:29.610>like <00:18:29.697>for <00:18:29.784>a <00:18:29.872>logical <00:18:29.960>gate. 00:18:30.910 --> 00:18:30.920 align:start position:0% <00:18:30.910>the <00:18:30.911>XOR <00:18:30.912>before <00:18:30.913>like <00:18:30.915>for <00:18:30.916>a <00:18:30.917>logical <00:18:30.919>gate. 00:18:30.920 --> 00:18:33.310 align:start position:0% <00:18:30.920>the <00:18:31.013>XOR <00:18:31.106>before <00:18:31.200>like <00:18:31.293>for <00:18:31.386>a <00:18:31.480>logical <00:18:31.573>gate. <00:18:31.666>And <00:18:31.760>there <00:18:31.853>are <00:18:31.946>quantum <00:18:32.040>gates <00:18:32.133>like <00:18:32.226>H. <00:18:32.320>This 00:18:33.310 --> 00:18:33.320 align:start position:0% <00:18:33.310>And <00:18:33.311>there <00:18:33.312>are <00:18:33.313>quantum <00:18:33.315>gates <00:18:33.316>like <00:18:33.317>H. <00:18:33.319>This 00:18:33.320 --> 00:18:34.470 align:start position:0% <00:18:33.320>And <00:18:33.406>there <00:18:33.492>are <00:18:33.578>quantum <00:18:33.665>gates <00:18:33.751>like <00:18:33.837>H. <00:18:33.923>This <00:18:34.010>is <00:18:34.096>bringing <00:18:34.182>something <00:18:34.268>to <00:18:34.355>a 00:18:34.470 --> 00:18:34.480 align:start position:0% <00:18:34.470>is <00:18:34.472>bringing <00:18:34.474>something <00:18:34.476>to <00:18:34.479>a 00:18:34.480 --> 00:18:36.910 align:start position:0% <00:18:34.480>is <00:18:34.620>bringing <00:18:34.760>something <00:18:34.900>to <00:18:35.040>a <00:18:35.180>superposition. <00:18:35.320>Then <00:18:35.460>there's <00:18:35.600>R. <00:18:35.740>This <00:18:35.880>is 00:18:36.910 --> 00:18:36.920 align:start position:0% <00:18:36.910>superposition. <00:18:36.911>Then <00:18:36.913>there's <00:18:36.915>R. <00:18:36.917>This <00:18:36.919>is 00:18:36.920 --> 00:18:38.750 align:start position:0% <00:18:36.920>superposition. <00:18:37.060>Then <00:18:37.200>there's <00:18:37.340>R. <00:18:37.480>This <00:18:37.620>is <00:18:37.760>changing <00:18:37.900>the <00:18:38.040>probabilities. <00:18:38.180>Then <00:18:38.320>there's 00:18:38.750 --> 00:18:38.760 align:start position:0% <00:18:38.750>changing <00:18:38.752>the <00:18:38.754>probabilities. <00:18:38.756>Then <00:18:38.759>there's 00:18:38.760 --> 00:18:41.310 align:start position:0% <00:18:38.760>changing <00:18:38.935>the <00:18:39.110>probabilities. <00:18:39.285>Then <00:18:39.460>there's <00:18:39.635>CNOT. <00:18:39.810>This <00:18:39.985>is <00:18:40.160>entangling 00:18:41.310 --> 00:18:41.320 align:start position:0% <00:18:41.310>CNOT. <00:18:41.312>This <00:18:41.316>is <00:18:41.319>entangling 00:18:41.320 --> 00:18:43.070 align:start position:0% <00:18:41.320>CNOT. <00:18:41.475>This <00:18:41.631>is <00:18:41.786>entangling <00:18:41.942>two <00:18:42.097>However, <00:18:42.253>it's <00:18:42.408>done <00:18:42.564>physically, <00:18:42.720>okay? 00:18:43.070 --> 00:18:43.080 align:start position:0% <00:18:43.070>two <00:18:43.071>However, <00:18:43.073>it's <00:18:43.075>done <00:18:43.077>physically, <00:18:43.079>okay? 00:18:43.080 --> 00:18:45.630 align:start position:0% <00:18:43.080>two <00:18:43.220>However, <00:18:43.360>it's <00:18:43.500>done <00:18:43.639>physically, <00:18:43.780>okay? <00:18:43.919>But, <00:18:44.060>it's <00:18:44.199>entangling <00:18:44.340>two <00:18:44.480>qubits. 00:18:45.630 --> 00:18:45.640 align:start position:0% <00:18:45.630>But, <00:18:45.632>it's <00:18:45.634>entangling <00:18:45.636>two <00:18:45.639>qubits. 00:18:45.640 --> 00:18:47.830 align:start position:0% <00:18:45.640>But, <00:18:45.767>it's <00:18:45.894>entangling <00:18:46.021>two <00:18:46.149>qubits. <00:18:46.276>And <00:18:46.403>the <00:18:46.530>interesting <00:18:46.658>thing <00:18:46.785>now <00:18:46.912>is <00:18:47.040>quantum 00:18:47.830 --> 00:18:47.840 align:start position:0% <00:18:47.830>And <00:18:47.831>the <00:18:47.832>interesting <00:18:47.834>thing <00:18:47.836>now <00:18:47.837>is <00:18:47.839>quantum 00:18:47.840 --> 00:18:50.030 align:start position:0% <00:18:47.840>And <00:18:47.939>the <00:18:48.040>interesting <00:18:48.139>thing <00:18:48.240>now <00:18:48.340>is <00:18:48.439>quantum <00:18:48.540>parallelism. <00:18:48.639>How <00:18:48.740>can <00:18:48.840>Why <00:18:48.939>is <00:18:49.040>it <00:18:49.139>so <00:18:49.240>fast 00:18:50.030 --> 00:18:50.040 align:start position:0% <00:18:50.030>parallelism. <00:18:50.031>How <00:18:50.032>can <00:18:50.033>Why <00:18:50.035>is <00:18:50.036>it <00:18:50.037>so <00:18:50.039>fast 00:18:50.040 --> 00:18:51.630 align:start position:0% <00:18:50.040>parallelism. <00:18:50.167>How <00:18:50.294>can <00:18:50.421>Why <00:18:50.549>is <00:18:50.676>it <00:18:50.803>so <00:18:50.930>fast <00:18:51.058>for <00:18:51.185>some <00:18:51.312>use <00:18:51.440>cases? 00:18:51.630 --> 00:18:51.640 align:start position:0% <00:18:51.630>for <00:18:51.633>some <00:18:51.636>use <00:18:51.639>cases? 00:18:51.640 --> 00:18:52.950 align:start position:0% <00:18:51.640>for <00:18:51.757>some <00:18:51.875>use <00:18:51.993>cases? <00:18:52.111>And <00:18:52.229>the <00:18:52.347>basic <00:18:52.465>idea <00:18:52.583>here <00:18:52.701>is, <00:18:52.819>right? 00:18:52.950 --> 00:18:52.960 align:start position:0% <00:18:52.950>And <00:18:52.951>the <00:18:52.953>basic <00:18:52.954>idea <00:18:52.956>here <00:18:52.957>is, <00:18:52.959>right? 00:18:52.960 --> 00:18:54.590 align:start position:0% <00:18:52.960>And <00:18:53.076>the <00:18:53.193>basic <00:18:53.310>idea <00:18:53.426>here <00:18:53.543>is, <00:18:53.660>right? <00:18:53.776>There's <00:18:53.893>this <00:18:54.010>H <00:18:54.126>superposition. <00:18:54.243>In <00:18:54.360>this 00:18:54.590 --> 00:18:54.600 align:start position:0% <00:18:54.590>There's <00:18:54.591>this <00:18:54.593>H <00:18:54.595>superposition. <00:18:54.597>In <00:18:54.599>this 00:18:54.600 --> 00:18:56.550 align:start position:0% <00:18:54.600>There's <00:18:54.755>this <00:18:54.911>H <00:18:55.066>superposition. <00:18:55.222>In <00:18:55.377>this <00:18:55.533>case <00:18:55.688>it's <00:18:55.844>five <00:18:56.000>qubits 00:18:56.550 --> 00:18:56.560 align:start position:0% <00:18:56.550>case <00:18:56.553>it's <00:18:56.556>five <00:18:56.559>qubits 00:18:56.560 --> 00:18:58.870 align:start position:0% <00:18:56.560>case <00:18:56.687>it's <00:18:56.814>five <00:18:56.941>qubits <00:18:57.069>and <00:18:57.196>a <00:18:57.323>function. <00:18:57.450>And <00:18:57.578>this <00:18:57.705>means <00:18:57.832>now, <00:18:57.960>of 00:18:58.870 --> 00:18:58.880 align:start position:0% <00:18:58.870>and <00:18:58.871>a <00:18:58.872>function. <00:18:58.873>And <00:18:58.875>this <00:18:58.876>means <00:18:58.877>now, <00:18:58.879>of 00:18:58.880 --> 00:19:00.430 align:start position:0% <00:18:58.880>and <00:18:58.979>a <00:18:59.079>function. <00:18:59.178>And <00:18:59.278>this <00:18:59.378>means <00:18:59.477>now, <00:18:59.577>of <00:18:59.677>course, <00:18:59.776>for <00:18:59.876>a <00:18:59.976>function <00:19:00.075>we <00:19:00.175>have <00:19:00.275>all 00:19:00.430 --> 00:19:00.440 align:start position:0% <00:19:00.430>course, <00:19:00.431>for <00:19:00.433>a <00:19:00.434>function <00:19:00.436>we <00:19:00.437>have <00:19:00.439>all 00:19:00.440 --> 00:19:01.670 align:start position:0% <00:19:00.440>course, <00:19:00.598>for <00:19:00.756>a <00:19:00.914>function <00:19:01.072>we <00:19:01.230>have <00:19:01.388>all <00:19:01.547>results 00:19:01.670 --> 00:19:01.680 align:start position:0% results 00:19:01.680 --> 00:19:04.190 align:start position:0% <00:19:01.680>results <00:19:01.835>at <00:19:01.991>the <00:19:02.146>same <00:19:02.302>time. <00:19:02.457>So, <00:19:02.613>we <00:19:02.768>have <00:19:02.924>32 <00:19:03.080>results 00:19:04.190 --> 00:19:04.200 align:start position:0% <00:19:04.190>at <00:19:04.191>the <00:19:04.192>same <00:19:04.193>time. <00:19:04.194>So, <00:19:04.195>we <00:19:04.196>have <00:19:04.197>32 <00:19:04.199>results 00:19:04.200 --> 00:19:05.870 align:start position:0% <00:19:04.200>at <00:19:04.287>the <00:19:04.375>same <00:19:04.462>time. <00:19:04.550>So, <00:19:04.637>we <00:19:04.725>have <00:19:04.812>32 <00:19:04.900>results <00:19:04.987>at <00:19:05.075>the <00:19:05.162>same <00:19:05.250>time. <00:19:05.337>And <00:19:05.425>in <00:19:05.512>difference <00:19:05.600>to 00:19:05.870 --> 00:19:05.880 align:start position:0% <00:19:05.870>at <00:19:05.871>the <00:19:05.872>same <00:19:05.873>time. <00:19:05.875>And <00:19:05.876>in <00:19:05.877>difference <00:19:05.879>to 00:19:05.880 --> 00:19:07.590 align:start position:0% <00:19:05.880>at <00:19:05.987>the <00:19:06.095>same <00:19:06.203>time. <00:19:06.310>And <00:19:06.418>in <00:19:06.526>difference <00:19:06.633>to <00:19:06.741>classical <00:19:06.849>computing, <00:19:06.956>where <00:19:07.064>we <00:19:07.172>try <00:19:07.280>to 00:19:07.590 --> 00:19:07.600 align:start position:0% <00:19:07.590>classical <00:19:07.591>computing, <00:19:07.593>where <00:19:07.595>we <00:19:07.597>try <00:19:07.599>to 00:19:07.600 --> 00:19:10.350 align:start position:0% <00:19:07.600>classical <00:19:07.716>computing, <00:19:07.833>where <00:19:07.949>we <00:19:08.066>try <00:19:08.183>to <00:19:08.300>find <00:19:08.416>the <00:19:08.533>right <00:19:08.649>solution, <00:19:08.766>we <00:19:08.883>already <00:19:09.000>have 00:19:10.350 --> 00:19:10.360 align:start position:0% <00:19:10.350>find <00:19:10.351>the <00:19:10.352>right <00:19:10.354>solution, <00:19:10.356>we <00:19:10.357>already <00:19:10.359>have 00:19:10.360 --> 00:19:11.950 align:start position:0% <00:19:10.360>find <00:19:10.534>the <00:19:10.709>right <00:19:10.885>solution, <00:19:11.060>we <00:19:11.235>already <00:19:11.409>have <00:19:11.584>all <00:19:11.760>solutions, 00:19:11.950 --> 00:19:11.960 align:start position:0% <00:19:11.950>all <00:19:11.959>solutions, 00:19:11.960 --> 00:19:17.190 align:start position:0% <00:19:11.960>all <00:19:12.115>solutions, <00:19:12.271>but <00:19:12.426>we <00:19:12.582>need <00:19:12.737>to <00:19:12.893>eliminate <00:19:13.048>the <00:19:13.204>wrong <00:19:13.360>ones. 00:19:17.200 --> 00:19:19.430 align:start position:0% <00:19:17.200>And <00:19:17.433>this <00:19:17.666>brings <00:19:17.900>us <00:19:18.133>back <00:19:18.366>to <00:19:18.600>Shor 00:19:19.430 --> 00:19:19.440 align:start position:0% <00:19:19.430>And <00:19:19.431>this <00:19:19.433>brings <00:19:19.434>us <00:19:19.436>back <00:19:19.437>to <00:19:19.439>Shor 00:19:19.440 --> 00:19:21.190 align:start position:0% <00:19:19.440>And <00:19:19.595>this <00:19:19.751>brings <00:19:19.906>us <00:19:20.062>back <00:19:20.217>to <00:19:20.373>Shor <00:19:20.528>and <00:19:20.684>to <00:19:20.840>RSA. 00:19:21.190 --> 00:19:21.200 align:start position:0% <00:19:21.190>and <00:19:21.194>to <00:19:21.199>RSA. 00:19:21.200 --> 00:19:24.070 align:start position:0% <00:19:21.200>and <00:19:21.340>to <00:19:21.480>RSA. <00:19:21.620>Okay, <00:19:21.760>we <00:19:21.900>have <00:19:22.040>a <00:19:22.180>function. <00:19:22.320>There <00:19:22.460>is, <00:19:22.600>by 00:19:24.070 --> 00:19:24.080 align:start position:0% <00:19:24.070>Okay, <00:19:24.071>we <00:19:24.072>have <00:19:24.073>a <00:19:24.075>function. <00:19:24.076>There <00:19:24.077>is, <00:19:24.079>by 00:19:24.080 --> 00:19:26.910 align:start position:0% <00:19:24.080>Okay, <00:19:24.167>we <00:19:24.254>have <00:19:24.342>a <00:19:24.429>function. <00:19:24.517>There <00:19:24.605>is, <00:19:24.692>by <00:19:24.780>the <00:19:24.867>way, <00:19:24.955>a <00:19:25.042>way <00:19:25.129>to <00:19:25.217>crack <00:19:25.304>RSA. <00:19:25.392>It's <00:19:25.480>also 00:19:26.910 --> 00:19:26.920 align:start position:0% <00:19:26.910>the <00:19:26.911>way, <00:19:26.912>a <00:19:26.913>way <00:19:26.914>to <00:19:26.915>crack <00:19:26.916>RSA. <00:19:26.917>It's <00:19:26.919>also 00:19:26.920 --> 00:19:28.750 align:start position:0% <00:19:26.920>the <00:19:27.020>way, <00:19:27.120>a <00:19:27.220>way <00:19:27.320>to <00:19:27.420>crack <00:19:27.520>RSA. <00:19:27.620>It's <00:19:27.720>also <00:19:27.820>from <00:19:27.920>the <00:19:28.020>18th. <00:19:28.120>It's <00:19:28.220>the <00:19:28.320>Fourier 00:19:28.750 --> 00:19:28.760 align:start position:0% <00:19:28.750>from <00:19:28.751>the <00:19:28.753>18th. <00:19:28.755>It's <00:19:28.757>the <00:19:28.759>Fourier 00:19:28.760 --> 00:19:30.870 align:start position:0% <00:19:28.760>from <00:19:28.900>the <00:19:29.040>18th. <00:19:29.180>It's <00:19:29.320>the <00:19:29.460>Fourier <00:19:29.600>transformation, <00:19:29.740>which <00:19:29.879>says, <00:19:30.020>"Pick <00:19:30.160>a 00:19:30.870 --> 00:19:30.880 align:start position:0% <00:19:30.870>transformation, <00:19:30.872>which <00:19:30.874>says, <00:19:30.876>"Pick <00:19:30.879>a 00:19:30.880 --> 00:19:32.990 align:start position:0% <00:19:30.880>transformation, <00:19:31.007>which <00:19:31.134>says, <00:19:31.261>"Pick <00:19:31.389>a <00:19:31.516>random <00:19:31.643>number, <00:19:31.770>find <00:19:31.898>the <00:19:32.025>period." <00:19:32.152>This <00:19:32.280>is 00:19:32.990 --> 00:19:33.000 align:start position:0% <00:19:32.990>random <00:19:32.991>number, <00:19:32.993>find <00:19:32.994>the <00:19:32.996>period." <00:19:32.997>This <00:19:32.999>is 00:19:33.000 --> 00:19:35.830 align:start position:0% <00:19:33.000>random <00:19:33.100>number, <00:19:33.200>find <00:19:33.300>the <00:19:33.400>period." <00:19:33.500>This <00:19:33.600>is <00:19:33.700>the <00:19:33.800>hard <00:19:33.900>part, <00:19:34.000>find <00:19:34.100>the <00:19:34.200>period, <00:19:34.300>and <00:19:34.400>then 00:19:35.830 --> 00:19:35.840 align:start position:0% <00:19:35.830>the <00:19:35.831>hard <00:19:35.832>part, <00:19:35.833>find <00:19:35.835>the <00:19:35.836>period, <00:19:35.837>and <00:19:35.839>then 00:19:35.840 --> 00:19:37.990 align:start position:0% <00:19:35.840>the <00:19:35.947>hard <00:19:36.055>part, <00:19:36.163>find <00:19:36.270>the <00:19:36.378>period, <00:19:36.486>and <00:19:36.593>then <00:19:36.701>do <00:19:36.809>some <00:19:36.916>greatest <00:19:37.024>common <00:19:37.132>divisor <00:19:37.240>stuff. 00:19:37.990 --> 00:19:38.000 align:start position:0% <00:19:37.990>do <00:19:37.991>some <00:19:37.993>greatest <00:19:37.995>common <00:19:37.997>divisor <00:19:37.999>stuff. 00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:40.310 align:start position:0% <00:19:38.000>do <00:19:38.100>some <00:19:38.200>greatest <00:19:38.300>common <00:19:38.400>divisor <00:19:38.500>stuff. <00:19:38.600>All <00:19:38.700>right, <00:19:38.800>we <00:19:38.900>do <00:19:39.000>this <00:19:39.100>for <00:19:39.200>the <00:19:39.300>number <00:19:39.400>of 00:19:40.310 --> 00:19:40.320 align:start position:0% <00:19:40.310>All <00:19:40.311>right, <00:19:40.312>we <00:19:40.313>do <00:19:40.314>this <00:19:40.315>for <00:19:40.316>the <00:19:40.317>number <00:19:40.319>of 00:19:40.320 --> 00:19:42.710 align:start position:0% <00:19:40.320>All <00:19:40.402>right, <00:19:40.484>we <00:19:40.567>do <00:19:40.649>this <00:19:40.731>for <00:19:40.814>the <00:19:40.896>number <00:19:40.978>of <00:19:41.061>15. <00:19:41.143>And <00:19:41.225>15 <00:19:41.308>is <00:19:41.390>also <00:19:41.472>the <00:19:41.555>only <00:19:41.637>one <00:19:41.720>that's 00:19:42.710 --> 00:19:42.720 align:start position:0% <00:19:42.710>15. <00:19:42.711>And <00:19:42.712>15 <00:19:42.713>is <00:19:42.714>also <00:19:42.715>the <00:19:42.716>only <00:19:42.717>one <00:19:42.719>that's 00:19:42.720 --> 00:19:44.190 align:start position:0% <00:19:42.720>15. <00:19:42.867>And <00:19:43.014>15 <00:19:43.161>is <00:19:43.308>also <00:19:43.455>the <00:19:43.602>only <00:19:43.749>one <00:19:43.896>that's <00:19:44.043>currently 00:19:44.190 --> 00:19:44.200 align:start position:0% currently 00:19:44.200 --> 00:19:47.550 align:start position:0% <00:19:44.200>currently <00:19:44.375>able <00:19:44.550>by <00:19:44.725>a <00:19:44.900>quantum <00:19:45.075>computer <00:19:45.250>to <00:19:45.425>to <00:19:45.600>to 00:19:47.550 --> 00:19:47.560 align:start position:0% <00:19:47.550>able <00:19:47.551>by <00:19:47.552>a <00:19:47.553>quantum <00:19:47.555>computer <00:19:47.556>to <00:19:47.557>to <00:19:47.559>to 00:19:47.560 --> 00:19:49.510 align:start position:0% <00:19:47.560>able <00:19:47.659>by <00:19:47.760>a <00:19:47.860>quantum <00:19:47.960>computer <00:19:48.060>to <00:19:48.159>to <00:19:48.260>to <00:19:48.360>crack. <00:19:48.460>All <00:19:48.560>right, <00:19:48.659>this <00:19:48.760>is <00:19:48.860>the <00:19:48.960>hardest 00:19:49.510 --> 00:19:49.520 align:start position:0% <00:19:49.510>crack. <00:19:49.511>All <00:19:49.513>right, <00:19:49.514>this <00:19:49.516>is <00:19:49.517>the <00:19:49.519>hardest 00:19:49.520 --> 00:19:51.550 align:start position:0% <00:19:49.520>crack. <00:19:49.660>All <00:19:49.800>right, <00:19:49.940>this <00:19:50.080>is <00:19:50.220>the <00:19:50.360>hardest <00:19:50.500>stuff <00:19:50.639>so <00:19:50.780>far, <00:19:50.920>15. 00:19:51.550 --> 00:19:51.560 align:start position:0% <00:19:51.550>stuff <00:19:51.553>so <00:19:51.556>far, <00:19:51.559>15. 00:19:51.560 --> 00:19:53.030 align:start position:0% <00:19:51.560>stuff <00:19:51.692>so <00:19:51.824>far, <00:19:51.956>15. <00:19:52.089>How <00:19:52.221>it's <00:19:52.353>working, <00:19:52.486>you <00:19:52.618>choose <00:19:52.750>a <00:19:52.883>random 00:19:53.030 --> 00:19:53.040 align:start position:0% <00:19:53.030>How <00:19:53.031>it's <00:19:53.033>working, <00:19:53.034>you <00:19:53.036>choose <00:19:53.037>a <00:19:53.039>random 00:19:53.040 --> 00:19:56.110 align:start position:0% <00:19:53.040>How <00:19:53.147>it's <00:19:53.255>working, <00:19:53.363>you <00:19:53.470>choose <00:19:53.578>a <00:19:53.686>random <00:19:53.793>seven. <00:19:53.901>You <00:19:54.009>take <00:19:54.116>this <00:19:54.224>function <00:19:54.332>here, <00:19:54.440>the 00:19:56.110 --> 00:19:56.120 align:start position:0% <00:19:56.110>seven. <00:19:56.111>You <00:19:56.112>take <00:19:56.114>this <00:19:56.116>function <00:19:56.117>here, <00:19:56.119>the 00:19:56.120 --> 00:19:57.070 align:start position:0% <00:19:56.120>seven. <00:19:56.242>You <00:19:56.364>take <00:19:56.486>this <00:19:56.608>function <00:19:56.730>here, <00:19:56.852>the <00:19:56.975>map 00:19:57.070 --> 00:19:57.080 align:start position:0% map 00:19:57.080 --> 00:19:58.990 align:start position:0% <00:19:57.080>map <00:19:57.313>the <00:19:57.546>discrete <00:19:57.780>logarithm. <00:19:58.013>We <00:19:58.246>get <00:19:58.480>getting 00:19:58.990 --> 00:19:59.000 align:start position:0% <00:19:58.990>the <00:19:58.991>discrete <00:19:58.993>logarithm. <00:19:58.995>We <00:19:58.997>get <00:19:58.999>getting 00:19:59.000 --> 00:20:01.070 align:start position:0% <00:19:59.000>the <00:19:59.100>discrete <00:19:59.200>logarithm. <00:19:59.300>We <00:19:59.400>get <00:19:59.500>getting <00:19:59.600>back <00:19:59.700>to <00:19:59.800>our <00:19:59.900>wave, <00:20:00.000>right? <00:20:00.100>And <00:20:00.200>we <00:20:00.300>now <00:20:00.400>we 00:20:01.070 --> 00:20:01.080 align:start position:0% <00:20:01.070>back <00:20:01.071>to <00:20:01.072>our <00:20:01.073>wave, <00:20:01.074>right? <00:20:01.075>And <00:20:01.076>we <00:20:01.077>now <00:20:01.079>we 00:20:01.080 --> 00:20:03.110 align:start position:0% <00:20:01.080>back <00:20:01.196>to <00:20:01.313>our <00:20:01.429>wave, <00:20:01.546>right? <00:20:01.663>And <00:20:01.780>we <00:20:01.896>now <00:20:02.013>we <00:20:02.129>must <00:20:02.246>find <00:20:02.363>the <00:20:02.480>period. 00:20:03.110 --> 00:20:03.120 align:start position:0% <00:20:03.110>must <00:20:03.112>find <00:20:03.116>the <00:20:03.119>period. 00:20:03.120 --> 00:20:04.550 align:start position:0% <00:20:03.120>must <00:20:03.248>find <00:20:03.377>the <00:20:03.506>period. <00:20:03.634>And <00:20:03.763>we <00:20:03.892>can <00:20:04.020>do <00:20:04.149>this <00:20:04.278>with <00:20:04.407>Fourier 00:20:04.550 --> 00:20:04.560 align:start position:0% <00:20:04.550>And <00:20:04.551>we <00:20:04.553>can <00:20:04.554>do <00:20:04.556>this <00:20:04.557>with <00:20:04.559>Fourier 00:20:04.560 --> 00:20:06.470 align:start position:0% <00:20:04.560>And <00:20:04.667>we <00:20:04.775>can <00:20:04.883>do <00:20:04.990>this <00:20:05.098>with <00:20:05.206>Fourier <00:20:05.313>transformation <00:20:05.421>on <00:20:05.529>a <00:20:05.636>classical <00:20:05.744>way, <00:20:05.852>or <00:20:05.960>we 00:20:06.470 --> 00:20:06.480 align:start position:0% <00:20:06.470>transformation <00:20:06.471>on <00:20:06.473>a <00:20:06.474>classical <00:20:06.476>way, <00:20:06.477>or <00:20:06.479>we 00:20:06.480 --> 00:20:08.230 align:start position:0% <00:20:06.480>transformation <00:20:06.580>on <00:20:06.680>a <00:20:06.780>classical <00:20:06.880>way, <00:20:06.980>or <00:20:07.080>we <00:20:07.180>do <00:20:07.280>this, <00:20:07.380>and <00:20:07.480>this <00:20:07.580>is <00:20:07.680>done <00:20:07.780>what's <00:20:07.880>what 00:20:08.230 --> 00:20:08.240 align:start position:0% <00:20:08.230>do <00:20:08.231>this, <00:20:08.232>and <00:20:08.233>this <00:20:08.235>is <00:20:08.236>done <00:20:08.237>what's <00:20:08.239>what 00:20:08.240 --> 00:20:10.830 align:start position:0% <00:20:08.240>do <00:20:08.347>this, <00:20:08.455>and <00:20:08.563>this <00:20:08.670>is <00:20:08.778>done <00:20:08.886>what's <00:20:08.993>what <00:20:09.101>Shor's <00:20:09.209>algorithm <00:20:09.316>is <00:20:09.424>about, <00:20:09.532>because <00:20:09.640>we 00:20:10.830 --> 00:20:10.840 align:start position:0% <00:20:10.830>Shor's <00:20:10.831>algorithm <00:20:10.833>is <00:20:10.835>about, <00:20:10.837>because <00:20:10.839>we 00:20:10.840 --> 00:20:12.870 align:start position:0% <00:20:10.840>Shor's <00:20:10.967>algorithm <00:20:11.094>is <00:20:11.221>about, <00:20:11.349>because <00:20:11.476>we <00:20:11.603>have <00:20:11.730>all <00:20:11.858>results, <00:20:11.985>assuming <00:20:12.112>we <00:20:12.240>have 00:20:12.870 --> 00:20:12.880 align:start position:0% <00:20:12.870>have <00:20:12.871>all <00:20:12.873>results, <00:20:12.875>assuming <00:20:12.877>we <00:20:12.879>have 00:20:12.880 --> 00:20:14.230 align:start position:0% <00:20:12.880>have <00:20:12.990>all <00:20:13.100>results, <00:20:13.211>assuming <00:20:13.321>we <00:20:13.432>have <00:20:13.542>enough <00:20:13.653>qubits. <00:20:13.763>We <00:20:13.874>have <00:20:13.984>all <00:20:14.095>results 00:20:14.230 --> 00:20:14.240 align:start position:0% <00:20:14.230>enough <00:20:14.231>qubits. <00:20:14.233>We <00:20:14.235>have <00:20:14.237>all <00:20:14.239>results 00:20:14.240 --> 00:20:15.790 align:start position:0% <00:20:14.240>enough <00:20:14.356>qubits. <00:20:14.472>We <00:20:14.588>have <00:20:14.705>all <00:20:14.821>results <00:20:14.937>available. <00:20:15.053>We <00:20:15.170>have <00:20:15.286>the <00:20:15.402>result <00:20:15.518>for <00:20:15.635>one, 00:20:15.790 --> 00:20:15.800 align:start position:0% <00:20:15.790>available. <00:20:15.791>We <00:20:15.793>have <00:20:15.794>the <00:20:15.796>result <00:20:15.797>for <00:20:15.799>one, 00:20:15.800 --> 00:20:17.070 align:start position:0% <00:20:15.800>available. <00:20:15.903>We <00:20:16.007>have <00:20:16.111>the <00:20:16.215>result <00:20:16.319>for <00:20:16.423>one, <00:20:16.527>for <00:20:16.631>two, <00:20:16.735>for <00:20:16.839>three, <00:20:16.943>for 00:20:17.070 --> 00:20:17.080 align:start position:0% <00:20:17.070>for <00:20:17.072>two, <00:20:17.074>for <00:20:17.076>three, <00:20:17.079>for 00:20:17.080 --> 00:20:18.630 align:start position:0% <00:20:17.080>for <00:20:17.196>two, <00:20:17.312>for <00:20:17.428>three, <00:20:17.545>for <00:20:17.661>seven, <00:20:17.777>eight, <00:20:17.893>nine, <00:20:18.010>10. <00:20:18.126>We <00:20:18.242>have <00:20:18.358>all <00:20:18.475>at 00:20:18.630 --> 00:20:18.640 align:start position:0% <00:20:18.630>seven, <00:20:18.631>eight, <00:20:18.632>nine, <00:20:18.633>10. <00:20:18.635>We <00:20:18.636>have <00:20:18.637>all <00:20:18.639>at 00:20:18.640 --> 00:20:20.230 align:start position:0% <00:20:18.640>seven, <00:20:18.733>eight, <00:20:18.826>nine, <00:20:18.920>10. <00:20:19.013>We <00:20:19.106>have <00:20:19.200>all <00:20:19.293>at <00:20:19.386>the <00:20:19.480>same <00:20:19.573>time, <00:20:19.666>all <00:20:19.760>slits <00:20:19.853>at <00:20:19.946>the <00:20:20.040>same 00:20:20.230 --> 00:20:20.240 align:start position:0% <00:20:20.230>the <00:20:20.231>same <00:20:20.232>time, <00:20:20.233>all <00:20:20.235>slits <00:20:20.236>at <00:20:20.237>the <00:20:20.239>same 00:20:20.240 --> 00:20:21.670 align:start position:0% <00:20:20.240>the <00:20:20.331>same <00:20:20.423>time, <00:20:20.515>all <00:20:20.607>slits <00:20:20.699>at <00:20:20.791>the <00:20:20.883>same <00:20:20.975>time, <00:20:21.067>right? <00:20:21.159>And <00:20:21.251>now <00:20:21.343>it's <00:20:21.435>a <00:20:21.527>question 00:20:21.670 --> 00:20:21.680 align:start position:0% <00:20:21.670>time, <00:20:21.671>right? <00:20:21.673>And <00:20:21.674>now <00:20:21.676>it's <00:20:21.677>a <00:20:21.679>question 00:20:21.680 --> 00:20:23.270 align:start position:0% <00:20:21.680>time, <00:20:21.773>right? <00:20:21.866>And <00:20:21.960>now <00:20:22.053>it's <00:20:22.146>a <00:20:22.240>question <00:20:22.333>like, <00:20:22.426>how <00:20:22.520>can <00:20:22.613>we <00:20:22.706>get <00:20:22.800>the <00:20:22.893>come <00:20:22.986>to <00:20:23.080>the 00:20:23.270 --> 00:20:23.280 align:start position:0% <00:20:23.270>like, <00:20:23.271>how <00:20:23.272>can <00:20:23.273>we <00:20:23.274>get <00:20:23.275>the <00:20:23.276>come <00:20:23.277>to <00:20:23.279>the 00:20:23.280 --> 00:20:25.030 align:start position:0% <00:20:23.280>like, <00:20:23.362>how <00:20:23.444>can <00:20:23.527>we <00:20:23.609>get <00:20:23.691>the <00:20:23.774>come <00:20:23.856>to <00:20:23.938>the <00:20:24.021>four? <00:20:24.103>And <00:20:24.185>the <00:20:24.268>idea <00:20:24.350>here <00:20:24.432>also <00:20:24.515>we <00:20:24.597>see <00:20:24.680>the 00:20:25.030 --> 00:20:25.040 align:start position:0% <00:20:25.030>four? <00:20:25.031>And <00:20:25.032>the <00:20:25.033>idea <00:20:25.034>here <00:20:25.035>also <00:20:25.036>we <00:20:25.037>see <00:20:25.039>the 00:20:25.040 --> 00:20:27.070 align:start position:0% <00:20:25.040>four? <00:20:25.139>And <00:20:25.240>the <00:20:25.340>idea <00:20:25.440>here <00:20:25.540>also <00:20:25.639>we <00:20:25.740>see <00:20:25.840>the <00:20:25.940>waves, <00:20:26.040>waves <00:20:26.139>coming <00:20:26.240>back, <00:20:26.340>right? <00:20:26.440>So, 00:20:27.070 --> 00:20:27.080 align:start position:0% <00:20:27.070>waves, <00:20:27.071>waves <00:20:27.073>coming <00:20:27.075>back, <00:20:27.077>right? <00:20:27.079>So, 00:20:27.080 --> 00:20:29.070 align:start position:0% <00:20:27.080>waves, <00:20:27.220>waves <00:20:27.360>coming <00:20:27.500>back, <00:20:27.639>right? <00:20:27.780>So, <00:20:27.919>Shor's <00:20:28.060>algorithm <00:20:28.199>is <00:20:28.340>eliminating <00:20:28.480>all 00:20:29.070 --> 00:20:29.080 align:start position:0% <00:20:29.070>Shor's <00:20:29.072>algorithm <00:20:29.074>is <00:20:29.076>eliminating <00:20:29.079>all 00:20:29.080 --> 00:20:31.830 align:start position:0% <00:20:29.080>Shor's <00:20:29.235>algorithm <00:20:29.391>is <00:20:29.546>eliminating <00:20:29.702>all <00:20:29.857>wrong <00:20:30.013>answers <00:20:30.168>and <00:20:30.324>just <00:20:30.480>remains 00:20:31.830 --> 00:20:31.840 align:start position:0% <00:20:31.830>wrong <00:20:31.832>answers <00:20:31.834>and <00:20:31.836>just <00:20:31.839>remains 00:20:31.840 --> 00:20:33.030 align:start position:0% <00:20:31.840>wrong <00:20:31.922>answers <00:20:32.004>and <00:20:32.087>just <00:20:32.169>remains <00:20:32.251>Now <00:20:32.334>I <00:20:32.416>must <00:20:32.499>lie. <00:20:32.581>I <00:20:32.663>don't <00:20:32.746>know <00:20:32.828>if <00:20:32.911>it 00:20:33.030 --> 00:20:33.040 align:start position:0% <00:20:33.030>Now <00:20:33.031>I <00:20:33.032>must <00:20:33.033>lie. <00:20:33.034>I <00:20:33.035>don't <00:20:33.036>know <00:20:33.037>if <00:20:33.039>it 00:20:33.040 --> 00:20:34.510 align:start position:0% <00:20:33.040>Now <00:20:33.128>I <00:20:33.216>must <00:20:33.304>lie. <00:20:33.392>I <00:20:33.481>don't <00:20:33.569>know <00:20:33.657>if <00:20:33.745>it <00:20:33.833>remains <00:20:33.922>the <00:20:34.010>lowest <00:20:34.098>one <00:20:34.186>or <00:20:34.274>the <00:20:34.363>highest 00:20:34.510 --> 00:20:34.520 align:start position:0% <00:20:34.510>remains <00:20:34.511>the <00:20:34.513>lowest <00:20:34.514>one <00:20:34.516>or <00:20:34.517>the <00:20:34.519>highest 00:20:34.520 --> 00:20:35.550 align:start position:0% <00:20:34.520>remains <00:20:34.652>the <00:20:34.784>lowest <00:20:34.917>one <00:20:35.049>or <00:20:35.182>the <00:20:35.314>highest <00:20:35.447>one, 00:20:35.550 --> 00:20:35.560 align:start position:0% one, 00:20:35.560 --> 00:20:37.230 align:start position:0% <00:20:35.560>one, <00:20:35.735>but <00:20:35.909>then <00:20:36.085>you <00:20:36.260>have <00:20:36.435>the <00:20:36.610>certain <00:20:36.784>and <00:20:36.960>the 00:20:37.230 --> 00:20:37.240 align:start position:0% <00:20:37.230>but <00:20:37.231>then <00:20:37.232>you <00:20:37.233>have <00:20:37.235>the <00:20:37.236>certain <00:20:37.237>and <00:20:37.239>the 00:20:37.240 --> 00:20:38.550 align:start position:0% <00:20:37.240>but <00:20:37.318>then <00:20:37.397>you <00:20:37.475>have <00:20:37.554>the <00:20:37.633>certain <00:20:37.711>and <00:20:37.790>the <00:20:37.868>certain, <00:20:37.947>and <00:20:38.026>then <00:20:38.104>you <00:20:38.183>don't <00:20:38.261>just <00:20:38.340>have <00:20:38.418>to 00:20:38.550 --> 00:20:38.560 align:start position:0% <00:20:38.550>certain, <00:20:38.551>and <00:20:38.552>then <00:20:38.553>you <00:20:38.555>don't <00:20:38.556>just <00:20:38.557>have <00:20:38.559>to 00:20:38.560 --> 00:20:40.710 align:start position:0% <00:20:38.560>certain, <00:20:38.653>and <00:20:38.746>then <00:20:38.840>you <00:20:38.933>don't <00:20:39.026>just <00:20:39.120>have <00:20:39.213>to <00:20:39.306>count <00:20:39.399>and <00:20:39.493>come <00:20:39.586>to <00:20:39.679>the <00:20:39.773>period <00:20:39.866>of <00:20:39.960>four. 00:20:40.710 --> 00:20:40.720 align:start position:0% <00:20:40.710>count <00:20:40.711>and <00:20:40.712>come <00:20:40.713>to <00:20:40.715>the <00:20:40.716>period <00:20:40.717>of <00:20:40.719>four. 00:20:40.720 --> 00:20:43.310 align:start position:0% <00:20:40.720>count <00:20:40.813>and <00:20:40.906>come <00:20:41.000>to <00:20:41.093>the <00:20:41.186>period <00:20:41.280>of <00:20:41.373>four. <00:20:41.466>And <00:20:41.560>this <00:20:41.653>is <00:20:41.746>the <00:20:41.840>reason <00:20:41.933>why <00:20:42.026>RSA <00:20:42.120>is 00:20:43.310 --> 00:20:43.320 align:start position:0% <00:20:43.310>And <00:20:43.311>this <00:20:43.312>is <00:20:43.313>the <00:20:43.315>reason <00:20:43.316>why <00:20:43.317>RSA <00:20:43.319>is 00:20:43.320 --> 00:20:46.830 align:start position:0% <00:20:43.320>And <00:20:43.427>this <00:20:43.535>is <00:20:43.643>the <00:20:43.750>reason <00:20:43.858>why <00:20:43.966>RSA <00:20:44.073>is <00:20:44.181>broken. <00:20:44.289>It's <00:20:44.396>it's <00:20:44.504>a <00:20:44.612>is <00:20:44.720>even 00:20:46.830 --> 00:20:46.840 align:start position:0% <00:20:46.830>broken. <00:20:46.831>It's <00:20:46.833>it's <00:20:46.835>a <00:20:46.837>is <00:20:46.839>even 00:20:46.840 --> 00:20:48.910 align:start position:0% <00:20:46.840>broken. <00:20:46.967>It's <00:20:47.094>it's <00:20:47.221>a <00:20:47.349>is <00:20:47.476>even <00:20:47.603>even <00:20:47.730>easier, <00:20:47.858>okay? <00:20:47.985>Although <00:20:48.112>the <00:20:48.240>math 00:20:48.910 --> 00:20:48.920 align:start position:0% <00:20:48.910>even <00:20:48.911>easier, <00:20:48.913>okay? <00:20:48.915>Although <00:20:48.917>the <00:20:48.919>math 00:20:48.920 --> 00:20:51.590 align:start position:0% <00:20:48.920>even <00:20:49.047>easier, <00:20:49.174>okay? <00:20:49.301>Although <00:20:49.429>the <00:20:49.556>math <00:20:49.683>behind <00:20:49.810>is <00:20:49.938>more <00:20:50.065>complicated, <00:20:50.192>it's <00:20:50.320>also 00:20:51.590 --> 00:20:51.600 align:start position:0% <00:20:51.590>behind <00:20:51.591>is <00:20:51.593>more <00:20:51.595>complicated, <00:20:51.597>it's <00:20:51.599>also 00:20:51.600 --> 00:20:52.910 align:start position:0% <00:20:51.600>behind <00:20:51.796>is <00:20:51.993>more <00:20:52.189>complicated, <00:20:52.386>it's <00:20:52.582>also <00:20:52.779>broken. 00:20:52.910 --> 00:20:52.920 align:start position:0% broken. 00:20:52.920 --> 00:20:55.270 align:start position:0% <00:20:52.920>broken. <00:20:53.270>Why <00:20:53.620>should <00:20:53.970>we <00:20:54.320>care? 00:20:55.270 --> 00:20:55.280 align:start position:0% <00:20:55.270>Why <00:20:55.273>should <00:20:55.276>we <00:20:55.279>care? 00:20:55.280 --> 00:20:57.630 align:start position:0% <00:20:55.280>Why <00:20:55.420>should <00:20:55.560>we <00:20:55.700>care? <00:20:55.840>When <00:20:55.980>we <00:20:56.120>only <00:20:56.260>can <00:20:56.399>crack <00:20:56.540>15, <00:20:56.680>right? 00:20:57.630 --> 00:20:57.640 align:start position:0% <00:20:57.630>When <00:20:57.631>we <00:20:57.633>only <00:20:57.634>can <00:20:57.636>crack <00:20:57.637>15, <00:20:57.639>right? 00:20:57.640 --> 00:20:59.230 align:start position:0% <00:20:57.640>When <00:20:57.747>we <00:20:57.855>only <00:20:57.963>can <00:20:58.070>crack <00:20:58.178>15, <00:20:58.286>right? <00:20:58.393>Today's <00:20:58.501>keys <00:20:58.609>are <00:20:58.716>a <00:20:58.824>little <00:20:58.932>longer <00:20:59.040>than 00:20:59.230 --> 00:20:59.240 align:start position:0% <00:20:59.230>Today's <00:20:59.231>keys <00:20:59.233>are <00:20:59.234>a <00:20:59.236>little <00:20:59.237>longer <00:20:59.239>than 00:20:59.240 --> 00:21:00.190 align:start position:0% <00:20:59.240>Today's <00:20:59.362>keys <00:20:59.484>are <00:20:59.606>a <00:20:59.728>little <00:20:59.850>longer <00:20:59.972>than <00:21:00.095>15. 00:21:00.190 --> 00:21:00.200 align:start position:0% 15. 00:21:00.200 --> 00:21:01.230 align:start position:0% <00:21:00.200>15. <00:21:00.332>But <00:21:00.464>the <00:21:00.597>question, <00:21:00.729>of <00:21:00.862>course, <00:21:00.994>is <00:21:01.127>it's 00:21:01.230 --> 00:21:01.240 align:start position:0% <00:21:01.230>But <00:21:01.231>the <00:21:01.233>question, <00:21:01.234>of <00:21:01.236>course, <00:21:01.237>is <00:21:01.239>it's 00:21:01.240 --> 00:21:02.790 align:start position:0% <00:21:01.240>But <00:21:01.339>the <00:21:01.439>question, <00:21:01.538>of <00:21:01.638>course, <00:21:01.738>is <00:21:01.837>it's <00:21:01.937>just <00:21:02.037>a <00:21:02.136>question <00:21:02.236>of <00:21:02.336>the <00:21:02.435>number <00:21:02.535>of <00:21:02.635>qubits. 00:21:02.790 --> 00:21:02.800 align:start position:0% <00:21:02.790>just <00:21:02.791>a <00:21:02.792>question <00:21:02.793>of <00:21:02.795>the <00:21:02.796>number <00:21:02.797>of <00:21:02.799>qubits. 00:21:02.800 --> 00:21:04.670 align:start position:0% <00:21:02.800>just <00:21:02.916>a <00:21:03.033>question <00:21:03.149>of <00:21:03.266>the <00:21:03.383>number <00:21:03.500>of <00:21:03.616>qubits. <00:21:03.733>Then <00:21:03.850>Google <00:21:03.966>says <00:21:04.083>next <00:21:04.200>year 00:21:04.670 --> 00:21:04.680 align:start position:0% <00:21:04.670>Then <00:21:04.672>Google <00:21:04.674>says <00:21:04.676>next <00:21:04.679>year 00:21:04.680 --> 00:21:06.790 align:start position:0% <00:21:04.680>Then <00:21:04.835>Google <00:21:04.991>says <00:21:05.146>next <00:21:05.302>year <00:21:05.457>they're <00:21:05.613>very <00:21:05.768>optimistic. <00:21:05.924>Others <00:21:06.080>physics 00:21:06.790 --> 00:21:06.800 align:start position:0% <00:21:06.790>they're <00:21:06.792>very <00:21:06.794>optimistic. <00:21:06.796>Others <00:21:06.799>physics 00:21:06.800 --> 00:21:08.550 align:start position:0% <00:21:06.800>they're <00:21:06.975>very <00:21:07.149>optimistic. <00:21:07.325>Others <00:21:07.500>physics <00:21:07.675>say, <00:21:07.850>"Ah, <00:21:08.024>30 <00:21:08.200>years." 00:21:08.550 --> 00:21:08.560 align:start position:0% <00:21:08.550>say, <00:21:08.553>"Ah, <00:21:08.556>30 <00:21:08.559>years." 00:21:08.560 --> 00:21:10.110 align:start position:0% <00:21:08.560>say, <00:21:08.699>"Ah, <00:21:08.839>30 <00:21:08.978>years." <00:21:09.118>So, <00:21:09.257>up <00:21:09.397>to <00:21:09.536>you <00:21:09.676>how <00:21:09.815>optimistic <00:21:09.955>or 00:21:10.110 --> 00:21:10.120 align:start position:0% <00:21:10.110>So, <00:21:10.111>up <00:21:10.112>to <00:21:10.114>you <00:21:10.116>how <00:21:10.117>optimistic <00:21:10.119>or 00:21:10.120 --> 00:21:11.790 align:start position:0% <00:21:10.120>So, <00:21:10.236>up <00:21:10.353>to <00:21:10.469>you <00:21:10.586>how <00:21:10.703>optimistic <00:21:10.820>or <00:21:10.936>pessimistic <00:21:11.053>you <00:21:11.169>are, <00:21:11.286>okay? <00:21:11.403>But, <00:21:11.520>it's 00:21:11.790 --> 00:21:11.800 align:start position:0% <00:21:11.790>pessimistic <00:21:11.791>you <00:21:11.793>are, <00:21:11.795>okay? <00:21:11.797>But, <00:21:11.799>it's 00:21:11.800 --> 00:21:12.950 align:start position:0% <00:21:11.800>pessimistic <00:21:11.894>you <00:21:11.988>are, <00:21:12.082>okay? <00:21:12.176>But, <00:21:12.270>it's <00:21:12.364>possible. <00:21:12.458>It's <00:21:12.552>just <00:21:12.646>a <00:21:12.740>question <00:21:12.835>of 00:21:12.950 --> 00:21:12.960 align:start position:0% <00:21:12.950>possible. <00:21:12.951>It's <00:21:12.953>just <00:21:12.955>a <00:21:12.957>question <00:21:12.959>of 00:21:12.960 --> 00:21:14.190 align:start position:0% <00:21:12.960>possible. <00:21:13.144>It's <00:21:13.329>just <00:21:13.513>a <00:21:13.698>question <00:21:13.882>of <00:21:14.067>hardware. 00:21:14.190 --> 00:21:14.200 align:start position:0% hardware. 00:21:14.200 --> 00:21:15.670 align:start position:0% <00:21:14.200>hardware. <00:21:14.389>And <00:21:14.578>there <00:21:14.767>is <00:21:14.956>this <00:21:15.145>harvest <00:21:15.334>now <00:21:15.523>decrypt 00:21:15.670 --> 00:21:15.680 align:start position:0% <00:21:15.670>And <00:21:15.671>there <00:21:15.673>is <00:21:15.674>this <00:21:15.676>harvest <00:21:15.677>now <00:21:15.679>decrypt 00:21:15.680 --> 00:21:17.790 align:start position:0% <00:21:15.680>And <00:21:15.796>there <00:21:15.913>is <00:21:16.030>this <00:21:16.146>harvest <00:21:16.263>now <00:21:16.380>decrypt <00:21:16.496>later. <00:21:16.613>So, <00:21:16.730>whatever <00:21:16.846>you <00:21:16.963>have <00:21:17.080>something 00:21:17.790 --> 00:21:17.800 align:start position:0% <00:21:17.790>later. <00:21:17.791>So, <00:21:17.793>whatever <00:21:17.795>you <00:21:17.797>have <00:21:17.799>something 00:21:17.800 --> 00:21:19.430 align:start position:0% <00:21:17.800>later. <00:21:17.916>So, <00:21:18.033>whatever <00:21:18.149>you <00:21:18.266>have <00:21:18.383>something <00:21:18.500>which <00:21:18.616>is <00:21:18.733>also <00:21:18.850>still <00:21:18.966>relevant <00:21:19.083>in <00:21:19.200>30 00:21:19.430 --> 00:21:19.440 align:start position:0% <00:21:19.430>which <00:21:19.431>is <00:21:19.433>also <00:21:19.434>still <00:21:19.436>relevant <00:21:19.437>in <00:21:19.439>30 00:21:19.440 --> 00:21:21.550 align:start position:0% <00:21:19.440>which <00:21:19.567>is <00:21:19.694>also <00:21:19.821>still <00:21:19.949>relevant <00:21:20.076>in <00:21:20.203>30 <00:21:20.330>years, <00:21:20.458>you <00:21:20.585>must <00:21:20.712>apply <00:21:20.840>post-quantum 00:21:21.550 --> 00:21:21.560 align:start position:0% <00:21:21.550>years, <00:21:21.552>you <00:21:21.554>must <00:21:21.556>apply <00:21:21.559>post-quantum 00:21:21.560 --> 00:21:23.310 align:start position:0% <00:21:21.560>years, <00:21:21.793>you <00:21:22.026>must <00:21:22.260>apply <00:21:22.493>post-quantum <00:21:22.726>cryptography <00:21:22.960>today. 00:21:23.310 --> 00:21:23.320 align:start position:0% <00:21:23.310>cryptography <00:21:23.319>today. 00:21:23.320 --> 00:21:25.230 align:start position:0% <00:21:23.320>cryptography <00:21:23.520>today. <00:21:23.720>Symmetric <00:21:23.919>keys <00:21:24.120>remain <00:21:24.320>safe, <00:21:24.520>more <00:21:24.720>or 00:21:25.230 --> 00:21:25.240 align:start position:0% <00:21:25.230>Symmetric <00:21:25.231>keys <00:21:25.233>remain <00:21:25.235>safe, <00:21:25.237>more <00:21:25.239>or 00:21:25.240 --> 00:21:27.110 align:start position:0% <00:21:25.240>Symmetric <00:21:25.380>keys <00:21:25.520>remain <00:21:25.660>safe, <00:21:25.800>more <00:21:25.940>or <00:21:26.080>less, <00:21:26.220>okay? <00:21:26.360>There's <00:21:26.500>another <00:21:26.640>algorithm 00:21:27.110 --> 00:21:27.120 align:start position:0% <00:21:27.110>less, <00:21:27.112>okay? <00:21:27.114>There's <00:21:27.116>another <00:21:27.119>algorithm 00:21:27.120 --> 00:21:28.510 align:start position:0% <00:21:27.120>less, <00:21:27.233>okay? <00:21:27.347>There's <00:21:27.461>another <00:21:27.574>algorithm <00:21:27.688>which <00:21:27.802>is <00:21:27.916>called <00:21:28.029>Grover. <00:21:28.143>This <00:21:28.257>is <00:21:28.371>very 00:21:28.510 --> 00:21:28.520 align:start position:0% <00:21:28.510>which <00:21:28.511>is <00:21:28.513>called <00:21:28.514>Grover. <00:21:28.516>This <00:21:28.517>is <00:21:28.519>very 00:21:28.520 --> 00:21:31.270 align:start position:0% <00:21:28.520>which <00:21:28.636>is <00:21:28.753>called <00:21:28.870>Grover. <00:21:28.986>This <00:21:29.103>is <00:21:29.220>very <00:21:29.336>good <00:21:29.453>at <00:21:29.570>brute <00:21:29.686>force. <00:21:29.803>So, <00:21:29.920>also 00:21:31.270 --> 00:21:31.280 align:start position:0% <00:21:31.270>good <00:21:31.271>at <00:21:31.273>brute <00:21:31.275>force. <00:21:31.277>So, <00:21:31.279>also 00:21:31.280 --> 00:21:33.550 align:start position:0% <00:21:31.280>good <00:21:31.396>at <00:21:31.513>brute <00:21:31.629>force. <00:21:31.746>So, <00:21:31.863>also <00:21:31.980>I <00:21:32.096>yes, <00:21:32.213>it's <00:21:32.330>a <00:21:32.446>little <00:21:32.563>problematic, <00:21:32.680>but 00:21:33.550 --> 00:21:33.560 align:start position:0% <00:21:33.550>I <00:21:33.551>yes, <00:21:33.553>it's <00:21:33.554>a <00:21:33.556>little <00:21:33.557>problematic, <00:21:33.559>but 00:21:33.560 --> 00:21:35.510 align:start position:0% <00:21:33.560>I <00:21:33.667>yes, <00:21:33.775>it's <00:21:33.883>a <00:21:33.990>little <00:21:34.098>problematic, <00:21:34.206>but <00:21:34.313>really <00:21:34.421>thing <00:21:34.529>here <00:21:34.636>is <00:21:34.744>asymmetric. <00:21:34.852>So, <00:21:34.960>we 00:21:35.510 --> 00:21:35.520 align:start position:0% <00:21:35.510>really <00:21:35.511>thing <00:21:35.513>here <00:21:35.514>is <00:21:35.516>asymmetric. <00:21:35.517>So, <00:21:35.519>we 00:21:35.520 --> 00:21:36.670 align:start position:0% <00:21:35.520>really <00:21:35.667>thing <00:21:35.815>here <00:21:35.963>is <00:21:36.111>asymmetric. <00:21:36.259>So, <00:21:36.407>we <00:21:36.555>must 00:21:36.670 --> 00:21:36.680 align:start position:0% must 00:21:36.680 --> 00:21:38.750 align:start position:0% <00:21:36.680>must <00:21:36.855>come <00:21:37.030>to <00:21:37.205>the <00:21:37.380>point, <00:21:37.555>how <00:21:37.730>can <00:21:37.905>we <00:21:38.080>exchange 00:21:38.750 --> 00:21:38.760 align:start position:0% <00:21:38.750>come <00:21:38.751>to <00:21:38.752>the <00:21:38.753>point, <00:21:38.755>how <00:21:38.756>can <00:21:38.757>we <00:21:38.759>exchange 00:21:38.760 --> 00:21:39.790 align:start position:0% <00:21:38.760>come <00:21:38.831>to <00:21:38.902>the <00:21:38.973>point, <00:21:39.045>how <00:21:39.116>can <00:21:39.187>we <00:21:39.259>exchange <00:21:39.330>keys? <00:21:39.401>And <00:21:39.473>this <00:21:39.544>brings <00:21:39.615>us <00:21:39.687>to 00:21:39.790 --> 00:21:39.800 align:start position:0% <00:21:39.790>keys? <00:21:39.791>And <00:21:39.793>this <00:21:39.795>brings <00:21:39.797>us <00:21:39.799>to 00:21:39.800 --> 00:21:41.710 align:start position:0% <00:21:39.800>keys? <00:21:40.033>And <00:21:40.266>this <00:21:40.500>brings <00:21:40.733>us <00:21:40.966>to <00:21:41.200>post-quantum. 00:21:41.710 --> 00:21:41.720 align:start position:0% post-quantum. 00:21:41.720 --> 00:21:43.470 align:start position:0% <00:21:41.720>post-quantum. <00:21:42.186>The <00:21:42.653>last <00:21:43.120>chapter. 00:21:43.470 --> 00:21:43.480 align:start position:0% <00:21:43.470>The <00:21:43.474>last <00:21:43.479>chapter. 00:21:43.480 --> 00:21:44.830 align:start position:0% <00:21:43.480>The <00:21:43.885>last <00:21:44.290>chapter. <00:21:44.695>And 00:21:44.830 --> 00:21:44.840 align:start position:0% And 00:21:44.840 --> 00:21:47.150 align:start position:0% <00:21:44.840>And <00:21:45.040>as <00:21:45.240>I <00:21:45.439>said <00:21:45.639>already, <00:21:45.840>it's <00:21:46.040>again <00:21:46.240>trapdoor 00:21:47.150 --> 00:21:47.160 align:start position:0% <00:21:47.150>as <00:21:47.151>I <00:21:47.153>said <00:21:47.154>already, <00:21:47.156>it's <00:21:47.157>again <00:21:47.159>trapdoor 00:21:47.160 --> 00:21:48.350 align:start position:0% <00:21:47.160>as <00:21:47.313>I <00:21:47.466>said <00:21:47.619>already, <00:21:47.772>it's <00:21:47.925>again <00:21:48.078>trapdoor <00:21:48.231>functions. 00:21:48.350 --> 00:21:48.360 align:start position:0% functions. 00:21:48.360 --> 00:21:49.990 align:start position:0% <00:21:48.360>functions. <00:21:48.593>But, <00:21:48.826>trapdoor <00:21:49.060>function <00:21:49.293>that <00:21:49.526>are <00:21:49.760>not 00:21:49.990 --> 00:21:50.000 align:start position:0% <00:21:49.990>But, <00:21:49.991>trapdoor <00:21:49.993>function <00:21:49.995>that <00:21:49.997>are <00:21:49.999>not 00:21:50.000 --> 00:21:51.550 align:start position:0% <00:21:50.000>But, <00:21:50.126>trapdoor <00:21:50.253>function <00:21:50.380>that <00:21:50.507>are <00:21:50.634>not <00:21:50.760>affected <00:21:50.887>by <00:21:51.014>sure. <00:21:51.141>So, <00:21:51.268>not <00:21:51.395>prime 00:21:51.550 --> 00:21:51.560 align:start position:0% <00:21:51.550>affected <00:21:51.551>by <00:21:51.553>sure. <00:21:51.555>So, <00:21:51.557>not <00:21:51.559>prime 00:21:51.560 --> 00:21:54.110 align:start position:0% <00:21:51.560>affected <00:21:51.715>by <00:21:51.871>sure. <00:21:52.026>So, <00:21:52.182>not <00:21:52.337>prime <00:21:52.493>factorization <00:21:52.648>or <00:21:52.804>discrete <00:21:52.960>logarithm. 00:21:54.110 --> 00:21:54.120 align:start position:0% <00:21:54.110>factorization <00:21:54.112>or <00:21:54.116>discrete <00:21:54.119>logarithm. 00:21:54.120 --> 00:21:56.590 align:start position:0% <00:21:54.120>factorization <00:21:54.247>or <00:21:54.374>discrete <00:21:54.501>logarithm. <00:21:54.629>Um <00:21:54.756>they <00:21:54.883>have <00:21:55.010>really <00:21:55.138>cool <00:21:55.265>names. <00:21:55.392>Um <00:21:55.520>there 00:21:56.590 --> 00:21:56.600 align:start position:0% <00:21:56.590>Um <00:21:56.591>they <00:21:56.592>have <00:21:56.593>really <00:21:56.595>cool <00:21:56.596>names. <00:21:56.597>Um <00:21:56.599>there 00:21:56.600 --> 00:21:58.710 align:start position:0% <00:21:56.600>Um <00:21:56.755>they <00:21:56.911>have <00:21:57.066>really <00:21:57.222>cool <00:21:57.377>names. <00:21:57.533>Um <00:21:57.688>there <00:21:57.844>was <00:21:58.000>an 00:21:58.710 --> 00:21:58.720 align:start position:0% <00:21:58.710>was <00:21:58.719>an 00:21:58.720 --> 00:22:01.430 align:start position:0% <00:21:58.720>was <00:21:58.895>an <00:21:59.070>Yeah, <00:21:59.245>a <00:21:59.420>championship <00:21:59.595>by <00:21:59.770>the <00:21:59.945>NIST <00:22:00.120>or 00:22:01.430 --> 00:22:01.440 align:start position:0% <00:22:01.430>Yeah, <00:22:01.431>a <00:22:01.433>championship <00:22:01.434>by <00:22:01.436>the <00:22:01.437>NIST <00:22:01.439>or 00:22:01.440 --> 00:22:03.150 align:start position:0% <00:22:01.440>Yeah, <00:22:01.580>a <00:22:01.720>championship <00:22:01.860>by <00:22:02.000>the <00:22:02.140>NIST <00:22:02.280>or <00:22:02.420>National <00:22:02.560>here <00:22:02.700>is <00:22:02.840>US. 00:22:03.150 --> 00:22:03.160 align:start position:0% <00:22:03.150>National <00:22:03.153>here <00:22:03.156>is <00:22:03.159>US. 00:22:03.160 --> 00:22:05.190 align:start position:0% <00:22:03.160>National <00:22:03.335>here <00:22:03.510>is <00:22:03.685>US. <00:22:03.860>And <00:22:04.035>these <00:22:04.210>are <00:22:04.385>one. <00:22:04.560>Uh 00:22:05.190 --> 00:22:05.200 align:start position:0% <00:22:05.190>And <00:22:05.192>these <00:22:05.194>are <00:22:05.196>one. <00:22:05.199>Uh 00:22:05.200 --> 00:22:07.070 align:start position:0% <00:22:05.200>And <00:22:05.316>these <00:22:05.433>are <00:22:05.550>one. <00:22:05.666>Uh <00:22:05.783>earlier <00:22:05.900>today <00:22:06.016>there <00:22:06.133>was <00:22:06.250>on <00:22:06.366>Falcon <00:22:06.483>was <00:22:06.600>an 00:22:07.070 --> 00:22:07.080 align:start position:0% <00:22:07.070>earlier <00:22:07.071>today <00:22:07.072>there <00:22:07.073>was <00:22:07.075>on <00:22:07.076>Falcon <00:22:07.077>was <00:22:07.079>an 00:22:07.080 --> 00:22:09.750 align:start position:0% <00:22:07.080>earlier <00:22:07.220>today <00:22:07.360>there <00:22:07.500>was <00:22:07.639>on <00:22:07.780>Falcon <00:22:07.919>was <00:22:08.060>an <00:22:08.199>interesting <00:22:08.340>talk. <00:22:08.480>Um 00:22:09.750 --> 00:22:09.760 align:start position:0% <00:22:09.750>interesting <00:22:09.754>talk. <00:22:09.759>Um 00:22:09.760 --> 00:22:11.830 align:start position:0% <00:22:09.760>interesting <00:22:09.993>talk. <00:22:10.226>Um <00:22:10.460>in <00:22:10.693>TypeScript <00:22:10.926>from <00:22:11.160>colleague. 00:22:11.830 --> 00:22:11.840 align:start position:0% <00:22:11.830>in <00:22:11.832>TypeScript <00:22:11.836>from <00:22:11.839>colleague. 00:22:11.840 --> 00:22:13.870 align:start position:0% <00:22:11.840>in <00:22:11.956>TypeScript <00:22:12.073>from <00:22:12.189>colleague. <00:22:12.306>We <00:22:12.423>can <00:22:12.540>see <00:22:12.656>here <00:22:12.773>that <00:22:12.889>the <00:22:13.006>only <00:22:13.123>one <00:22:13.240>able 00:22:13.870 --> 00:22:13.880 align:start position:0% <00:22:13.870>We <00:22:13.871>can <00:22:13.872>see <00:22:13.873>here <00:22:13.874>that <00:22:13.875>the <00:22:13.876>only <00:22:13.877>one <00:22:13.879>able 00:22:13.880 --> 00:22:15.270 align:start position:0% <00:22:13.880>We <00:22:14.019>can <00:22:14.158>see <00:22:14.297>here <00:22:14.436>that <00:22:14.575>the <00:22:14.714>only <00:22:14.853>one <00:22:14.992>able <00:22:15.131>to 00:22:15.270 --> 00:22:15.280 align:start position:0% to 00:22:15.280 --> 00:22:18.310 align:start position:0% <00:22:15.280>to <00:22:15.513>encryption <00:22:15.746>is <00:22:15.980>Crystal <00:22:16.213>Kyber. <00:22:16.446>This <00:22:16.680>was 00:22:18.310 --> 00:22:18.320 align:start position:0% <00:22:18.310>encryption <00:22:18.311>is <00:22:18.313>Crystal <00:22:18.315>Kyber. <00:22:18.317>This <00:22:18.319>was 00:22:18.320 --> 00:22:20.950 align:start position:0% <00:22:18.320>encryption <00:22:18.427>is <00:22:18.535>Crystal <00:22:18.643>Kyber. <00:22:18.750>This <00:22:18.858>was <00:22:18.966>even <00:22:19.073>born <00:22:19.181>in <00:22:19.289>Europe <00:22:19.396>by <00:22:19.504>a <00:22:19.612>funding <00:22:19.720>project 00:22:20.950 --> 00:22:20.960 align:start position:0% <00:22:20.950>even <00:22:20.951>born <00:22:20.952>in <00:22:20.953>Europe <00:22:20.955>by <00:22:20.956>a <00:22:20.957>funding <00:22:20.959>project 00:22:20.960 --> 00:22:23.070 align:start position:0% <00:22:20.960>even <00:22:21.053>born <00:22:21.146>in <00:22:21.240>Europe <00:22:21.333>by <00:22:21.426>a <00:22:21.520>funding <00:22:21.613>project <00:22:21.706>in <00:22:21.800>2005 <00:22:21.893>when <00:22:21.986>it <00:22:22.080>was <00:22:22.173>just, <00:22:22.266>let's <00:22:22.360>say, 00:22:23.070 --> 00:22:23.080 align:start position:0% <00:22:23.070>in <00:22:23.071>2005 <00:22:23.072>when <00:22:23.073>it <00:22:23.075>was <00:22:23.076>just, <00:22:23.077>let's <00:22:23.079>say, 00:22:23.080 --> 00:22:25.590 align:start position:0% <00:22:23.080>in <00:22:23.207>2005 <00:22:23.334>when <00:22:23.461>it <00:22:23.589>was <00:22:23.716>just, <00:22:23.843>let's <00:22:23.970>say, <00:22:24.098>professionalized <00:22:24.225>for <00:22:24.352>this <00:22:24.480>winning. 00:22:25.590 --> 00:22:25.600 align:start position:0% <00:22:25.590>professionalized <00:22:25.592>for <00:22:25.596>this <00:22:25.599>winning. 00:22:25.600 --> 00:22:28.550 align:start position:0% <00:22:25.600>professionalized <00:22:25.755>for <00:22:25.911>this <00:22:26.066>winning. <00:22:26.222>Unfortunately, <00:22:26.377>in <00:22:26.533>2024 <00:22:26.688>they <00:22:26.844>have <00:22:27.000>lost 00:22:28.550 --> 00:22:28.560 align:start position:0% <00:22:28.550>Unfortunately, <00:22:28.551>in <00:22:28.553>2024 <00:22:28.555>they <00:22:28.557>have <00:22:28.559>lost 00:22:28.560 --> 00:22:30.030 align:start position:0% <00:22:28.560>Unfortunately, <00:22:28.725>in <00:22:28.890>2024 <00:22:29.056>they <00:22:29.221>have <00:22:29.386>lost <00:22:29.552>their <00:22:29.717>cool <00:22:29.883>names. 00:22:30.030 --> 00:22:30.040 align:start position:0% <00:22:30.030>their <00:22:30.034>cool <00:22:30.039>names. 00:22:30.040 --> 00:22:32.830 align:start position:0% <00:22:30.040>their <00:22:30.180>cool <00:22:30.320>names. <00:22:30.460>And <00:22:30.600>now <00:22:30.740>it's <00:22:30.879>ML-KEM <00:22:31.020>and <00:22:31.159>ML-DSA. <00:22:31.300>I <00:22:31.440>still 00:22:32.830 --> 00:22:32.840 align:start position:0% <00:22:32.830>And <00:22:32.831>now <00:22:32.832>it's <00:22:32.833>ML-KEM <00:22:32.835>and <00:22:32.836>ML-DSA. <00:22:32.837>I <00:22:32.839>still 00:22:32.840 --> 00:22:35.550 align:start position:0% <00:22:32.840>And <00:22:32.947>now <00:22:33.055>it's <00:22:33.163>ML-KEM <00:22:33.270>and <00:22:33.378>ML-DSA. <00:22:33.486>I <00:22:33.593>still <00:22:33.701>prefer <00:22:33.809>Kyber, <00:22:33.916>okay? <00:22:34.024>Because <00:22:34.132>uh <00:22:34.240>it's 00:22:35.550 --> 00:22:35.560 align:start position:0% <00:22:35.550>prefer <00:22:35.551>Kyber, <00:22:35.553>okay? <00:22:35.555>Because <00:22:35.557>uh <00:22:35.559>it's 00:22:35.560 --> 00:22:37.430 align:start position:0% <00:22:35.560>prefer <00:22:35.687>Kyber, <00:22:35.814>okay? <00:22:35.941>Because <00:22:36.069>uh <00:22:36.196>it's <00:22:36.323>really <00:22:36.450>the <00:22:36.578>same. <00:22:36.705>It's <00:22:36.832>just <00:22:36.960>standardized, 00:22:37.430 --> 00:22:37.440 align:start position:0% <00:22:37.430>really <00:22:37.431>the <00:22:37.433>same. <00:22:37.435>It's <00:22:37.437>just <00:22:37.439>standardized, 00:22:37.440 --> 00:22:40.790 align:start position:0% <00:22:37.440>really <00:22:37.580>the <00:22:37.720>same. <00:22:37.860>It's <00:22:38.000>just <00:22:38.140>standardized, <00:22:38.280>okay? <00:22:38.420>And <00:22:38.560>it's <00:22:38.700>module <00:22:38.840>lattice-based 00:22:40.790 --> 00:22:40.800 align:start position:0% <00:22:40.790>okay? <00:22:40.792>And <00:22:40.794>it's <00:22:40.796>module <00:22:40.799>lattice-based 00:22:40.800 --> 00:22:42.150 align:start position:0% <00:22:40.800>okay? <00:22:41.002>And <00:22:41.205>it's <00:22:41.407>module <00:22:41.610>lattice-based <00:22:41.812>key <00:22:42.015>encryption. 00:22:42.150 --> 00:22:42.160 align:start position:0% <00:22:42.150>key <00:22:42.159>encryption. 00:22:42.160 --> 00:22:44.390 align:start position:0% <00:22:42.160>key <00:22:42.335>encryption. <00:22:42.510>What <00:22:42.685>does <00:22:42.860>it <00:22:43.035>mean <00:22:43.210>lattice-based? <00:22:43.385>This <00:22:43.560>is 00:22:44.390 --> 00:22:44.400 align:start position:0% <00:22:44.390>What <00:22:44.391>does <00:22:44.393>it <00:22:44.394>mean <00:22:44.396>lattice-based? <00:22:44.397>This <00:22:44.399>is 00:22:44.400 --> 00:22:46.230 align:start position:0% <00:22:44.400>What <00:22:44.507>does <00:22:44.615>it <00:22:44.723>mean <00:22:44.830>lattice-based? <00:22:44.938>This <00:22:45.046>is <00:22:45.153>a <00:22:45.261>lattice. <00:22:45.369>This <00:22:45.476>is <00:22:45.584>chess. <00:22:45.692>This <00:22:45.800>is 00:22:46.230 --> 00:22:46.240 align:start position:0% <00:22:46.230>a <00:22:46.231>lattice. <00:22:46.233>This <00:22:46.234>is <00:22:46.236>chess. <00:22:46.237>This <00:22:46.239>is 00:22:46.240 --> 00:22:48.590 align:start position:0% <00:22:46.240>a <00:22:46.347>lattice. <00:22:46.455>This <00:22:46.563>is <00:22:46.670>chess. <00:22:46.778>This <00:22:46.886>is <00:22:46.993>generated <00:22:47.101>by <00:22:47.209>AI. <00:22:47.316>Who <00:22:47.424>plays <00:22:47.532>chess <00:22:47.640>will 00:22:48.590 --> 00:22:48.600 align:start position:0% <00:22:48.590>generated <00:22:48.591>by <00:22:48.592>AI. <00:22:48.594>Who <00:22:48.596>plays <00:22:48.597>chess <00:22:48.599>will 00:22:48.600 --> 00:22:50.110 align:start position:0% <00:22:48.600>generated <00:22:48.794>by <00:22:48.988>AI. <00:22:49.182>Who <00:22:49.376>plays <00:22:49.570>chess <00:22:49.764>will <00:22:49.958>realize 00:22:50.110 --> 00:22:50.120 align:start position:0% realize 00:22:50.120 --> 00:22:52.910 align:start position:0% <00:22:50.120>realize <00:22:50.320>AI <00:22:50.520>is <00:22:50.719>really <00:22:50.919>bad <00:22:51.120>in <00:22:51.320>counting. <00:22:51.520>However, 00:22:52.910 --> 00:22:52.920 align:start position:0% <00:22:52.910>AI <00:22:52.911>is <00:22:52.913>really <00:22:52.914>bad <00:22:52.916>in <00:22:52.917>counting. <00:22:52.919>However, 00:22:52.920 --> 00:22:55.030 align:start position:0% <00:22:52.920>AI <00:22:53.013>is <00:22:53.106>really <00:22:53.200>bad <00:22:53.293>in <00:22:53.386>counting. <00:22:53.480>However, <00:22:53.573>it <00:22:53.666>really <00:22:53.760>good <00:22:53.853>show <00:22:53.946>it <00:22:54.040>shows <00:22:54.133>my <00:22:54.226>my <00:22:54.320>point 00:22:55.030 --> 00:22:55.040 align:start position:0% <00:22:55.030>it <00:22:55.031>really <00:22:55.032>good <00:22:55.033>show <00:22:55.034>it <00:22:55.035>shows <00:22:55.036>my <00:22:55.037>my <00:22:55.039>point 00:22:55.040 --> 00:22:56.190 align:start position:0% <00:22:55.040>it <00:22:55.104>really <00:22:55.169>good <00:22:55.234>show <00:22:55.298>it <00:22:55.363>shows <00:22:55.428>my <00:22:55.492>my <00:22:55.557>point <00:22:55.622>because <00:22:55.686>I <00:22:55.751>just <00:22:55.816>want <00:22:55.880>to <00:22:55.945>show <00:22:56.010>you <00:22:56.075>any 00:22:56.190 --> 00:22:56.200 align:start position:0% <00:22:56.190>because <00:22:56.191>I <00:22:56.192>just <00:22:56.193>want <00:22:56.195>to <00:22:56.196>show <00:22:56.197>you <00:22:56.199>any 00:22:56.200 --> 00:22:57.230 align:start position:0% <00:22:56.200>because <00:22:56.277>I <00:22:56.354>just <00:22:56.431>want <00:22:56.509>to <00:22:56.586>show <00:22:56.663>you <00:22:56.740>any <00:22:56.818>letter <00:22:56.895>lattice. <00:22:56.972>This <00:22:57.049>is <00:22:57.127>a 00:22:57.230 --> 00:22:57.240 align:start position:0% <00:22:57.230>letter <00:22:57.232>lattice. <00:22:57.234>This <00:22:57.236>is <00:22:57.239>a 00:22:57.240 --> 00:22:59.150 align:start position:0% <00:22:57.240>letter <00:22:57.473>lattice. <00:22:57.706>This <00:22:57.940>is <00:22:58.173>a <00:22:58.406>two-dimensional <00:22:58.640>lattice. 00:22:59.150 --> 00:22:59.160 align:start position:0% <00:22:59.150>two-dimensional <00:22:59.159>lattice. 00:22:59.160 --> 00:23:02.030 align:start position:0% <00:22:59.160>two-dimensional <00:22:59.335>lattice. <00:22:59.510>And <00:22:59.685>with <00:22:59.860>lattice <00:23:00.035>mathematics, <00:23:00.210>you <00:23:00.385>can <00:23:00.560>do 00:23:02.030 --> 00:23:02.040 align:start position:0% <00:23:02.030>And <00:23:02.031>with <00:23:02.033>lattice <00:23:02.034>mathematics, <00:23:02.036>you <00:23:02.037>can <00:23:02.039>do 00:23:02.040 --> 00:23:04.230 align:start position:0% <00:23:02.040>And <00:23:02.156>with <00:23:02.273>lattice <00:23:02.389>mathematics, <00:23:02.506>you <00:23:02.623>can <00:23:02.740>do <00:23:02.856>interesting <00:23:02.973>things. <00:23:03.090>For <00:23:03.206>example, <00:23:03.323>you <00:23:03.440>can 00:23:04.230 --> 00:23:04.240 align:start position:0% <00:23:04.230>interesting <00:23:04.231>things. <00:23:04.233>For <00:23:04.235>example, <00:23:04.237>you <00:23:04.239>can 00:23:04.240 --> 00:23:05.950 align:start position:0% <00:23:04.240>interesting <00:23:04.356>things. <00:23:04.473>For <00:23:04.590>example, <00:23:04.706>you <00:23:04.823>can <00:23:04.940>go <00:23:05.056>on <00:23:05.173>the <00:23:05.290>closest <00:23:05.406>vector <00:23:05.523>problem. <00:23:05.640>The 00:23:05.950 --> 00:23:05.960 align:start position:0% <00:23:05.950>go <00:23:05.951>on <00:23:05.953>the <00:23:05.954>closest <00:23:05.956>vector <00:23:05.957>problem. <00:23:05.959>The 00:23:05.960 --> 00:23:08.030 align:start position:0% <00:23:05.960>go <00:23:06.076>on <00:23:06.193>the <00:23:06.310>closest <00:23:06.426>vector <00:23:06.543>problem. <00:23:06.660>The <00:23:06.776>closest <00:23:06.893>vector <00:23:07.010>problem <00:23:07.126>is <00:23:07.243>a <00:23:07.360>trapdoor 00:23:08.030 --> 00:23:08.040 align:start position:0% <00:23:08.030>closest <00:23:08.031>vector <00:23:08.033>problem <00:23:08.035>is <00:23:08.037>a <00:23:08.039>trapdoor 00:23:08.040 --> 00:23:11.030 align:start position:0% <00:23:08.040>closest <00:23:08.167>vector <00:23:08.294>problem <00:23:08.421>is <00:23:08.549>a <00:23:08.676>trapdoor <00:23:08.803>function. <00:23:08.930>The <00:23:09.058>question <00:23:09.185>is, <00:23:09.312>how <00:23:09.440>should 00:23:11.030 --> 00:23:11.040 align:start position:0% <00:23:11.030>function. <00:23:11.031>The <00:23:11.033>question <00:23:11.035>is, <00:23:11.037>how <00:23:11.039>should 00:23:11.040 --> 00:23:13.990 align:start position:0% <00:23:11.040>function. <00:23:11.180>The <00:23:11.320>question <00:23:11.460>is, <00:23:11.600>how <00:23:11.740>should <00:23:11.879>the <00:23:12.020>knight <00:23:12.159>move <00:23:12.300>to <00:23:12.440>hit 00:23:13.990 --> 00:23:14.000 align:start position:0% <00:23:13.990>the <00:23:13.992>knight <00:23:13.994>move <00:23:13.996>to <00:23:13.999>hit 00:23:14.000 --> 00:23:15.870 align:start position:0% <00:23:14.000>the <00:23:14.107>knight <00:23:14.215>move <00:23:14.323>to <00:23:14.430>hit <00:23:14.538>uh <00:23:14.646>to <00:23:14.753>hit <00:23:14.861>the <00:23:14.969>king, <00:23:15.076>assuming <00:23:15.184>the <00:23:15.292>king <00:23:15.400>is 00:23:15.870 --> 00:23:15.880 align:start position:0% <00:23:15.870>uh <00:23:15.871>to <00:23:15.872>hit <00:23:15.873>the <00:23:15.874>king, <00:23:15.875>assuming <00:23:15.876>the <00:23:15.877>king <00:23:15.879>is 00:23:15.880 --> 00:23:18.750 align:start position:0% <00:23:15.880>uh <00:23:15.973>to <00:23:16.066>hit <00:23:16.160>the <00:23:16.253>king, <00:23:16.346>assuming <00:23:16.440>the <00:23:16.533>king <00:23:16.626>is <00:23:16.720>not <00:23:16.813>moving, <00:23:16.906>with <00:23:17.000>the <00:23:17.093>fewest <00:23:17.186>as <00:23:17.280>possible 00:23:18.750 --> 00:23:18.760 align:start position:0% <00:23:18.750>not <00:23:18.751>moving, <00:23:18.753>with <00:23:18.754>the <00:23:18.756>fewest <00:23:18.757>as <00:23:18.759>possible 00:23:18.760 --> 00:23:20.230 align:start position:0% <00:23:18.760>not <00:23:18.949>moving, <00:23:19.138>with <00:23:19.327>the <00:23:19.516>fewest <00:23:19.705>as <00:23:19.894>possible <00:23:20.083>steps. 00:23:20.230 --> 00:23:20.240 align:start position:0% steps. 00:23:20.240 --> 00:23:22.950 align:start position:0% <00:23:20.240>steps. <00:23:20.380>If <00:23:20.520>you <00:23:20.660>go <00:23:20.800>from <00:23:20.940>the <00:23:21.080>king <00:23:21.220>and <00:23:21.360>go <00:23:21.500>jump <00:23:21.640>jump 00:23:22.950 --> 00:23:22.960 align:start position:0% <00:23:22.950>If <00:23:22.951>you <00:23:22.952>go <00:23:22.953>from <00:23:22.954>the <00:23:22.955>king <00:23:22.956>and <00:23:22.957>go <00:23:22.958>jump <00:23:22.959>jump 00:23:22.960 --> 00:23:25.310 align:start position:0% <00:23:22.960>If <00:23:23.042>you <00:23:23.124>go <00:23:23.207>from <00:23:23.289>the <00:23:23.371>king <00:23:23.454>and <00:23:23.536>go <00:23:23.618>jump <00:23:23.701>jump <00:23:23.783>jump <00:23:23.865>jump <00:23:23.948>jump, <00:23:24.030>it's <00:23:24.112>easy. <00:23:24.195>But, <00:23:24.277>if <00:23:24.360>you 00:23:25.310 --> 00:23:25.320 align:start position:0% <00:23:25.310>jump <00:23:25.311>jump <00:23:25.312>jump, <00:23:25.313>it's <00:23:25.315>easy. <00:23:25.316>But, <00:23:25.317>if <00:23:25.319>you 00:23:25.320 --> 00:23:27.030 align:start position:0% <00:23:25.320>jump <00:23:25.413>jump <00:23:25.506>jump, <00:23:25.600>it's <00:23:25.693>easy. <00:23:25.786>But, <00:23:25.879>if <00:23:25.973>you <00:23:26.066>are <00:23:26.159>here <00:23:26.253>and <00:23:26.346>the <00:23:26.439>question <00:23:26.533>is, <00:23:26.626>what <00:23:26.720>is 00:23:27.030 --> 00:23:27.040 align:start position:0% <00:23:27.030>are <00:23:27.031>here <00:23:27.032>and <00:23:27.033>the <00:23:27.035>question <00:23:27.036>is, <00:23:27.037>what <00:23:27.039>is 00:23:27.040 --> 00:23:29.070 align:start position:0% <00:23:27.040>are <00:23:27.133>here <00:23:27.226>and <00:23:27.320>the <00:23:27.413>question <00:23:27.506>is, <00:23:27.600>what <00:23:27.693>is <00:23:27.786>the <00:23:27.879>fewest <00:23:27.973>steps <00:23:28.066>to <00:23:28.159>hit <00:23:28.253>the <00:23:28.346>king? <00:23:28.440>This 00:23:29.070 --> 00:23:29.080 align:start position:0% <00:23:29.070>the <00:23:29.071>fewest <00:23:29.072>steps <00:23:29.073>to <00:23:29.075>hit <00:23:29.076>the <00:23:29.077>king? <00:23:29.079>This 00:23:29.080 --> 00:23:30.430 align:start position:0% <00:23:29.080>the <00:23:29.173>fewest <00:23:29.266>steps <00:23:29.360>to <00:23:29.453>hit <00:23:29.547>the <00:23:29.640>king? <00:23:29.734>This <00:23:29.827>is <00:23:29.921>a <00:23:30.014>trapdoor <00:23:30.108>function. <00:23:30.201>Because <00:23:30.295>you 00:23:30.430 --> 00:23:30.440 align:start position:0% <00:23:30.430>is <00:23:30.431>a <00:23:30.433>trapdoor <00:23:30.435>function. <00:23:30.437>Because <00:23:30.439>you 00:23:30.440 --> 00:23:31.510 align:start position:0% <00:23:30.440>is <00:23:30.508>a <00:23:30.577>trapdoor <00:23:30.646>function. <00:23:30.715>Because <00:23:30.783>you <00:23:30.852>don't <00:23:30.921>know, <00:23:30.990>maybe <00:23:31.059>you <00:23:31.127>have <00:23:31.196>to <00:23:31.265>go <00:23:31.334>to <00:23:31.403>the 00:23:31.510 --> 00:23:31.520 align:start position:0% <00:23:31.510>don't <00:23:31.511>know, <00:23:31.512>maybe <00:23:31.513>you <00:23:31.514>have <00:23:31.515>to <00:23:31.516>go <00:23:31.517>to <00:23:31.519>the 00:23:31.520 --> 00:23:33.150 align:start position:0% <00:23:31.520>don't <00:23:31.620>know, <00:23:31.720>maybe <00:23:31.820>you <00:23:31.920>have <00:23:32.020>to <00:23:32.120>go <00:23:32.220>to <00:23:32.320>the <00:23:32.420>opposite <00:23:32.520>direction <00:23:32.620>first <00:23:32.720>to <00:23:32.820>really <00:23:32.920>hit 00:23:33.150 --> 00:23:33.160 align:start position:0% <00:23:33.150>opposite <00:23:33.151>direction <00:23:33.153>first <00:23:33.155>to <00:23:33.157>really <00:23:33.159>hit 00:23:33.160 --> 00:23:35.030 align:start position:0% <00:23:33.160>opposite <00:23:33.287>direction <00:23:33.414>first <00:23:33.541>to <00:23:33.669>really <00:23:33.796>hit <00:23:33.923>him. <00:23:34.050>It's <00:23:34.178>called <00:23:34.305>the <00:23:34.432>closest <00:23:34.560>vector 00:23:35.030 --> 00:23:35.040 align:start position:0% <00:23:35.030>him. <00:23:35.031>It's <00:23:35.033>called <00:23:35.035>the <00:23:35.037>closest <00:23:35.039>vector 00:23:35.040 --> 00:23:37.510 align:start position:0% <00:23:35.040>him. <00:23:35.195>It's <00:23:35.351>called <00:23:35.506>the <00:23:35.662>closest <00:23:35.817>vector <00:23:35.973>problem. <00:23:36.128>In <00:23:36.284>two <00:23:36.440>dimensions, 00:23:37.510 --> 00:23:37.520 align:start position:0% <00:23:37.510>problem. <00:23:37.513>In <00:23:37.516>two <00:23:37.519>dimensions, 00:23:37.520 --> 00:23:39.750 align:start position:0% <00:23:37.520>problem. <00:23:37.627>In <00:23:37.735>two <00:23:37.843>dimensions, <00:23:37.950>you <00:23:38.058>can <00:23:38.166>play <00:23:38.273>it <00:23:38.381>at <00:23:38.489>home. <00:23:38.596>In <00:23:38.704>three <00:23:38.812>or <00:23:38.920>n 00:23:39.750 --> 00:23:39.760 align:start position:0% <00:23:39.750>you <00:23:39.751>can <00:23:39.752>play <00:23:39.753>it <00:23:39.754>at <00:23:39.755>home. <00:23:39.756>In <00:23:39.757>three <00:23:39.758>or <00:23:39.759>n 00:23:39.760 --> 00:23:42.950 align:start position:0% <00:23:39.760>you <00:23:39.853>can <00:23:39.946>play <00:23:40.040>it <00:23:40.133>at <00:23:40.226>home. <00:23:40.320>In <00:23:40.413>three <00:23:40.506>or <00:23:40.600>n <00:23:40.693>dimension, <00:23:40.786>it <00:23:40.879>gets <00:23:40.973>really <00:23:41.066>really <00:23:41.160>hard. 00:23:42.950 --> 00:23:42.960 align:start position:0% <00:23:42.950>dimension, <00:23:42.951>it <00:23:42.953>gets <00:23:42.955>really <00:23:42.957>really <00:23:42.959>hard. 00:23:42.960 --> 00:23:45.630 align:start position:0% <00:23:42.960>dimension, <00:23:43.060>it <00:23:43.160>gets <00:23:43.260>really <00:23:43.360>really <00:23:43.460>hard. <00:23:43.560>And <00:23:43.660>this <00:23:43.760>is <00:23:43.860>how <00:23:43.960>Kyber <00:23:44.060>works, <00:23:44.160>okay? <00:23:44.260>We <00:23:44.360>go 00:23:45.630 --> 00:23:45.640 align:start position:0% <00:23:45.630>And <00:23:45.631>this <00:23:45.632>is <00:23:45.633>how <00:23:45.634>Kyber <00:23:45.635>works, <00:23:45.636>okay? <00:23:45.637>We <00:23:45.639>go 00:23:45.640 --> 00:23:48.710 align:start position:0% <00:23:45.640>And <00:23:45.727>this <00:23:45.815>is <00:23:45.902>how <00:23:45.990>Kyber <00:23:46.077>works, <00:23:46.165>okay? <00:23:46.252>We <00:23:46.340>go <00:23:46.427>this <00:23:46.515>one <00:23:46.602>by <00:23:46.690>one. <00:23:46.777>The <00:23:46.865>private <00:23:46.952>key, <00:23:47.040>really 00:23:48.710 --> 00:23:48.720 align:start position:0% <00:23:48.710>this <00:23:48.711>one <00:23:48.712>by <00:23:48.713>one. <00:23:48.715>The <00:23:48.716>private <00:23:48.717>key, <00:23:48.719>really 00:23:48.720 --> 00:23:51.270 align:start position:0% <00:23:48.720>this <00:23:48.813>one <00:23:48.906>by <00:23:49.000>one. <00:23:49.093>The <00:23:49.186>private <00:23:49.280>key, <00:23:49.373>really <00:23:49.466>interesting <00:23:49.560>here, <00:23:49.653>is <00:23:49.746>just <00:23:49.840>two. <00:23:49.933>I <00:23:50.026>made <00:23:50.120>it 00:23:51.270 --> 00:23:51.280 align:start position:0% <00:23:51.270>interesting <00:23:51.271>here, <00:23:51.272>is <00:23:51.273>just <00:23:51.275>two. <00:23:51.276>I <00:23:51.277>made <00:23:51.279>it 00:23:51.280 --> 00:23:53.590 align:start position:0% <00:23:51.280>interesting <00:23:51.379>here, <00:23:51.480>is <00:23:51.580>just <00:23:51.680>two. <00:23:51.780>I <00:23:51.879>made <00:23:51.980>it <00:23:52.080>easy, <00:23:52.180>okay? <00:23:52.280>It's <00:23:52.379>just <00:23:52.480>two <00:23:52.580>dimensions. <00:23:52.680>We 00:23:53.590 --> 00:23:53.600 align:start position:0% <00:23:53.590>easy, <00:23:53.591>okay? <00:23:53.592>It's <00:23:53.594>just <00:23:53.596>two <00:23:53.597>dimensions. <00:23:53.599>We 00:23:53.600 --> 00:23:55.710 align:start position:0% <00:23:53.600>easy, <00:23:53.716>okay? <00:23:53.833>It's <00:23:53.949>just <00:23:54.066>two <00:23:54.183>dimensions. <00:23:54.300>We <00:23:54.416>have <00:23:54.533>X <00:23:54.649>and <00:23:54.766>X <00:23:54.883>and <00:23:55.000>Y. 00:23:55.710 --> 00:23:55.720 align:start position:0% <00:23:55.710>have <00:23:55.711>X <00:23:55.713>and <00:23:55.715>X <00:23:55.717>and <00:23:55.719>Y. 00:23:55.720 --> 00:23:58.190 align:start position:0% <00:23:55.720>have <00:23:55.836>X <00:23:55.953>and <00:23:56.070>X <00:23:56.186>and <00:23:56.303>Y. <00:23:56.420>Um <00:23:56.536>and <00:23:56.653>we <00:23:56.770>build <00:23:56.886>some <00:23:57.003>linear <00:23:57.120>equations. 00:23:58.190 --> 00:23:58.200 align:start position:0% <00:23:58.190>Um <00:23:58.191>and <00:23:58.193>we <00:23:58.194>build <00:23:58.196>some <00:23:58.197>linear <00:23:58.199>equations. 00:23:58.200 --> 00:23:59.510 align:start position:0% <00:23:58.200>Um <00:23:58.290>and <00:23:58.381>we <00:23:58.472>build <00:23:58.562>some <00:23:58.653>linear <00:23:58.744>equations. <00:23:58.834>This <00:23:58.925>linear <00:23:59.016>equation <00:23:59.106>is <00:23:59.197>very <00:23:59.288>easy <00:23:59.379>to 00:23:59.510 --> 00:23:59.520 align:start position:0% <00:23:59.510>This <00:23:59.511>linear <00:23:59.513>equation <00:23:59.514>is <00:23:59.516>very <00:23:59.517>easy <00:23:59.519>to 00:23:59.520 --> 00:24:01.470 align:start position:0% <00:23:59.520>This <00:23:59.613>linear <00:23:59.706>equation <00:23:59.800>is <00:23:59.893>very <00:23:59.986>easy <00:24:00.080>to <00:24:00.173>build <00:24:00.266>from <00:24:00.360>X <00:24:00.453>and <00:24:00.546>Y. <00:24:00.639>And <00:24:00.733>this <00:24:00.826>is <00:24:00.920>always 00:24:01.470 --> 00:24:01.480 align:start position:0% <00:24:01.470>build <00:24:01.471>from <00:24:01.472>X <00:24:01.473>and <00:24:01.474>Y. <00:24:01.475>And <00:24:01.476>this <00:24:01.477>is <00:24:01.479>always 00:24:01.480 --> 00:24:04.630 align:start position:0% <00:24:01.480>build <00:24:01.550>from <00:24:01.620>X <00:24:01.690>and <00:24:01.760>Y. <00:24:01.830>And <00:24:01.900>this <00:24:01.970>is <00:24:02.040>always <00:24:02.110>true, <00:24:02.180>right? <00:24:02.250>For <00:24:02.320>say, <00:24:02.390>2 <00:24:02.460>* <00:24:02.530>3 <00:24:02.600>+ <00:24:02.670>6 <00:24:02.740>* <00:24:02.810>1 <00:24:02.880>is 00:24:04.630 --> 00:24:04.640 align:start position:0% <00:24:04.630>true, <00:24:04.630>right? <00:24:04.631>For <00:24:04.632>say, <00:24:04.633>2 <00:24:04.634>* <00:24:04.634>3 <00:24:04.635>+ <00:24:04.636>6 <00:24:04.637>* <00:24:04.638>1 <00:24:04.639>is 00:24:04.640 --> 00:24:05.590 align:start position:0% <00:24:04.640>true, <00:24:04.711>right? <00:24:04.782>For <00:24:04.853>say, <00:24:04.925>2 <00:24:04.996>* <00:24:05.067>3 <00:24:05.138>+ <00:24:05.210>6 <00:24:05.281>* <00:24:05.352>1 <00:24:05.423>is <00:24:05.495>12. 00:24:05.590 --> 00:24:05.600 align:start position:0% 12. 00:24:05.600 --> 00:24:07.070 align:start position:0% <00:24:05.600>12. <00:24:05.820>Unfortunately, <00:24:06.041>it's <00:24:06.261>also <00:24:06.482>very <00:24:06.702>easy <00:24:06.923>to 00:24:07.070 --> 00:24:07.080 align:start position:0% <00:24:07.070>Unfortunately, <00:24:07.071>it's <00:24:07.073>also <00:24:07.075>very <00:24:07.077>easy <00:24:07.079>to 00:24:07.080 --> 00:24:09.750 align:start position:0% <00:24:07.080>Unfortunately, <00:24:07.196>it's <00:24:07.313>also <00:24:07.429>very <00:24:07.546>easy <00:24:07.663>to <00:24:07.780>solve <00:24:07.896>such <00:24:08.013>a <00:24:08.129>linear <00:24:08.246>equation <00:24:08.363>system, <00:24:08.480>but 00:24:09.750 --> 00:24:09.760 align:start position:0% <00:24:09.750>solve <00:24:09.751>such <00:24:09.753>a <00:24:09.754>linear <00:24:09.756>equation <00:24:09.757>system, <00:24:09.759>but 00:24:09.760 --> 00:24:12.150 align:start position:0% <00:24:09.760>solve <00:24:09.860>such <00:24:09.960>a <00:24:10.060>linear <00:24:10.160>equation <00:24:10.260>system, <00:24:10.360>but <00:24:10.460>it's <00:24:10.560>more <00:24:10.660>or <00:24:10.760>less <00:24:10.860>impossible <00:24:10.960>to <00:24:11.060>solve <00:24:11.160>if 00:24:12.150 --> 00:24:12.160 align:start position:0% <00:24:12.150>it's <00:24:12.151>more <00:24:12.152>or <00:24:12.153>less <00:24:12.155>impossible <00:24:12.156>to <00:24:12.157>solve <00:24:12.159>if 00:24:12.160 --> 00:24:14.030 align:start position:0% <00:24:12.160>it's <00:24:12.253>more <00:24:12.346>or <00:24:12.440>less <00:24:12.533>impossible <00:24:12.626>to <00:24:12.720>solve <00:24:12.813>if <00:24:12.906>I <00:24:13.000>add <00:24:13.093>some <00:24:13.186>random <00:24:13.280>error. <00:24:13.373>I <00:24:13.466>even <00:24:13.560>don't 00:24:14.030 --> 00:24:14.040 align:start position:0% <00:24:14.030>I <00:24:14.031>add <00:24:14.032>some <00:24:14.033>random <00:24:14.035>error. <00:24:14.036>I <00:24:14.037>even <00:24:14.039>don't 00:24:14.040 --> 00:24:15.670 align:start position:0% <00:24:14.040>I <00:24:14.147>add <00:24:14.255>some <00:24:14.363>random <00:24:14.470>error. <00:24:14.578>I <00:24:14.686>even <00:24:14.793>don't <00:24:14.901>have <00:24:15.009>to <00:24:15.116>remember <00:24:15.224>this <00:24:15.332>random <00:24:15.440>error, 00:24:15.670 --> 00:24:15.680 align:start position:0% <00:24:15.670>have <00:24:15.671>to <00:24:15.673>remember <00:24:15.675>this <00:24:15.677>random <00:24:15.679>error, 00:24:15.680 --> 00:24:17.430 align:start position:0% <00:24:15.680>have <00:24:15.796>to <00:24:15.913>remember <00:24:16.030>this <00:24:16.146>random <00:24:16.263>error, <00:24:16.380>okay? <00:24:16.496>I <00:24:16.613>just <00:24:16.730>put <00:24:16.846>it. <00:24:16.963>This <00:24:17.080>linear 00:24:17.430 --> 00:24:17.440 align:start position:0% <00:24:17.430>okay? <00:24:17.431>I <00:24:17.433>just <00:24:17.434>put <00:24:17.436>it. <00:24:17.437>This <00:24:17.439>linear 00:24:17.440 --> 00:24:19.030 align:start position:0% <00:24:17.440>okay? <00:24:17.547>I <00:24:17.655>just <00:24:17.763>put <00:24:17.870>it. <00:24:17.978>This <00:24:18.086>linear <00:24:18.193>equation <00:24:18.301>is <00:24:18.409>wrong <00:24:18.516>and <00:24:18.624>you <00:24:18.732>can't <00:24:18.840>solve 00:24:19.030 --> 00:24:19.040 align:start position:0% <00:24:19.030>equation <00:24:19.031>is <00:24:19.033>wrong <00:24:19.034>and <00:24:19.036>you <00:24:19.037>can't <00:24:19.039>solve 00:24:19.040 --> 00:24:19.830 align:start position:0% <00:24:19.040>equation <00:24:19.141>is <00:24:19.243>wrong <00:24:19.344>and <00:24:19.446>you <00:24:19.547>can't <00:24:19.649>solve <00:24:19.751>it. 00:24:19.830 --> 00:24:19.840 align:start position:0% it. 00:24:19.840 --> 00:24:21.950 align:start position:0% <00:24:19.840>it. <00:24:20.014>And <00:24:20.189>of <00:24:20.365>course, <00:24:20.540>you <00:24:20.715>do <00:24:20.889>some <00:24:21.064>modulus. <00:24:21.240>How 00:24:21.950 --> 00:24:21.960 align:start position:0% <00:24:21.950>And <00:24:21.951>of <00:24:21.952>course, <00:24:21.953>you <00:24:21.955>do <00:24:21.956>some <00:24:21.957>modulus. <00:24:21.959>How 00:24:21.960 --> 00:24:24.270 align:start position:0% <00:24:21.960>And <00:24:22.060>of <00:24:22.160>course, <00:24:22.260>you <00:24:22.360>do <00:24:22.460>some <00:24:22.560>modulus. <00:24:22.660>How <00:24:22.760>could <00:24:22.860>it <00:24:22.960>be, <00:24:23.060>okay? <00:24:23.160>And <00:24:23.260>now, <00:24:23.360>encryption 00:24:24.270 --> 00:24:24.280 align:start position:0% <00:24:24.270>could <00:24:24.271>it <00:24:24.273>be, <00:24:24.274>okay? <00:24:24.276>And <00:24:24.277>now, <00:24:24.279>encryption 00:24:24.280 --> 00:24:25.470 align:start position:0% <00:24:24.280>could <00:24:24.362>it <00:24:24.444>be, <00:24:24.527>okay? <00:24:24.609>And <00:24:24.691>now, <00:24:24.774>encryption <00:24:24.856>is <00:24:24.939>working <00:24:25.021>like <00:24:25.103>this. <00:24:25.186>Or <00:24:25.268>maybe <00:24:25.351>the 00:24:25.470 --> 00:24:25.480 align:start position:0% <00:24:25.470>is <00:24:25.471>working <00:24:25.473>like <00:24:25.474>this. <00:24:25.476>Or <00:24:25.477>maybe <00:24:25.479>the 00:24:25.480 --> 00:24:27.230 align:start position:0% <00:24:25.480>is <00:24:25.587>working <00:24:25.695>like <00:24:25.803>this. <00:24:25.910>Or <00:24:26.018>maybe <00:24:26.126>the <00:24:26.233>interesting <00:24:26.341>part <00:24:26.449>is <00:24:26.556>this <00:24:26.664>is <00:24:26.772>the <00:24:26.880>public 00:24:27.230 --> 00:24:27.240 align:start position:0% <00:24:27.230>interesting <00:24:27.231>part <00:24:27.233>is <00:24:27.234>this <00:24:27.236>is <00:24:27.237>the <00:24:27.239>public 00:24:27.240 --> 00:24:28.150 align:start position:0% <00:24:27.240>interesting <00:24:27.357>part <00:24:27.474>is <00:24:27.591>this <00:24:27.708>is <00:24:27.825>the <00:24:27.942>public <00:24:28.059>key. 00:24:28.150 --> 00:24:28.160 align:start position:0% key. 00:24:28.160 --> 00:24:30.630 align:start position:0% <00:24:28.160>key. <00:24:28.360>All <00:24:28.560>right, <00:24:28.760>the <00:24:28.960>public <00:24:29.160>key <00:24:29.360>in <00:24:29.560>ML-KEM 00:24:30.630 --> 00:24:30.640 align:start position:0% <00:24:30.630>All <00:24:30.631>right, <00:24:30.633>the <00:24:30.634>public <00:24:30.636>key <00:24:30.637>in <00:24:30.639>ML-KEM 00:24:30.640 --> 00:24:33.950 align:start position:0% <00:24:30.640>All <00:24:30.756>right, <00:24:30.873>the <00:24:30.990>public <00:24:31.106>key <00:24:31.223>in <00:24:31.340>ML-KEM <00:24:31.456>is <00:24:31.573>uh <00:24:31.690>linear <00:24:31.806>equations <00:24:31.923>with <00:24:32.040>errors 00:24:33.950 --> 00:24:33.960 align:start position:0% <00:24:33.950>is <00:24:33.951>uh <00:24:33.953>linear <00:24:33.955>equations <00:24:33.957>with <00:24:33.959>errors 00:24:33.960 --> 00:24:35.710 align:start position:0% <00:24:33.960>is <00:24:34.193>uh <00:24:34.426>linear <00:24:34.660>equations <00:24:34.893>with <00:24:35.126>errors <00:24:35.360>system. 00:24:35.710 --> 00:24:35.720 align:start position:0% system. 00:24:35.720 --> 00:24:38.830 align:start position:0% <00:24:35.720>system. <00:24:35.895>Encryption, <00:24:36.070>what <00:24:36.245>you <00:24:36.420>do <00:24:36.595>is <00:24:36.770>now <00:24:36.945>you <00:24:37.120>took 00:24:38.830 --> 00:24:38.840 align:start position:0% <00:24:38.830>Encryption, <00:24:38.831>what <00:24:38.832>you <00:24:38.833>do <00:24:38.835>is <00:24:38.836>now <00:24:38.837>you <00:24:38.839>took 00:24:38.840 --> 00:24:40.950 align:start position:0% <00:24:38.840>Encryption, <00:24:38.956>what <00:24:39.073>you <00:24:39.189>do <00:24:39.306>is <00:24:39.423>now <00:24:39.540>you <00:24:39.656>took <00:24:39.773>some <00:24:39.889>random <00:24:40.006>functions, <00:24:40.123>for <00:24:40.240>example, 00:24:40.950 --> 00:24:40.960 align:start position:0% <00:24:40.950>some <00:24:40.952>random <00:24:40.954>functions, <00:24:40.956>for <00:24:40.959>example, 00:24:40.960 --> 00:24:42.590 align:start position:0% <00:24:40.960>some <00:24:41.076>random <00:24:41.193>functions, <00:24:41.310>for <00:24:41.426>example, <00:24:41.543>these <00:24:41.660>two, <00:24:41.776>okay? <00:24:41.893>To <00:24:42.010>make <00:24:42.126>it <00:24:42.243>very <00:24:42.360>simple, 00:24:42.590 --> 00:24:42.600 align:start position:0% <00:24:42.590>these <00:24:42.591>two, <00:24:42.592>okay? <00:24:42.593>To <00:24:42.595>make <00:24:42.596>it <00:24:42.597>very <00:24:42.599>simple, 00:24:42.600 --> 00:24:45.590 align:start position:0% <00:24:42.600>these <00:24:42.699>two, <00:24:42.800>okay? <00:24:42.899>To <00:24:43.000>make <00:24:43.100>it <00:24:43.199>very <00:24:43.300>simple, <00:24:43.399>you <00:24:43.500>add <00:24:43.600>them. <00:24:43.699>Like <00:24:43.800>2X <00:24:43.899>+ <00:24:44.000>8X. 00:24:45.590 --> 00:24:45.600 align:start position:0% <00:24:45.590>you <00:24:45.591>add <00:24:45.592>them. <00:24:45.594>Like <00:24:45.596>2X <00:24:45.597>+ <00:24:45.599>8X. 00:24:45.600 --> 00:24:47.990 align:start position:0% <00:24:45.600>you <00:24:45.716>add <00:24:45.833>them. <00:24:45.949>Like <00:24:46.066>2X <00:24:46.183>+ <00:24:46.300>8X. <00:24:46.416>So, <00:24:46.533>and <00:24:46.649>so <00:24:46.766>on. <00:24:46.883>And <00:24:47.000>you 00:24:47.990 --> 00:24:48.000 align:start position:0% <00:24:47.990>So, <00:24:47.991>and <00:24:47.993>so <00:24:47.995>on. <00:24:47.997>And <00:24:47.999>you 00:24:48.000 --> 00:24:49.950 align:start position:0% <00:24:48.000>So, <00:24:48.116>and <00:24:48.233>so <00:24:48.350>on. <00:24:48.466>And <00:24:48.583>you <00:24:48.700>multiply. <00:24:48.816>Now <00:24:48.933>you <00:24:49.050>have <00:24:49.166>a <00:24:49.283>function. <00:24:49.400>And 00:24:49.950 --> 00:24:49.960 align:start position:0% <00:24:49.950>multiply. <00:24:49.951>Now <00:24:49.953>you <00:24:49.954>have <00:24:49.956>a <00:24:49.957>function. <00:24:49.959>And 00:24:49.960 --> 00:24:52.670 align:start position:0% <00:24:49.960>multiply. <00:24:50.067>Now <00:24:50.175>you <00:24:50.283>have <00:24:50.390>a <00:24:50.498>function. <00:24:50.606>And <00:24:50.713>now, <00:24:50.821>you <00:24:50.929>encrypt. <00:24:51.036>This <00:24:51.144>again <00:24:51.252>has <00:24:51.360>nothing 00:24:52.670 --> 00:24:52.680 align:start position:0% <00:24:52.670>now, <00:24:52.671>you <00:24:52.673>encrypt. <00:24:52.674>This <00:24:52.676>again <00:24:52.677>has <00:24:52.679>nothing 00:24:52.680 --> 00:24:54.030 align:start position:0% <00:24:52.680>now, <00:24:52.766>you <00:24:52.853>encrypt. <00:24:52.940>This <00:24:53.027>again <00:24:53.113>has <00:24:53.200>nothing <00:24:53.287>to <00:24:53.374>do <00:24:53.461>with <00:24:53.547>quantum, <00:24:53.634>right? <00:24:53.721>This <00:24:53.808>is <00:24:53.895>just 00:24:54.030 --> 00:24:54.040 align:start position:0% <00:24:54.030>to <00:24:54.031>do <00:24:54.032>with <00:24:54.033>quantum, <00:24:54.035>right? <00:24:54.036>This <00:24:54.037>is <00:24:54.039>just 00:24:54.040 --> 00:24:56.750 align:start position:0% <00:24:54.040>to <00:24:54.156>do <00:24:54.273>with <00:24:54.389>quantum, <00:24:54.506>right? <00:24:54.623>This <00:24:54.740>is <00:24:54.856>just <00:24:54.973>pure <00:24:55.090>trapdoor <00:24:55.206>function <00:24:55.323>mathematics. <00:24:55.440>And 00:24:56.750 --> 00:24:56.760 align:start position:0% <00:24:56.750>pure <00:24:56.752>trapdoor <00:24:56.754>function <00:24:56.756>mathematics. <00:24:56.759>And 00:24:56.760 --> 00:24:59.110 align:start position:0% <00:24:56.760>pure <00:24:56.867>trapdoor <00:24:56.975>function <00:24:57.083>mathematics. <00:24:57.190>And <00:24:57.298>if <00:24:57.406>you <00:24:57.513>want <00:24:57.621>to <00:24:57.729>encrypt <00:24:57.836>a <00:24:57.944>zero, <00:24:58.052>you <00:24:58.160>take 00:24:59.110 --> 00:24:59.120 align:start position:0% <00:24:59.110>if <00:24:59.111>you <00:24:59.112>want <00:24:59.113>to <00:24:59.114>encrypt <00:24:59.115>a <00:24:59.116>zero, <00:24:59.117>you <00:24:59.119>take 00:24:59.120 --> 00:25:00.990 align:start position:0% <00:24:59.120>if <00:24:59.236>you <00:24:59.353>want <00:24:59.469>to <00:24:59.586>encrypt <00:24:59.703>a <00:24:59.820>zero, <00:24:59.936>you <00:25:00.053>take <00:25:00.169>the <00:25:00.286>function <00:25:00.403>as <00:25:00.520>is. 00:25:00.990 --> 00:25:01.000 align:start position:0% <00:25:00.990>the <00:25:00.993>function <00:25:00.996>as <00:25:00.999>is. 00:25:01.000 --> 00:25:02.470 align:start position:0% <00:25:01.000>the <00:25:01.120>function <00:25:01.240>as <00:25:01.360>is. <00:25:01.481>Okay, <00:25:01.601>the <00:25:01.721>modulus <00:25:01.841>is <00:25:01.962>also <00:25:02.082>part <00:25:02.202>of <00:25:02.323>the 00:25:02.470 --> 00:25:02.480 align:start position:0% <00:25:02.470>Okay, <00:25:02.471>the <00:25:02.472>modulus <00:25:02.473>is <00:25:02.475>also <00:25:02.476>part <00:25:02.477>of <00:25:02.479>the 00:25:02.480 --> 00:25:05.070 align:start position:0% <00:25:02.480>Okay, <00:25:02.596>the <00:25:02.713>modulus <00:25:02.830>is <00:25:02.946>also <00:25:03.063>part <00:25:03.180>of <00:25:03.296>the <00:25:03.413>property <00:25:03.530>key <00:25:03.646>both <00:25:03.763>sides <00:25:03.880>know. 00:25:05.070 --> 00:25:05.080 align:start position:0% <00:25:05.070>property <00:25:05.072>key <00:25:05.074>both <00:25:05.076>sides <00:25:05.079>know. 00:25:05.080 --> 00:25:07.190 align:start position:0% <00:25:05.080>property <00:25:05.187>key <00:25:05.295>both <00:25:05.403>sides <00:25:05.510>know. <00:25:05.618>If <00:25:05.726>you <00:25:05.833>want <00:25:05.941>to <00:25:06.049>encrypt <00:25:06.156>a <00:25:06.264>zero, <00:25:06.372>you <00:25:06.480>just 00:25:07.190 --> 00:25:07.200 align:start position:0% <00:25:07.190>If <00:25:07.191>you <00:25:07.192>want <00:25:07.193>to <00:25:07.194>encrypt <00:25:07.195>a <00:25:07.196>zero, <00:25:07.197>you <00:25:07.199>just 00:25:07.200 --> 00:25:09.390 align:start position:0% <00:25:07.200>If <00:25:07.282>you <00:25:07.364>want <00:25:07.447>to <00:25:07.529>encrypt <00:25:07.611>a <00:25:07.694>zero, <00:25:07.776>you <00:25:07.858>just <00:25:07.941>take <00:25:08.023>the <00:25:08.105>function <00:25:08.188>as <00:25:08.270>is. <00:25:08.352>If <00:25:08.435>you <00:25:08.517>want <00:25:08.600>to 00:25:09.390 --> 00:25:09.400 align:start position:0% <00:25:09.390>take <00:25:09.391>the <00:25:09.392>function <00:25:09.393>as <00:25:09.394>is. <00:25:09.395>If <00:25:09.396>you <00:25:09.397>want <00:25:09.399>to 00:25:09.400 --> 00:25:11.510 align:start position:0% <00:25:09.400>take <00:25:09.482>the <00:25:09.564>function <00:25:09.647>as <00:25:09.729>is. <00:25:09.811>If <00:25:09.894>you <00:25:09.976>want <00:25:10.058>to <00:25:10.141>encrypt <00:25:10.223>a <00:25:10.305>one, <00:25:10.388>you <00:25:10.470>add <00:25:10.552>the <00:25:10.635>half <00:25:10.717>of <00:25:10.800>the 00:25:11.510 --> 00:25:11.520 align:start position:0% <00:25:11.510>encrypt <00:25:11.511>a <00:25:11.512>one, <00:25:11.513>you <00:25:11.514>add <00:25:11.515>the <00:25:11.516>half <00:25:11.517>of <00:25:11.519>the 00:25:11.520 --> 00:25:14.710 align:start position:0% <00:25:11.520>encrypt <00:25:11.636>a <00:25:11.753>one, <00:25:11.870>you <00:25:11.986>add <00:25:12.103>the <00:25:12.220>half <00:25:12.336>of <00:25:12.453>the <00:25:12.570>modulus <00:25:12.686>to <00:25:12.803>the <00:25:12.920>result. 00:25:14.710 --> 00:25:14.720 align:start position:0% <00:25:14.710>modulus <00:25:14.713>to <00:25:14.716>the <00:25:14.719>result. 00:25:14.720 --> 00:25:18.110 align:start position:0% <00:25:14.720>modulus <00:25:14.836>to <00:25:14.953>the <00:25:15.070>result. <00:25:15.186>So, <00:25:15.303>this <00:25:15.420>is <00:25:15.536>now <00:25:15.653>over <00:25:15.770>the <00:25:15.886>wire. <00:25:16.003>There <00:25:16.120>are 00:25:18.110 --> 00:25:18.120 align:start position:0% <00:25:18.110>So, <00:25:18.111>this <00:25:18.112>is <00:25:18.113>now <00:25:18.114>over <00:25:18.115>the <00:25:18.116>wire. <00:25:18.117>There <00:25:18.119>are 00:25:18.120 --> 00:25:20.990 align:start position:0% <00:25:18.120>So, <00:25:18.227>this <00:25:18.335>is <00:25:18.443>now <00:25:18.550>over <00:25:18.658>the <00:25:18.766>wire. <00:25:18.873>There <00:25:18.981>are <00:25:19.089>again <00:25:19.196>equations <00:25:19.304>on <00:25:19.412>the <00:25:19.520>wire. 00:25:20.990 --> 00:25:21.000 align:start position:0% <00:25:20.990>again <00:25:20.992>equations <00:25:20.994>on <00:25:20.996>the <00:25:20.999>wire. 00:25:21.000 --> 00:25:22.430 align:start position:0% <00:25:21.000>again <00:25:21.183>equations <00:25:21.367>on <00:25:21.551>the <00:25:21.735>wire. <00:25:21.919>The <00:25:22.103>point <00:25:22.287>is 00:25:22.430 --> 00:25:22.440 align:start position:0% <00:25:22.430>The <00:25:22.434>point <00:25:22.439>is 00:25:22.440 --> 00:25:24.830 align:start position:0% <00:25:22.440>The <00:25:22.580>point <00:25:22.720>is <00:25:22.860>he <00:25:23.000>saw <00:25:23.140>the <00:25:23.280>public <00:25:23.420>key, <00:25:23.560>but <00:25:23.700>he <00:25:23.840>can't 00:25:24.830 --> 00:25:24.840 align:start position:0% <00:25:24.830>he <00:25:24.831>saw <00:25:24.832>the <00:25:24.833>public <00:25:24.835>key, <00:25:24.836>but <00:25:24.837>he <00:25:24.839>can't 00:25:24.840 --> 00:25:27.230 align:start position:0% <00:25:24.840>he <00:25:24.939>saw <00:25:25.040>the <00:25:25.139>public <00:25:25.240>key, <00:25:25.340>but <00:25:25.439>he <00:25:25.540>can't <00:25:25.639>solve. <00:25:25.740>He <00:25:25.840>saw <00:25:25.939>sees <00:25:26.040>now <00:25:26.139>some <00:25:26.240>equations, 00:25:27.230 --> 00:25:27.240 align:start position:0% <00:25:27.230>solve. <00:25:27.231>He <00:25:27.233>saw <00:25:27.234>sees <00:25:27.236>now <00:25:27.237>some <00:25:27.239>equations, 00:25:27.240 --> 00:25:28.670 align:start position:0% <00:25:27.240>solve. <00:25:27.325>He <00:25:27.411>saw <00:25:27.497>sees <00:25:27.583>now <00:25:27.669>some <00:25:27.754>equations, <00:25:27.840>but <00:25:27.926>also <00:25:28.012>here <00:25:28.098>he <00:25:28.183>can <00:25:28.269>say, <00:25:28.355>"Okay, <00:25:28.441>is <00:25:28.527>this 00:25:28.670 --> 00:25:28.680 align:start position:0% <00:25:28.670>but <00:25:28.671>also <00:25:28.672>here <00:25:28.673>he <00:25:28.674>can <00:25:28.675>say, <00:25:28.676>"Okay, <00:25:28.677>is <00:25:28.679>this 00:25:28.680 --> 00:25:30.830 align:start position:0% <00:25:28.680>but <00:25:28.762>also <00:25:28.844>here <00:25:28.927>he <00:25:29.009>can <00:25:29.091>say, <00:25:29.174>"Okay, <00:25:29.256>is <00:25:29.338>this <00:25:29.421>a <00:25:29.503>zero <00:25:29.585>or <00:25:29.668>one?" <00:25:29.750>He <00:25:29.832>can't <00:25:29.915>know. <00:25:29.997>But <00:25:30.080>the 00:25:30.830 --> 00:25:30.840 align:start position:0% <00:25:30.830>a <00:25:30.831>zero <00:25:30.832>or <00:25:30.833>one?" <00:25:30.834>He <00:25:30.835>can't <00:25:30.836>know. <00:25:30.837>But <00:25:30.839>the 00:25:30.840 --> 00:25:33.550 align:start position:0% <00:25:30.840>a <00:25:30.947>zero <00:25:31.055>or <00:25:31.163>one?" <00:25:31.270>He <00:25:31.378>can't <00:25:31.486>know. <00:25:31.593>But <00:25:31.701>the <00:25:31.809>other <00:25:31.916>one <00:25:32.024>can <00:25:32.132>easily <00:25:32.240>know 00:25:33.550 --> 00:25:33.560 align:start position:0% <00:25:33.550>other <00:25:33.552>one <00:25:33.554>can <00:25:33.556>easily <00:25:33.559>know 00:25:33.560 --> 00:25:36.230 align:start position:0% <00:25:33.560>other <00:25:33.687>one <00:25:33.814>can <00:25:33.941>easily <00:25:34.069>know <00:25:34.196>due <00:25:34.323>to <00:25:34.450>this <00:25:34.578>um <00:25:34.705>short <00:25:34.832>closest <00:25:34.960>vector 00:25:36.230 --> 00:25:36.240 align:start position:0% <00:25:36.230>due <00:25:36.231>to <00:25:36.233>this <00:25:36.234>um <00:25:36.236>short <00:25:36.237>closest <00:25:36.239>vector 00:25:36.240 --> 00:25:37.990 align:start position:0% <00:25:36.240>due <00:25:36.356>to <00:25:36.473>this <00:25:36.590>um <00:25:36.706>short <00:25:36.823>closest <00:25:36.940>vector <00:25:37.056>problem, <00:25:37.173>he <00:25:37.290>can <00:25:37.406>solve <00:25:37.523>the <00:25:37.640>equation 00:25:37.990 --> 00:25:38.000 align:start position:0% <00:25:37.990>problem, <00:25:37.991>he <00:25:37.993>can <00:25:37.995>solve <00:25:37.997>the <00:25:37.999>equation 00:25:38.000 --> 00:25:40.430 align:start position:0% <00:25:38.000>problem, <00:25:38.093>he <00:25:38.186>can <00:25:38.280>solve <00:25:38.373>the <00:25:38.466>equation <00:25:38.560>because <00:25:38.653>he <00:25:38.746>he <00:25:38.840>knows <00:25:38.933>X <00:25:39.026>is <00:25:39.120>three <00:25:39.213>and <00:25:39.306>Y <00:25:39.400>is 00:25:40.430 --> 00:25:40.440 align:start position:0% <00:25:40.430>because <00:25:40.431>he <00:25:40.432>he <00:25:40.433>knows <00:25:40.434>X <00:25:40.435>is <00:25:40.436>three <00:25:40.437>and <00:25:40.438>Y <00:25:40.439>is 00:25:40.440 --> 00:25:42.270 align:start position:0% <00:25:40.440>because <00:25:40.527>he <00:25:40.615>he <00:25:40.702>knows <00:25:40.790>X <00:25:40.877>is <00:25:40.965>three <00:25:41.052>and <00:25:41.140>Y <00:25:41.227>is <00:25:41.315>one. <00:25:41.402>He <00:25:41.490>solves <00:25:41.577>the <00:25:41.665>equation, <00:25:41.752>comes <00:25:41.840>out 00:25:42.270 --> 00:25:42.280 align:start position:0% <00:25:42.270>one. <00:25:42.271>He <00:25:42.273>solves <00:25:42.274>the <00:25:42.276>equation, <00:25:42.277>comes <00:25:42.279>out 00:25:42.280 --> 00:25:43.950 align:start position:0% <00:25:42.280>one. <00:25:42.387>He <00:25:42.495>solves <00:25:42.603>the <00:25:42.710>equation, <00:25:42.818>comes <00:25:42.926>out <00:25:43.033>to <00:25:43.141>five. <00:25:43.249>All <00:25:43.356>right, <00:25:43.464>don't <00:25:43.572>follow <00:25:43.680>the 00:25:43.950 --> 00:25:43.960 align:start position:0% <00:25:43.950>to <00:25:43.951>five. <00:25:43.953>All <00:25:43.954>right, <00:25:43.956>don't <00:25:43.957>follow <00:25:43.959>the 00:25:43.960 --> 00:25:45.590 align:start position:0% <00:25:43.960>to <00:25:44.100>five. <00:25:44.240>All <00:25:44.380>right, <00:25:44.520>don't <00:25:44.660>follow <00:25:44.800>the <00:25:44.940>math, <00:25:45.080>just <00:25:45.220>trust <00:25:45.360>me. 00:25:45.590 --> 00:25:45.600 align:start position:0% <00:25:45.590>math, <00:25:45.592>just <00:25:45.596>trust <00:25:45.599>me. 00:25:45.600 --> 00:25:47.590 align:start position:0% <00:25:45.600>math, <00:25:45.740>just <00:25:45.879>trust <00:25:46.020>me. <00:25:46.159>He <00:25:46.300>of <00:25:46.439>course <00:25:46.580>just <00:25:46.719>solves <00:25:46.860>the <00:25:47.000>equation 00:25:47.590 --> 00:25:47.600 align:start position:0% <00:25:47.590>He <00:25:47.591>of <00:25:47.592>course <00:25:47.594>just <00:25:47.596>solves <00:25:47.597>the <00:25:47.599>equation 00:25:47.600 --> 00:25:49.270 align:start position:0% <00:25:47.600>He <00:25:47.727>of <00:25:47.854>course <00:25:47.981>just <00:25:48.109>solves <00:25:48.236>the <00:25:48.363>equation <00:25:48.490>and <00:25:48.618>the <00:25:48.745>result <00:25:48.872>is <00:25:49.000>five. 00:25:49.270 --> 00:25:49.280 align:start position:0% <00:25:49.270>and <00:25:49.272>the <00:25:49.274>result <00:25:49.276>is <00:25:49.279>five. 00:25:49.280 --> 00:25:52.510 align:start position:0% <00:25:49.280>and <00:25:49.379>the <00:25:49.480>result <00:25:49.580>is <00:25:49.680>five. <00:25:49.780>And <00:25:49.879>now <00:25:49.980>he <00:25:50.080>knows <00:25:50.180>is <00:25:50.280>it <00:25:50.379>three <00:25:50.480>or <00:25:50.580>12? <00:25:50.680>And 00:25:52.510 --> 00:25:52.520 align:start position:0% <00:25:52.510>And <00:25:52.511>now <00:25:52.512>he <00:25:52.513>knows <00:25:52.514>is <00:25:52.514>it <00:25:52.516>three <00:25:52.517>or <00:25:52.518>12? <00:25:52.519>And 00:25:52.520 --> 00:25:54.390 align:start position:0% <00:25:52.520>And <00:25:52.602>now <00:25:52.684>he <00:25:52.767>knows <00:25:52.849>is <00:25:52.931>it <00:25:53.014>three <00:25:53.096>or <00:25:53.178>12? <00:25:53.261>And <00:25:53.343>he <00:25:53.425>knows <00:25:53.508>the <00:25:53.590>five. <00:25:53.672>The <00:25:53.755>other <00:25:53.837>ones <00:25:53.920>don't 00:25:54.390 --> 00:25:54.400 align:start position:0% <00:25:54.390>he <00:25:54.391>knows <00:25:54.392>the <00:25:54.393>five. <00:25:54.395>The <00:25:54.396>other <00:25:54.397>ones <00:25:54.399>don't 00:25:54.400 --> 00:25:56.670 align:start position:0% <00:25:54.400>he <00:25:54.493>knows <00:25:54.586>the <00:25:54.680>five. <00:25:54.773>The <00:25:54.866>other <00:25:54.960>ones <00:25:55.053>don't <00:25:55.146>know <00:25:55.240>the <00:25:55.333>five. <00:25:55.426>And <00:25:55.520>if <00:25:55.613>it's <00:25:55.706>closer <00:25:55.800>to 00:25:56.670 --> 00:25:56.680 align:start position:0% <00:25:56.670>know <00:25:56.671>the <00:25:56.672>five. <00:25:56.673>And <00:25:56.675>if <00:25:56.676>it's <00:25:56.677>closer <00:25:56.679>to 00:25:56.680 --> 00:25:59.230 align:start position:0% <00:25:56.680>know <00:25:56.780>the <00:25:56.880>five. <00:25:56.980>And <00:25:57.080>if <00:25:57.180>it's <00:25:57.280>closer <00:25:57.380>to <00:25:57.480>three, <00:25:57.580>it's <00:25:57.680>zero <00:25:57.780>because <00:25:57.880>of <00:25:57.980>the <00:25:58.080>errors, 00:25:59.230 --> 00:25:59.240 align:start position:0% <00:25:59.230>three, <00:25:59.231>it's <00:25:59.233>zero <00:25:59.234>because <00:25:59.236>of <00:25:59.237>the <00:25:59.239>errors, 00:25:59.240 --> 00:26:01.150 align:start position:0% <00:25:59.240>three, <00:25:59.340>it's <00:25:59.440>zero <00:25:59.540>because <00:25:59.640>of <00:25:59.740>the <00:25:59.840>errors, <00:25:59.940>it's <00:26:00.040>not <00:26:00.140>always <00:26:00.240>the <00:26:00.340>same. <00:26:00.440>You <00:26:00.540>don't <00:26:00.640>hit 00:26:01.150 --> 00:26:01.160 align:start position:0% <00:26:01.150>it's <00:26:01.151>not <00:26:01.152>always <00:26:01.153>the <00:26:01.155>same. <00:26:01.156>You <00:26:01.157>don't <00:26:01.159>hit 00:26:01.160 --> 00:26:02.950 align:start position:0% <00:26:01.160>it's <00:26:01.260>not <00:26:01.360>always <00:26:01.460>the <00:26:01.560>same. <00:26:01.660>You <00:26:01.760>don't <00:26:01.860>hit <00:26:01.960>the <00:26:02.060>king <00:26:02.160>exactly, <00:26:02.260>you're <00:26:02.360>just <00:26:02.460>close <00:26:02.560>to 00:26:02.950 --> 00:26:02.960 align:start position:0% <00:26:02.950>the <00:26:02.951>king <00:26:02.953>exactly, <00:26:02.954>you're <00:26:02.956>just <00:26:02.957>close <00:26:02.959>to 00:26:02.960 --> 00:26:05.350 align:start position:0% <00:26:02.960>the <00:26:03.076>king <00:26:03.193>exactly, <00:26:03.310>you're <00:26:03.426>just <00:26:03.543>close <00:26:03.660>to <00:26:03.776>it. <00:26:03.893>Okay, <00:26:04.010>because <00:26:04.126>of <00:26:04.243>these <00:26:04.360>errors. 00:26:05.350 --> 00:26:05.360 align:start position:0% <00:26:05.350>it. <00:26:05.351>Okay, <00:26:05.353>because <00:26:05.355>of <00:26:05.357>these <00:26:05.359>errors. 00:26:05.360 --> 00:26:07.870 align:start position:0% <00:26:05.360>it. <00:26:05.459>Okay, <00:26:05.560>because <00:26:05.659>of <00:26:05.760>these <00:26:05.860>errors. <00:26:05.959>And <00:26:06.060>if <00:26:06.159>it's <00:26:06.260>five, <00:26:06.360>closer <00:26:06.459>to <00:26:06.560>12, <00:26:06.659>you <00:26:06.760>do 00:26:07.870 --> 00:26:07.880 align:start position:0% <00:26:07.870>And <00:26:07.871>if <00:26:07.872>it's <00:26:07.873>five, <00:26:07.874>closer <00:26:07.875>to <00:26:07.876>12, <00:26:07.877>you <00:26:07.879>do 00:26:07.880 --> 00:26:09.870 align:start position:0% <00:26:07.880>And <00:26:07.967>if <00:26:08.055>it's <00:26:08.142>five, <00:26:08.230>closer <00:26:08.317>to <00:26:08.405>12, <00:26:08.492>you <00:26:08.580>do <00:26:08.667>encrypt <00:26:08.755>it <00:26:08.842>as <00:26:08.930>one. <00:26:09.017>And <00:26:09.105>that's <00:26:09.192>it. <00:26:09.280>That's 00:26:09.870 --> 00:26:09.880 align:start position:0% <00:26:09.870>encrypt <00:26:09.871>it <00:26:09.872>as <00:26:09.873>one. <00:26:09.875>And <00:26:09.876>that's <00:26:09.877>it. <00:26:09.879>That's 00:26:09.880 --> 00:26:12.350 align:start position:0% <00:26:09.880>encrypt <00:26:10.007>it <00:26:10.134>as <00:26:10.261>one. <00:26:10.389>And <00:26:10.516>that's <00:26:10.643>it. <00:26:10.770>That's <00:26:10.898>ML-KEM, <00:26:11.025>how <00:26:11.152>it <00:26:11.280>works. 00:26:12.350 --> 00:26:12.360 align:start position:0% <00:26:12.350>ML-KEM, <00:26:12.352>how <00:26:12.356>it <00:26:12.359>works. 00:26:12.360 --> 00:26:13.550 align:start position:0% <00:26:12.360>ML-KEM, <00:26:12.627>how <00:26:12.895>it <00:26:13.163>works. <00:26:13.431>Um 00:26:13.550 --> 00:26:13.560 align:start position:0% Um 00:26:13.560 --> 00:26:15.830 align:start position:0% <00:26:13.560>Um <00:26:13.735>of <00:26:13.909>course <00:26:14.085>I <00:26:14.260>simplified <00:26:14.435>a <00:26:14.610>lot <00:26:14.784>of <00:26:14.960>stuff 00:26:15.830 --> 00:26:15.840 align:start position:0% <00:26:15.830>of <00:26:15.831>course <00:26:15.832>I <00:26:15.833>simplified <00:26:15.835>a <00:26:15.836>lot <00:26:15.837>of <00:26:15.839>stuff 00:26:15.840 --> 00:26:17.110 align:start position:0% <00:26:15.840>of <00:26:15.911>course <00:26:15.982>I <00:26:16.054>simplified <00:26:16.125>a <00:26:16.197>lot <00:26:16.268>of <00:26:16.340>stuff <00:26:16.411>due <00:26:16.482>to <00:26:16.554>the <00:26:16.625>time. <00:26:16.697>I <00:26:16.768>don't <00:26:16.840>go <00:26:16.911>into <00:26:16.983>the 00:26:17.110 --> 00:26:17.120 align:start position:0% <00:26:17.110>due <00:26:17.111>to <00:26:17.112>the <00:26:17.113>time. <00:26:17.114>I <00:26:17.115>don't <00:26:17.116>go <00:26:17.117>into <00:26:17.119>the 00:26:17.120 --> 00:26:20.230 align:start position:0% <00:26:17.120>due <00:26:17.219>to <00:26:17.320>the <00:26:17.419>time. <00:26:17.520>I <00:26:17.620>don't <00:26:17.719>go <00:26:17.820>into <00:26:17.919>the <00:26:18.020>details, <00:26:18.120>okay? <00:26:18.219>I <00:26:18.320>simplified <00:26:18.419>stuff <00:26:18.520>here, 00:26:20.230 --> 00:26:20.240 align:start position:0% <00:26:20.230>details, <00:26:20.231>okay? <00:26:20.233>I <00:26:20.235>simplified <00:26:20.237>stuff <00:26:20.239>here, 00:26:20.240 --> 00:26:23.830 align:start position:0% <00:26:20.240>details, <00:26:20.347>okay? <00:26:20.455>I <00:26:20.563>simplified <00:26:20.670>stuff <00:26:20.778>here, <00:26:20.886>but <00:26:20.993>in <00:26:21.101>the <00:26:21.209>end <00:26:21.316>it's <00:26:21.424>working <00:26:21.532>like <00:26:21.640>this. 00:26:23.830 --> 00:26:23.840 align:start position:0% <00:26:23.830>but <00:26:23.831>in <00:26:23.832>the <00:26:23.833>end <00:26:23.835>it's <00:26:23.836>working <00:26:23.837>like <00:26:23.839>this. 00:26:23.840 --> 00:26:25.990 align:start position:0% <00:26:23.840>but <00:26:23.933>in <00:26:24.026>the <00:26:24.120>end <00:26:24.213>it's <00:26:24.306>working <00:26:24.399>like <00:26:24.493>this. <00:26:24.586>If <00:26:24.679>you <00:26:24.773>want <00:26:24.866>to <00:26:24.959>understand <00:26:25.053>a <00:26:25.146>little <00:26:25.240>more 00:26:25.990 --> 00:26:26.000 align:start position:0% <00:26:25.990>If <00:26:25.991>you <00:26:25.992>want <00:26:25.993>to <00:26:25.995>understand <00:26:25.996>a <00:26:25.997>little <00:26:25.999>more 00:26:26.000 --> 00:26:27.550 align:start position:0% <00:26:26.000>If <00:26:26.099>you <00:26:26.199>want <00:26:26.298>to <00:26:26.398>understand <00:26:26.498>a <00:26:26.597>little <00:26:26.697>more <00:26:26.797>details, <00:26:26.896>I <00:26:26.996>can <00:26:27.096>recommend <00:26:27.195>you <00:26:27.295>these <00:26:27.395>two 00:26:27.550 --> 00:26:27.560 align:start position:0% <00:26:27.550>details, <00:26:27.551>I <00:26:27.553>can <00:26:27.554>recommend <00:26:27.556>you <00:26:27.557>these <00:26:27.559>two 00:26:27.560 --> 00:26:29.870 align:start position:0% <00:26:27.560>details, <00:26:27.676>I <00:26:27.793>can <00:26:27.909>recommend <00:26:28.026>you <00:26:28.143>these <00:26:28.260>two <00:26:28.376>YouTube <00:26:28.493>videos <00:26:28.610>which <00:26:28.726>really <00:26:28.843>explain <00:26:28.960>in 00:26:29.870 --> 00:26:29.880 align:start position:0% <00:26:29.870>YouTube <00:26:29.871>videos <00:26:29.873>which <00:26:29.875>really <00:26:29.877>explain <00:26:29.879>in 00:26:29.880 --> 00:26:31.390 align:start position:0% <00:26:29.880>YouTube <00:26:29.993>videos <00:26:30.106>which <00:26:30.219>really <00:26:30.333>explain <00:26:30.446>in <00:26:30.559>details. <00:26:30.672>Also, <00:26:30.786>especially <00:26:30.899>if <00:26:31.012>you <00:26:31.125>have <00:26:31.239>a 00:26:31.390 --> 00:26:31.400 align:start position:0% <00:26:31.390>details. <00:26:31.391>Also, <00:26:31.393>especially <00:26:31.394>if <00:26:31.396>you <00:26:31.397>have <00:26:31.399>a 00:26:31.400 --> 00:26:35.070 align:start position:0% <00:26:31.400>details. <00:26:31.507>Also, <00:26:31.615>especially <00:26:31.723>if <00:26:31.830>you <00:26:31.938>have <00:26:32.046>a <00:26:32.153>3D <00:26:32.261>lattice, <00:26:32.369>you <00:26:32.476>need <00:26:32.584>to <00:26:32.692>visualize <00:26:32.800>this, 00:26:35.070 --> 00:26:35.080 align:start position:0% <00:26:35.070>3D <00:26:35.071>lattice, <00:26:35.072>you <00:26:35.074>need <00:26:35.076>to <00:26:35.077>visualize <00:26:35.079>this, 00:26:35.080 --> 00:26:36.590 align:start position:0% <00:26:35.080>3D <00:26:35.184>lattice, <00:26:35.289>you <00:26:35.393>need <00:26:35.498>to <00:26:35.602>visualize <00:26:35.707>this, <00:26:35.811>okay? <00:26:35.916>And <00:26:36.020>they're <00:26:36.125>doing <00:26:36.229>this <00:26:36.334>very <00:26:36.438>very 00:26:36.590 --> 00:26:36.600 align:start position:0% <00:26:36.590>okay? <00:26:36.591>And <00:26:36.592>they're <00:26:36.594>doing <00:26:36.596>this <00:26:36.597>very <00:26:36.599>very 00:26:36.600 --> 00:26:37.750 align:start position:0% <00:26:36.600>okay? <00:26:36.747>And <00:26:36.895>they're <00:26:37.043>doing <00:26:37.191>this <00:26:37.339>very <00:26:37.487>very <00:26:37.635>great. 00:26:37.750 --> 00:26:37.760 align:start position:0% great. 00:26:37.760 --> 00:26:40.190 align:start position:0% <00:26:37.760>great. <00:26:37.960>Interesting <00:26:38.160>stuff <00:26:38.360>here <00:26:38.560>is <00:26:38.760>we <00:26:38.960>are <00:26:39.160>ready. 00:26:40.190 --> 00:26:40.200 align:start position:0% <00:26:40.190>Interesting <00:26:40.191>stuff <00:26:40.193>here <00:26:40.194>is <00:26:40.196>we <00:26:40.197>are <00:26:40.199>ready. 00:26:40.200 --> 00:26:42.110 align:start position:0% <00:26:40.200>Interesting <00:26:40.327>stuff <00:26:40.454>here <00:26:40.581>is <00:26:40.709>we <00:26:40.836>are <00:26:40.963>ready. <00:26:41.090>Because <00:26:41.218>the <00:26:41.345>major <00:26:41.472>browser <00:26:41.600>supports 00:26:42.110 --> 00:26:42.120 align:start position:0% <00:26:42.110>Because <00:26:42.112>the <00:26:42.114>major <00:26:42.116>browser <00:26:42.119>supports 00:26:42.120 --> 00:26:44.950 align:start position:0% <00:26:42.120>Because <00:26:42.275>the <00:26:42.431>major <00:26:42.586>browser <00:26:42.742>supports <00:26:42.897>post-quantum <00:26:43.053>cryptography <00:26:43.208>in <00:26:43.364>a <00:26:43.520>hybrid 00:26:44.950 --> 00:26:44.960 align:start position:0% <00:26:44.950>post-quantum <00:26:44.952>cryptography <00:26:44.954>in <00:26:44.956>a <00:26:44.959>hybrid 00:26:44.960 --> 00:26:47.430 align:start position:0% <00:26:44.960>post-quantum <00:26:45.100>cryptography <00:26:45.240>in <00:26:45.380>a <00:26:45.520>hybrid <00:26:45.660>format. <00:26:45.800>We <00:26:45.940>can't <00:26:46.080>really <00:26:46.220>know <00:26:46.360>for 00:26:47.430 --> 00:26:47.440 align:start position:0% <00:26:47.430>format. <00:26:47.431>We <00:26:47.433>can't <00:26:47.435>really <00:26:47.437>know <00:26:47.439>for 00:26:47.440 --> 00:26:49.670 align:start position:0% <00:26:47.440>format. <00:26:47.547>We <00:26:47.655>can't <00:26:47.763>really <00:26:47.870>know <00:26:47.978>for <00:26:48.086>exactly, <00:26:48.193>right? <00:26:48.301>The <00:26:48.409>good <00:26:48.516>thing <00:26:48.624>on <00:26:48.732>on <00:26:48.840>on 00:26:49.670 --> 00:26:49.680 align:start position:0% <00:26:49.670>exactly, <00:26:49.671>right? <00:26:49.672>The <00:26:49.673>good <00:26:49.675>thing <00:26:49.676>on <00:26:49.677>on <00:26:49.679>on 00:26:49.680 --> 00:26:53.030 align:start position:0% <00:26:49.680>exactly, <00:26:49.780>right? <00:26:49.880>The <00:26:49.980>good <00:26:50.080>thing <00:26:50.180>on <00:26:50.280>on <00:26:50.380>on <00:26:50.480>on <00:26:50.580>our <00:26:50.680>existing <00:26:50.780>ECC <00:26:50.880>and <00:26:50.980>RSA <00:26:51.080>cryptography 00:26:53.030 --> 00:26:53.040 align:start position:0% <00:26:53.030>on <00:26:53.031>our <00:26:53.033>existing <00:26:53.034>ECC <00:26:53.036>and <00:26:53.037>RSA <00:26:53.039>cryptography 00:26:53.040 --> 00:26:55.150 align:start position:0% <00:26:53.040>on <00:26:53.133>our <00:26:53.226>existing <00:26:53.320>ECC <00:26:53.413>and <00:26:53.506>RSA <00:26:53.600>cryptography <00:26:53.693>is <00:26:53.786>that <00:26:53.879>we <00:26:53.973>know <00:26:54.066>it's <00:26:54.159>safe <00:26:54.253>for <00:26:54.346>the <00:26:54.440>last 00:26:55.150 --> 00:26:55.160 align:start position:0% <00:26:55.150>is <00:26:55.151>that <00:26:55.152>we <00:26:55.153>know <00:26:55.154>it's <00:26:55.155>safe <00:26:55.156>for <00:26:55.157>the <00:26:55.159>last 00:26:55.160 --> 00:26:57.350 align:start position:0% <00:26:55.160>is <00:26:55.253>that <00:26:55.346>we <00:26:55.440>know <00:26:55.533>it's <00:26:55.626>safe <00:26:55.720>for <00:26:55.813>the <00:26:55.906>last <00:26:56.000>decades. <00:26:56.093>Here <00:26:56.186>we <00:26:56.280>don't <00:26:56.373>know <00:26:56.466>it <00:26:56.560>since 00:26:57.350 --> 00:26:57.360 align:start position:0% <00:26:57.350>decades. <00:26:57.351>Here <00:26:57.352>we <00:26:57.354>don't <00:26:57.356>know <00:26:57.357>it <00:26:57.359>since 00:26:57.360 --> 00:26:59.150 align:start position:0% <00:26:57.360>decades. <00:26:57.560>Here <00:26:57.760>we <00:26:57.959>don't <00:26:58.159>know <00:26:58.360>it <00:26:58.560>since <00:26:58.760>2022. 00:26:59.150 --> 00:26:59.160 align:start position:0% 2022. 00:26:59.160 --> 00:27:01.510 align:start position:0% <00:26:59.160>2022. <00:26:59.393>Maybe <00:26:59.626>there's <00:26:59.860>some <00:27:00.093>smart <00:27:00.326>mathematic <00:27:00.560>guy 00:27:01.510 --> 00:27:01.520 align:start position:0% <00:27:01.510>Maybe <00:27:01.511>there's <00:27:01.513>some <00:27:01.515>smart <00:27:01.517>mathematic <00:27:01.519>guy 00:27:01.520 --> 00:27:03.270 align:start position:0% <00:27:01.520>Maybe <00:27:01.627>there's <00:27:01.735>some <00:27:01.843>smart <00:27:01.950>mathematic <00:27:02.058>guy <00:27:02.166>in <00:27:02.273>the <00:27:02.381>classical <00:27:02.489>world <00:27:02.596>or <00:27:02.704>in <00:27:02.812>the <00:27:02.920>quantum 00:27:03.270 --> 00:27:03.280 align:start position:0% <00:27:03.270>in <00:27:03.271>the <00:27:03.272>classical <00:27:03.273>world <00:27:03.275>or <00:27:03.276>in <00:27:03.277>the <00:27:03.279>quantum 00:27:03.280 --> 00:27:05.950 align:start position:0% <00:27:03.280>in <00:27:03.379>the <00:27:03.480>classical <00:27:03.580>world <00:27:03.680>or <00:27:03.780>in <00:27:03.879>the <00:27:03.980>quantum <00:27:04.080>world <00:27:04.180>who <00:27:04.280>has <00:27:04.379>not <00:27:04.480>yet <00:27:04.580>shouted <00:27:04.680>out. 00:27:05.950 --> 00:27:05.960 align:start position:0% <00:27:05.950>world <00:27:05.951>who <00:27:05.953>has <00:27:05.954>not <00:27:05.956>yet <00:27:05.957>shouted <00:27:05.959>out. 00:27:05.960 --> 00:27:07.750 align:start position:0% <00:27:05.960>world <00:27:06.053>who <00:27:06.146>has <00:27:06.240>not <00:27:06.333>yet <00:27:06.426>shouted <00:27:06.520>out. <00:27:06.613>So, <00:27:06.706>we're <00:27:06.800>not <00:27:06.893>yet <00:27:06.986>sure. <00:27:07.080>So, <00:27:07.173>this <00:27:07.266>is <00:27:07.360>why 00:27:07.750 --> 00:27:07.760 align:start position:0% <00:27:07.750>So, <00:27:07.751>we're <00:27:07.752>not <00:27:07.753>yet <00:27:07.754>sure. <00:27:07.755>So, <00:27:07.756>this <00:27:07.757>is <00:27:07.759>why 00:27:07.760 --> 00:27:09.830 align:start position:0% <00:27:07.760>So, <00:27:07.860>we're <00:27:07.960>not <00:27:08.060>yet <00:27:08.160>sure. <00:27:08.260>So, <00:27:08.360>this <00:27:08.460>is <00:27:08.560>why <00:27:08.660>we <00:27:08.760>combine <00:27:08.860>it, <00:27:08.960>okay? <00:27:09.060>Classical <00:27:09.160>plus 00:27:09.830 --> 00:27:09.840 align:start position:0% <00:27:09.830>we <00:27:09.831>combine <00:27:09.833>it, <00:27:09.835>okay? <00:27:09.837>Classical <00:27:09.839>plus 00:27:09.840 --> 00:27:12.070 align:start position:0% <00:27:09.840>we <00:27:09.967>combine <00:27:10.094>it, <00:27:10.221>okay? <00:27:10.349>Classical <00:27:10.476>plus <00:27:10.603>ML-KEM. <00:27:10.730>There's <00:27:10.858>also <00:27:10.985>two <00:27:11.112>standard <00:27:11.240>which 00:27:12.070 --> 00:27:12.080 align:start position:0% <00:27:12.070>ML-KEM. <00:27:12.071>There's <00:27:12.073>also <00:27:12.075>two <00:27:12.077>standard <00:27:12.079>which 00:27:12.080 --> 00:27:14.590 align:start position:0% <00:27:12.080>ML-KEM. <00:27:12.196>There's <00:27:12.313>also <00:27:12.429>two <00:27:12.546>standard <00:27:12.663>which <00:27:12.780>is <00:27:12.896>just <00:27:13.013>pure <00:27:13.129>plain <00:27:13.246>ML-KEM <00:27:13.363>for <00:27:13.480>after 00:27:14.590 --> 00:27:14.600 align:start position:0% <00:27:14.590>is <00:27:14.591>just <00:27:14.592>pure <00:27:14.594>plain <00:27:14.596>ML-KEM <00:27:14.597>for <00:27:14.599>after 00:27:14.600 --> 00:27:16.110 align:start position:0% <00:27:14.600>is <00:27:14.704>just <00:27:14.809>pure <00:27:14.913>plain <00:27:15.018>ML-KEM <00:27:15.122>for <00:27:15.227>after <00:27:15.331>Q-Day, <00:27:15.436>right? <00:27:15.540>Because <00:27:15.645>then <00:27:15.749>we <00:27:15.854>also <00:27:15.958>don't 00:27:16.110 --> 00:27:16.120 align:start position:0% <00:27:16.110>Q-Day, <00:27:16.111>right? <00:27:16.112>Because <00:27:16.114>then <00:27:16.116>we <00:27:16.117>also <00:27:16.119>don't 00:27:16.120 --> 00:27:18.590 align:start position:0% <00:27:16.120>Q-Day, <00:27:16.227>right? <00:27:16.335>Because <00:27:16.443>then <00:27:16.550>we <00:27:16.658>also <00:27:16.766>don't <00:27:16.873>have <00:27:16.981>to <00:27:17.089>do <00:27:17.196>it. <00:27:17.304>Both <00:27:17.412>are <00:27:17.520>drafts. 00:27:18.590 --> 00:27:18.600 align:start position:0% <00:27:18.590>have <00:27:18.591>to <00:27:18.592>do <00:27:18.594>it. <00:27:18.596>Both <00:27:18.597>are <00:27:18.599>drafts. 00:27:18.600 --> 00:27:20.150 align:start position:0% <00:27:18.600>have <00:27:18.716>to <00:27:18.832>do <00:27:18.948>it. <00:27:19.065>Both <00:27:19.181>are <00:27:19.297>drafts. <00:27:19.413>Still, <00:27:19.530>okay? <00:27:19.646>They're <00:27:19.762>still <00:27:19.878>working <00:27:19.995>on 00:27:20.150 --> 00:27:20.160 align:start position:0% <00:27:20.150>Still, <00:27:20.151>okay? <00:27:20.153>They're <00:27:20.155>still <00:27:20.157>working <00:27:20.159>on 00:27:20.160 --> 00:27:21.190 align:start position:0% <00:27:20.160>Still, <00:27:20.314>okay? <00:27:20.469>They're <00:27:20.623>still <00:27:20.778>working <00:27:20.932>on <00:27:21.087>this. 00:27:21.190 --> 00:27:21.200 align:start position:0% this. 00:27:21.200 --> 00:27:22.630 align:start position:0% <00:27:21.200>this. <00:27:22.487>But, 00:27:22.630 --> 00:27:22.640 align:start position:0% But, 00:27:22.640 --> 00:27:24.510 align:start position:0% <00:27:22.640>But, <00:27:22.873>browsers <00:27:23.106>are <00:27:23.340>already <00:27:23.573>supporting <00:27:23.806>as <00:27:24.040>we 00:27:24.510 --> 00:27:24.520 align:start position:0% <00:27:24.510>browsers <00:27:24.511>are <00:27:24.513>already <00:27:24.515>supporting <00:27:24.517>as <00:27:24.519>we 00:27:24.520 --> 00:27:26.310 align:start position:0% <00:27:24.520>browsers <00:27:24.647>are <00:27:24.774>already <00:27:24.901>supporting <00:27:25.029>as <00:27:25.156>we <00:27:25.283>saw, <00:27:25.410>right? <00:27:25.538>We <00:27:25.665>are <00:27:25.792>developers <00:27:25.920>did 00:27:26.310 --> 00:27:26.320 align:start position:0% <00:27:26.310>saw, <00:27:26.311>right? <00:27:26.313>We <00:27:26.315>are <00:27:26.317>developers <00:27:26.319>did 00:27:26.320 --> 00:27:28.470 align:start position:0% <00:27:26.320>saw, <00:27:26.460>right? <00:27:26.600>We <00:27:26.740>are <00:27:26.879>developers <00:27:27.020>did <00:27:27.159>exactly <00:27:27.300>that. <00:27:27.439>They <00:27:27.580>used <00:27:27.720>ML-KEM 00:27:28.470 --> 00:27:28.480 align:start position:0% <00:27:28.470>exactly <00:27:28.472>that. <00:27:28.474>They <00:27:28.476>used <00:27:28.479>ML-KEM 00:27:28.480 --> 00:27:31.310 align:start position:0% <00:27:28.480>exactly <00:27:28.655>that. <00:27:28.830>They <00:27:29.005>used <00:27:29.180>ML-KEM <00:27:29.355>encryption, <00:27:29.530>so <00:27:29.705>quantum <00:27:29.880>secure. 00:27:31.310 --> 00:27:31.320 align:start position:0% <00:27:31.310>encryption, <00:27:31.312>so <00:27:31.316>quantum <00:27:31.319>secure. 00:27:31.320 --> 00:27:33.910 align:start position:0% <00:27:31.320>encryption, <00:27:31.427>so <00:27:31.535>quantum <00:27:31.643>secure. <00:27:31.750>Um <00:27:31.858>you <00:27:31.966>can <00:27:32.073>use <00:27:32.181>it. <00:27:32.289>As <00:27:32.396>I <00:27:32.504>said, <00:27:32.612>back <00:27:32.720>to 00:27:33.910 --> 00:27:33.920 align:start position:0% <00:27:33.910>Um <00:27:33.911>you <00:27:33.912>can <00:27:33.913>use <00:27:33.914>it. <00:27:33.915>As <00:27:33.916>I <00:27:33.917>said, <00:27:33.918>back <00:27:33.919>to 00:27:33.920 --> 00:27:35.510 align:start position:0% <00:27:33.920>Um <00:27:34.002>you <00:27:34.084>can <00:27:34.167>use <00:27:34.249>it. <00:27:34.331>As <00:27:34.414>I <00:27:34.496>said, <00:27:34.578>back <00:27:34.661>to <00:27:34.743>the <00:27:34.825>beginning <00:27:34.908>and <00:27:34.990>I'm <00:27:35.072>I'm <00:27:35.155>happy <00:27:35.237>that <00:27:35.320>you 00:27:35.510 --> 00:27:35.520 align:start position:0% <00:27:35.510>the <00:27:35.511>beginning <00:27:35.512>and <00:27:35.513>I'm <00:27:35.515>I'm <00:27:35.516>happy <00:27:35.517>that <00:27:35.519>you 00:27:35.520 --> 00:27:37.750 align:start position:0% <00:27:35.520>the <00:27:35.613>beginning <00:27:35.706>and <00:27:35.800>I'm <00:27:35.893>I'm <00:27:35.986>happy <00:27:36.080>that <00:27:36.173>you <00:27:36.266>stayed, <00:27:36.360>but <00:27:36.453>you <00:27:36.546>can <00:27:36.639>just <00:27:36.733>It's <00:27:36.826>just <00:27:36.920>this 00:27:37.750 --> 00:27:37.760 align:start position:0% <00:27:37.750>stayed, <00:27:37.751>but <00:27:37.752>you <00:27:37.753>can <00:27:37.755>just <00:27:37.756>It's <00:27:37.757>just <00:27:37.759>this 00:27:37.760 --> 00:27:40.150 align:start position:0% <00:27:37.760>stayed, <00:27:37.867>but <00:27:37.975>you <00:27:38.083>can <00:27:38.190>just <00:27:38.298>It's <00:27:38.406>just <00:27:38.513>this <00:27:38.621>one <00:27:38.729>line <00:27:38.836>and <00:27:38.944>you're <00:27:39.052>quantum <00:27:39.160>safe. 00:27:40.150 --> 00:27:40.160 align:start position:0% <00:27:40.150>one <00:27:40.151>line <00:27:40.153>and <00:27:40.155>you're <00:27:40.157>quantum <00:27:40.159>safe. 00:27:40.160 --> 00:27:41.110 align:start position:0% <00:27:40.160>one <00:27:40.302>line <00:27:40.445>and <00:27:40.587>you're <00:27:40.730>quantum <00:27:40.872>safe. <00:27:41.014>Um 00:27:41.110 --> 00:27:41.120 align:start position:0% Um 00:27:41.120 --> 00:27:43.510 align:start position:0% <00:27:41.120>Um <00:27:41.275>for <00:27:41.431>this <00:27:41.586>is <00:27:41.742>true <00:27:41.897>for <00:27:42.053>the <00:27:42.208>web, <00:27:42.364>okay? <00:27:42.520>And 00:27:43.510 --> 00:27:43.520 align:start position:0% <00:27:43.510>for <00:27:43.511>this <00:27:43.512>is <00:27:43.513>true <00:27:43.514>for <00:27:43.515>the <00:27:43.516>web, <00:27:43.517>okay? <00:27:43.519>And 00:27:43.520 --> 00:27:44.990 align:start position:0% <00:27:43.520>for <00:27:43.621>this <00:27:43.723>is <00:27:43.825>true <00:27:43.927>for <00:27:44.028>the <00:27:44.130>web, <00:27:44.232>okay? <00:27:44.334>And <00:27:44.435>this <00:27:44.537>is <00:27:44.639>why <00:27:44.741>I <00:27:44.843>said 00:27:44.990 --> 00:27:45.000 align:start position:0% <00:27:44.990>this <00:27:44.992>is <00:27:44.994>why <00:27:44.996>I <00:27:44.999>said 00:27:45.000 --> 00:27:47.230 align:start position:0% <00:27:45.000>this <00:27:45.127>is <00:27:45.254>why <00:27:45.381>I <00:27:45.509>said <00:27:45.636>we're <00:27:45.763>kind <00:27:45.890>of <00:27:46.018>ready <00:27:46.145>because <00:27:46.272>some <00:27:46.400>other 00:27:47.230 --> 00:27:47.240 align:start position:0% <00:27:47.230>we're <00:27:47.231>kind <00:27:47.233>of <00:27:47.234>ready <00:27:47.236>because <00:27:47.237>some <00:27:47.239>other 00:27:47.240 --> 00:27:50.430 align:start position:0% <00:27:47.240>we're <00:27:47.340>kind <00:27:47.440>of <00:27:47.540>ready <00:27:47.640>because <00:27:47.740>some <00:27:47.840>other <00:27:47.940>parts <00:27:48.040>are <00:27:48.140>not <00:27:48.240>yet <00:27:48.340>there. <00:27:48.440>TLS <00:27:48.540>and <00:27:48.640>web 00:27:50.430 --> 00:27:50.440 align:start position:0% <00:27:50.430>parts <00:27:50.431>are <00:27:50.432>not <00:27:50.433>yet <00:27:50.435>there. <00:27:50.436>TLS <00:27:50.437>and <00:27:50.439>web 00:27:50.440 --> 00:27:52.990 align:start position:0% <00:27:50.440>parts <00:27:50.533>are <00:27:50.626>not <00:27:50.720>yet <00:27:50.813>there. <00:27:50.906>TLS <00:27:51.000>and <00:27:51.093>web <00:27:51.186>ready. <00:27:51.280>We <00:27:51.373>can <00:27:51.466>just <00:27:51.560>use <00:27:51.653>also <00:27:51.746>on <00:27:51.840>the 00:27:52.990 --> 00:27:53.000 align:start position:0% <00:27:52.990>ready. <00:27:52.991>We <00:27:52.992>can <00:27:52.993>just <00:27:52.995>use <00:27:52.996>also <00:27:52.997>on <00:27:52.999>the 00:27:53.000 --> 00:27:54.790 align:start position:0% <00:27:53.000>ready. <00:27:53.116>We <00:27:53.233>can <00:27:53.350>just <00:27:53.466>use <00:27:53.583>also <00:27:53.700>on <00:27:53.816>the <00:27:53.933>standards <00:27:54.050>they're <00:27:54.166>still <00:27:54.283>working, <00:27:54.400>okay? 00:27:54.790 --> 00:27:54.800 align:start position:0% <00:27:54.790>standards <00:27:54.792>they're <00:27:54.794>still <00:27:54.796>working, <00:27:54.799>okay? 00:27:54.800 --> 00:27:55.750 align:start position:0% <00:27:54.800>standards <00:27:54.971>they're <00:27:55.142>still <00:27:55.312>working, <00:27:55.484>okay? <00:27:55.655>But, 00:27:55.750 --> 00:27:55.760 align:start position:0% But, 00:27:55.760 --> 00:27:57.710 align:start position:0% <00:27:55.760>But, <00:27:56.460>browsers <00:27:57.160>committed 00:27:57.710 --> 00:27:57.720 align:start position:0% <00:27:57.710>browsers <00:27:57.719>committed 00:27:57.720 --> 00:27:59.950 align:start position:0% <00:27:57.720>browsers <00:27:57.953>committed <00:27:58.186>to <00:27:58.420>to <00:27:58.653>support. <00:27:58.886>Crypto <00:27:59.120>libraries, 00:27:59.950 --> 00:27:59.960 align:start position:0% <00:27:59.950>to <00:27:59.952>to <00:27:59.954>support. <00:27:59.956>Crypto <00:27:59.959>libraries, 00:27:59.960 --> 00:28:02.430 align:start position:0% <00:27:59.960>to <00:28:00.100>to <00:28:00.240>support. <00:28:00.380>Crypto <00:28:00.520>libraries, <00:28:00.660>especially <00:28:00.800>OpenSSL <00:28:00.940>is <00:28:01.080>ready. <00:28:01.220>All <00:28:01.360>major 00:28:02.430 --> 00:28:02.440 align:start position:0% <00:28:02.430>especially <00:28:02.431>OpenSSL <00:28:02.433>is <00:28:02.435>ready. <00:28:02.437>All <00:28:02.439>major 00:28:02.440 --> 00:28:04.270 align:start position:0% <00:28:02.440>especially <00:28:02.580>OpenSSL <00:28:02.720>is <00:28:02.860>ready. <00:28:03.000>All <00:28:03.140>major <00:28:03.280>programming <00:28:03.420>languages <00:28:03.560>are <00:28:03.700>ready <00:28:03.840>either 00:28:04.270 --> 00:28:04.280 align:start position:0% <00:28:04.270>programming <00:28:04.272>languages <00:28:04.274>are <00:28:04.276>ready <00:28:04.279>either 00:28:04.280 --> 00:28:06.510 align:start position:0% <00:28:04.280>programming <00:28:04.396>languages <00:28:04.513>are <00:28:04.629>ready <00:28:04.746>either <00:28:04.863>by <00:28:04.980>an <00:28:05.096>own <00:28:05.213>library <00:28:05.330>or <00:28:05.446>because <00:28:05.563>they <00:28:05.680>rely 00:28:06.510 --> 00:28:06.520 align:start position:0% <00:28:06.510>by <00:28:06.511>an <00:28:06.512>own <00:28:06.513>library <00:28:06.515>or <00:28:06.516>because <00:28:06.517>they <00:28:06.519>rely 00:28:06.520 --> 00:28:08.150 align:start position:0% <00:28:06.520>by <00:28:06.675>an <00:28:06.831>own <00:28:06.986>library <00:28:07.142>or <00:28:07.297>because <00:28:07.453>they <00:28:07.608>rely <00:28:07.764>on <00:28:07.920>OpenSSL. 00:28:08.150 --> 00:28:08.160 align:start position:0% <00:28:08.150>on <00:28:08.159>OpenSSL. 00:28:08.160 --> 00:28:10.910 align:start position:0% <00:28:08.160>on <00:28:08.315>OpenSSL. <00:28:08.471>Um <00:28:08.626>when <00:28:08.782>it <00:28:08.937>gets <00:28:09.093>worse, <00:28:09.248>you <00:28:09.404>see <00:28:09.560>below, 00:28:10.910 --> 00:28:10.920 align:start position:0% <00:28:10.910>Um <00:28:10.911>when <00:28:10.912>it <00:28:10.913>gets <00:28:10.915>worse, <00:28:10.916>you <00:28:10.917>see <00:28:10.919>below, 00:28:10.920 --> 00:28:12.230 align:start position:0% <00:28:10.920>Um <00:28:11.037>when <00:28:11.155>it <00:28:11.273>gets <00:28:11.391>worse, <00:28:11.509>you <00:28:11.627>see <00:28:11.745>below, <00:28:11.863>right? <00:28:11.981>We <00:28:12.099>have 00:28:12.230 --> 00:28:12.240 align:start position:0% <00:28:12.230>right? <00:28:12.234>We <00:28:12.239>have 00:28:12.240 --> 00:28:14.110 align:start position:0% <00:28:12.240>right? <00:28:12.415>We <00:28:12.590>have <00:28:12.765>uh <00:28:12.940>the <00:28:13.115>the <00:28:13.290>complete <00:28:13.465>private <00:28:13.640>key 00:28:14.110 --> 00:28:14.120 align:start position:0% <00:28:14.110>uh <00:28:14.111>the <00:28:14.113>the <00:28:14.115>complete <00:28:14.117>private <00:28:14.119>key 00:28:14.120 --> 00:28:16.590 align:start position:0% <00:28:14.120>uh <00:28:14.260>the <00:28:14.399>the <00:28:14.540>complete <00:28:14.679>private <00:28:14.820>key <00:28:14.959>infrastructure. <00:28:15.100>You <00:28:15.239>saw <00:28:15.379>the <00:28:15.520>well-known 00:28:16.590 --> 00:28:16.600 align:start position:0% <00:28:16.590>infrastructure. <00:28:16.592>You <00:28:16.594>saw <00:28:16.596>the <00:28:16.599>well-known 00:28:16.600 --> 00:28:18.630 align:start position:0% <00:28:16.600>infrastructure. <00:28:16.740>You <00:28:16.879>saw <00:28:17.020>the <00:28:17.159>well-known <00:28:17.300>endpoint <00:28:17.439>of <00:28:17.580>GitHub. <00:28:17.719>All <00:28:17.860>our <00:28:18.000>job 00:28:18.630 --> 00:28:18.640 align:start position:0% <00:28:18.630>endpoint <00:28:18.631>of <00:28:18.633>GitHub. <00:28:18.635>All <00:28:18.637>our <00:28:18.639>job 00:28:18.640 --> 00:28:20.710 align:start position:0% <00:28:18.640>endpoint <00:28:18.767>of <00:28:18.894>GitHub. <00:28:19.021>All <00:28:19.149>our <00:28:19.276>job <00:28:19.403>authentication <00:28:19.530>usually <00:28:19.658>relies <00:28:19.785>on <00:28:19.912>RSA <00:28:20.040>and 00:28:20.710 --> 00:28:20.720 align:start position:0% <00:28:20.710>authentication <00:28:20.711>usually <00:28:20.713>relies <00:28:20.715>on <00:28:20.717>RSA <00:28:20.719>and 00:28:20.720 --> 00:28:23.190 align:start position:0% <00:28:20.720>authentication <00:28:20.860>usually <00:28:21.000>relies <00:28:21.140>on <00:28:21.280>RSA <00:28:21.420>and <00:28:21.560>this <00:28:21.700>is <00:28:21.840>harder <00:28:21.980>to <00:28:22.120>exchange. 00:28:23.190 --> 00:28:23.200 align:start position:0% <00:28:23.190>this <00:28:23.192>is <00:28:23.194>harder <00:28:23.196>to <00:28:23.199>exchange. 00:28:23.200 --> 00:28:26.590 align:start position:0% <00:28:23.200>this <00:28:23.340>is <00:28:23.480>harder <00:28:23.620>to <00:28:23.760>exchange. <00:28:23.900>Um <00:28:24.040>hardware <00:28:24.180>tokens, <00:28:24.320>IoT <00:28:24.460>we <00:28:24.600>can 00:28:26.590 --> 00:28:26.600 align:start position:0% <00:28:26.590>Um <00:28:26.591>hardware <00:28:26.593>tokens, <00:28:26.595>IoT <00:28:26.597>we <00:28:26.599>can 00:28:26.600 --> 00:28:27.910 align:start position:0% <00:28:26.600>Um <00:28:26.698>hardware <00:28:26.796>tokens, <00:28:26.894>IoT <00:28:26.993>we <00:28:27.091>can <00:28:27.189>can <00:28:27.287>be <00:28:27.386>happy <00:28:27.484>if <00:28:27.582>there's <00:28:27.680>already <00:28:27.779>some 00:28:27.910 --> 00:28:27.920 align:start position:0% <00:28:27.910>can <00:28:27.911>be <00:28:27.913>happy <00:28:27.914>if <00:28:27.916>there's <00:28:27.917>already <00:28:27.919>some 00:28:27.920 --> 00:28:29.990 align:start position:0% <00:28:27.920>can <00:28:28.036>be <00:28:28.153>happy <00:28:28.270>if <00:28:28.386>there's <00:28:28.503>already <00:28:28.620>some <00:28:28.736>kind <00:28:28.853>of <00:28:28.970>transport <00:28:29.086>security <00:28:29.203>in <00:28:29.320>place, 00:28:29.990 --> 00:28:30.000 align:start position:0% <00:28:29.990>kind <00:28:29.991>of <00:28:29.993>transport <00:28:29.995>security <00:28:29.997>in <00:28:29.999>place, 00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:32.470 align:start position:0% <00:28:30.000>kind <00:28:30.140>of <00:28:30.280>transport <00:28:30.420>security <00:28:30.560>in <00:28:30.700>place, <00:28:30.840>right? <00:28:30.980>Blockchains, <00:28:31.120>Bitcoin <00:28:31.260>definitely <00:28:31.400>a 00:28:32.470 --> 00:28:32.480 align:start position:0% <00:28:32.470>right? <00:28:32.472>Blockchains, <00:28:32.474>Bitcoin <00:28:32.476>definitely <00:28:32.479>a 00:28:32.480 --> 00:28:34.390 align:start position:0% <00:28:32.480>right? <00:28:32.607>Blockchains, <00:28:32.734>Bitcoin <00:28:32.861>definitely <00:28:32.989>a <00:28:33.116>problem. <00:28:33.243>Of <00:28:33.370>course, <00:28:33.498>you <00:28:33.625>can <00:28:33.752>migrate, <00:28:33.880>but 00:28:34.390 --> 00:28:34.400 align:start position:0% <00:28:34.390>problem. <00:28:34.391>Of <00:28:34.393>course, <00:28:34.394>you <00:28:34.396>can <00:28:34.397>migrate, <00:28:34.399>but 00:28:34.400 --> 00:28:35.950 align:start position:0% <00:28:34.400>problem. <00:28:34.526>Of <00:28:34.653>course, <00:28:34.780>you <00:28:34.907>can <00:28:35.034>migrate, <00:28:35.160>but <00:28:35.287>especially <00:28:35.414>in <00:28:35.541>the <00:28:35.668>distributed <00:28:35.795>blockchain 00:28:35.950 --> 00:28:35.960 align:start position:0% <00:28:35.950>especially <00:28:35.952>in <00:28:35.954>the <00:28:35.956>distributed <00:28:35.959>blockchain 00:28:35.960 --> 00:28:37.670 align:start position:0% <00:28:35.960>especially <00:28:36.087>in <00:28:36.214>the <00:28:36.341>distributed <00:28:36.469>blockchain <00:28:36.596>world <00:28:36.723>you <00:28:36.850>have <00:28:36.978>to <00:28:37.105>find <00:28:37.232>an <00:28:37.360>agreement 00:28:37.670 --> 00:28:37.680 align:start position:0% <00:28:37.670>world <00:28:37.671>you <00:28:37.673>have <00:28:37.674>to <00:28:37.676>find <00:28:37.677>an <00:28:37.679>agreement 00:28:37.680 --> 00:28:39.910 align:start position:0% <00:28:37.680>world <00:28:37.807>you <00:28:37.934>have <00:28:38.061>to <00:28:38.189>find <00:28:38.316>an <00:28:38.443>agreement <00:28:38.570>alignment <00:28:38.698>between <00:28:38.825>everyone, <00:28:38.952>right? <00:28:39.080>Cuz 00:28:39.910 --> 00:28:39.920 align:start position:0% <00:28:39.910>alignment <00:28:39.912>between <00:28:39.914>everyone, <00:28:39.916>right? <00:28:39.919>Cuz 00:28:39.920 --> 00:28:42.350 align:start position:0% <00:28:39.920>alignment <00:28:40.075>between <00:28:40.231>everyone, <00:28:40.386>right? <00:28:40.542>Cuz <00:28:40.697>everyone <00:28:40.853>you <00:28:41.008>have <00:28:41.164>to <00:28:41.320>re-sign 00:28:42.350 --> 00:28:42.360 align:start position:0% <00:28:42.350>everyone <00:28:42.352>you <00:28:42.354>have <00:28:42.356>to <00:28:42.359>re-sign 00:28:42.360 --> 00:28:44.070 align:start position:0% <00:28:42.360>everyone <00:28:42.593>you <00:28:42.826>have <00:28:43.060>to <00:28:43.293>re-sign <00:28:43.526>the <00:28:43.760>chain. 00:28:44.070 --> 00:28:44.080 align:start position:0% <00:28:44.070>the <00:28:44.079>chain. 00:28:44.080 --> 00:28:46.070 align:start position:0% <00:28:44.080>the <00:28:44.254>chain. <00:28:44.429>So, <00:28:44.605>a <00:28:44.780>lot <00:28:44.955>of <00:28:45.129>stuff <00:28:45.304>to <00:28:45.480>do. 00:28:46.070 --> 00:28:46.080 align:start position:0% <00:28:46.070>So, <00:28:46.071>a <00:28:46.072>lot <00:28:46.074>of <00:28:46.076>stuff <00:28:46.077>to <00:28:46.079>do. 00:28:46.080 --> 00:28:47.950 align:start position:0% <00:28:46.080>So, <00:28:46.187>a <00:28:46.295>lot <00:28:46.403>of <00:28:46.510>stuff <00:28:46.618>to <00:28:46.726>do. <00:28:46.833>Um <00:28:46.941>are <00:28:47.049>there <00:28:47.156>some <00:28:47.264>downsides? <00:28:47.372>Of <00:28:47.480>there 00:28:47.950 --> 00:28:47.960 align:start position:0% <00:28:47.950>Um <00:28:47.951>are <00:28:47.953>there <00:28:47.954>some <00:28:47.956>downsides? <00:28:47.957>Of <00:28:47.959>there 00:28:47.960 --> 00:28:50.630 align:start position:0% <00:28:47.960>Um <00:28:48.067>are <00:28:48.175>there <00:28:48.283>some <00:28:48.390>downsides? <00:28:48.498>Of <00:28:48.606>there <00:28:48.713>are <00:28:48.821>downsides, <00:28:48.929>and <00:28:49.036>this <00:28:49.144>is <00:28:49.252>coming <00:28:49.360>to 00:28:50.630 --> 00:28:50.640 align:start position:0% <00:28:50.630>are <00:28:50.631>downsides, <00:28:50.633>and <00:28:50.634>this <00:28:50.636>is <00:28:50.637>coming <00:28:50.639>to 00:28:50.640 --> 00:28:52.790 align:start position:0% <00:28:50.640>are <00:28:50.733>downsides, <00:28:50.826>and <00:28:50.920>this <00:28:51.013>is <00:28:51.106>coming <00:28:51.200>to <00:28:51.293>to <00:28:51.386>to <00:28:51.480>the <00:28:51.573>size. <00:28:51.666>Because <00:28:51.760>what <00:28:51.853>we <00:28:51.946>see <00:28:52.040>here 00:28:52.790 --> 00:28:52.800 align:start position:0% <00:28:52.790>to <00:28:52.791>to <00:28:52.792>the <00:28:52.793>size. <00:28:52.794>Because <00:28:52.795>what <00:28:52.796>we <00:28:52.797>see <00:28:52.799>here 00:28:52.800 --> 00:28:55.390 align:start position:0% <00:28:52.800>to <00:28:52.887>to <00:28:52.975>the <00:28:53.062>size. <00:28:53.149>Because <00:28:53.237>what <00:28:53.325>we <00:28:53.412>see <00:28:53.500>here <00:28:53.587>is <00:28:53.675>that <00:28:53.762>um <00:28:53.850>elliptic <00:28:53.937>curve <00:28:54.024>in <00:28:54.112>RSA <00:28:54.200>is 00:28:55.390 --> 00:28:55.400 align:start position:0% <00:28:55.390>is <00:28:55.391>that <00:28:55.392>um <00:28:55.393>elliptic <00:28:55.395>curve <00:28:55.396>in <00:28:55.397>RSA <00:28:55.399>is 00:28:55.400 --> 00:28:57.110 align:start position:0% <00:28:55.400>is <00:28:55.555>that <00:28:55.711>um <00:28:55.866>elliptic <00:28:56.022>curve <00:28:56.177>in <00:28:56.333>RSA <00:28:56.488>is <00:28:56.644>really <00:28:56.800>small. 00:28:57.110 --> 00:28:57.120 align:start position:0% <00:28:57.110>really <00:28:57.119>small. 00:28:57.120 --> 00:28:59.510 align:start position:0% <00:28:57.120>really <00:28:57.469>small. <00:28:57.820>Um, <00:28:58.169>where <00:28:58.520>Kyber 00:28:59.510 --> 00:28:59.520 align:start position:0% <00:28:59.510>Um, <00:28:59.514>where <00:28:59.519>Kyber 00:28:59.520 --> 00:29:01.310 align:start position:0% <00:28:59.520>Um, <00:28:59.720>where <00:28:59.920>Kyber <00:29:00.120>I <00:29:00.320>use <00:29:00.520>Kyber <00:29:00.720>again, <00:29:00.920>okay? 00:29:01.310 --> 00:29:01.320 align:start position:0% <00:29:01.310>I <00:29:01.312>use <00:29:01.314>Kyber <00:29:01.316>again, <00:29:01.319>okay? 00:29:01.320 --> 00:29:04.310 align:start position:0% <00:29:01.320>I <00:29:01.495>use <00:29:01.669>Kyber <00:29:01.845>again, <00:29:02.020>okay? <00:29:02.195>ML-KEM <00:29:02.370>has <00:29:02.544>way <00:29:02.720>more 00:29:04.310 --> 00:29:04.320 align:start position:0% <00:29:04.310>ML-KEM <00:29:04.312>has <00:29:04.316>way <00:29:04.319>more 00:29:04.320 --> 00:29:06.470 align:start position:0% <00:29:04.320>ML-KEM <00:29:04.447>has <00:29:04.574>way <00:29:04.701>more <00:29:04.829>uh <00:29:04.956>way <00:29:05.083>more <00:29:05.210>bits <00:29:05.338>of <00:29:05.465>the <00:29:05.592>key <00:29:05.720>size. 00:29:06.470 --> 00:29:06.480 align:start position:0% <00:29:06.470>uh <00:29:06.471>way <00:29:06.472>more <00:29:06.473>bits <00:29:06.475>of <00:29:06.476>the <00:29:06.477>key <00:29:06.479>size. 00:29:06.480 --> 00:29:10.990 align:start position:0% <00:29:06.480>uh <00:29:06.596>way <00:29:06.713>more <00:29:06.830>bits <00:29:06.946>of <00:29:07.063>the <00:29:07.180>key <00:29:07.296>size. <00:29:07.413>Interestingly, <00:29:07.530>it's <00:29:07.646>are <00:29:07.763>faster <00:29:07.880>than 00:29:10.990 --> 00:29:11.000 align:start position:0% <00:29:10.990>Interestingly, <00:29:10.992>it's <00:29:10.994>are <00:29:10.996>faster <00:29:10.999>than 00:29:11.000 --> 00:29:12.790 align:start position:0% <00:29:11.000>Interestingly, <00:29:11.140>it's <00:29:11.280>are <00:29:11.420>faster <00:29:11.560>than <00:29:11.700>on <00:29:11.840>computation <00:29:11.980>on <00:29:12.120>on <00:29:12.260>encryption <00:29:12.400>and 00:29:12.790 --> 00:29:12.800 align:start position:0% <00:29:12.790>on <00:29:12.791>computation <00:29:12.793>on <00:29:12.795>on <00:29:12.797>encryption <00:29:12.799>and 00:29:12.800 --> 00:29:13.990 align:start position:0% <00:29:12.800>on <00:29:12.978>computation <00:29:13.157>on <00:29:13.335>on <00:29:13.514>encryption <00:29:13.692>and <00:29:13.871>decryption. 00:29:13.990 --> 00:29:14.000 align:start position:0% decryption. 00:29:14.000 --> 00:29:15.670 align:start position:0% <00:29:14.000>decryption. <00:29:14.280>Also <00:29:14.560>very <00:29:14.840>interesting, <00:29:15.120>there's <00:29:15.400>another 00:29:15.670 --> 00:29:15.680 align:start position:0% <00:29:15.670>Also <00:29:15.672>very <00:29:15.674>interesting, <00:29:15.676>there's <00:29:15.679>another 00:29:15.680 --> 00:29:17.350 align:start position:0% <00:29:15.680>Also <00:29:15.820>very <00:29:15.960>interesting, <00:29:16.100>there's <00:29:16.240>another <00:29:16.380>algorithm <00:29:16.520>from <00:29:16.660>the <00:29:16.800>'70s, <00:29:16.940>which <00:29:17.080>is 00:29:17.350 --> 00:29:17.360 align:start position:0% <00:29:17.350>algorithm <00:29:17.351>from <00:29:17.353>the <00:29:17.355>'70s, <00:29:17.357>which <00:29:17.359>is 00:29:17.360 --> 00:29:20.150 align:start position:0% <00:29:17.360>algorithm <00:29:17.467>from <00:29:17.575>the <00:29:17.683>'70s, <00:29:17.790>which <00:29:17.898>is <00:29:18.006>classic <00:29:18.113>McEliece. <00:29:18.221>We <00:29:18.329>did <00:29:18.436>not <00:29:18.544>use <00:29:18.652>in <00:29:18.760>the 00:29:20.150 --> 00:29:20.160 align:start position:0% <00:29:20.150>classic <00:29:20.151>McEliece. <00:29:20.152>We <00:29:20.153>did <00:29:20.155>not <00:29:20.156>use <00:29:20.157>in <00:29:20.159>the 00:29:20.160 --> 00:29:22.390 align:start position:0% <00:29:20.160>classic <00:29:20.260>McEliece. <00:29:20.360>We <00:29:20.460>did <00:29:20.560>not <00:29:20.660>use <00:29:20.760>in <00:29:20.860>the <00:29:20.960>past, <00:29:21.060>but <00:29:21.160>it <00:29:21.260>becomes <00:29:21.360>again <00:29:21.460>relevant <00:29:21.560>now 00:29:22.390 --> 00:29:22.400 align:start position:0% <00:29:22.390>past, <00:29:22.391>but <00:29:22.393>it <00:29:22.394>becomes <00:29:22.396>again <00:29:22.397>relevant <00:29:22.399>now 00:29:22.400 --> 00:29:24.710 align:start position:0% <00:29:22.400>past, <00:29:22.527>but <00:29:22.654>it <00:29:22.781>becomes <00:29:22.909>again <00:29:23.036>relevant <00:29:23.163>now <00:29:23.290>because <00:29:23.418>classic <00:29:23.545>McEliece <00:29:23.672>already <00:29:23.800>is 00:29:24.710 --> 00:29:24.720 align:start position:0% <00:29:24.710>because <00:29:24.712>classic <00:29:24.714>McEliece <00:29:24.716>already <00:29:24.719>is 00:29:24.720 --> 00:29:26.630 align:start position:0% <00:29:24.720>because <00:29:24.847>classic <00:29:24.974>McEliece <00:29:25.101>already <00:29:25.229>is <00:29:25.356>quantum <00:29:25.483>secure <00:29:25.610>because <00:29:25.738>it <00:29:25.865>does <00:29:25.992>not <00:29:26.120>rely 00:29:26.630 --> 00:29:26.640 align:start position:0% <00:29:26.630>quantum <00:29:26.631>secure <00:29:26.633>because <00:29:26.634>it <00:29:26.636>does <00:29:26.637>not <00:29:26.639>rely 00:29:26.640 --> 00:29:28.870 align:start position:0% <00:29:26.640>quantum <00:29:26.747>secure <00:29:26.855>because <00:29:26.963>it <00:29:27.070>does <00:29:27.178>not <00:29:27.286>rely <00:29:27.393>on <00:29:27.501>the <00:29:27.609>trapdoor <00:29:27.716>function <00:29:27.824>of <00:29:27.932>discrete <00:29:28.040>log 00:29:28.870 --> 00:29:28.880 align:start position:0% <00:29:28.870>on <00:29:28.871>the <00:29:28.873>trapdoor <00:29:28.874>function <00:29:28.876>of <00:29:28.877>discrete <00:29:28.879>log 00:29:28.880 --> 00:29:29.910 align:start position:0% <00:29:28.880>on <00:29:28.995>the <00:29:29.111>trapdoor <00:29:29.227>function <00:29:29.343>of <00:29:29.459>discrete <00:29:29.575>log <00:29:29.691>discrete <00:29:29.807>log 00:29:29.910 --> 00:29:29.920 align:start position:0% <00:29:29.910>discrete <00:29:29.919>log 00:29:29.920 --> 00:29:31.190 align:start position:0% <00:29:29.920>discrete <00:29:30.491>log <00:29:31.063>logarithm. 00:29:31.190 --> 00:29:31.200 align:start position:0% logarithm. 00:29:31.200 --> 00:29:32.750 align:start position:0% <00:29:31.200>logarithm. <00:29:31.548>The <00:29:31.897>problem <00:29:32.246>here <00:29:32.595>is 00:29:32.750 --> 00:29:32.760 align:start position:0% <00:29:32.750>The <00:29:32.753>problem <00:29:32.756>here <00:29:32.759>is 00:29:32.760 --> 00:29:34.110 align:start position:0% <00:29:32.760>The <00:29:32.853>problem <00:29:32.946>here <00:29:33.040>is <00:29:33.133>why <00:29:33.227>why <00:29:33.320>is <00:29:33.414>it <00:29:33.507>still <00:29:33.601>on <00:29:33.694>the <00:29:33.788>page? <00:29:33.881>Why <00:29:33.975>is 00:29:34.110 --> 00:29:34.120 align:start position:0% <00:29:34.110>why <00:29:34.110>why <00:29:34.111>is <00:29:34.112>it <00:29:34.113>still <00:29:34.114>on <00:29:34.116>the <00:29:34.117>page? <00:29:34.118>Why <00:29:34.119>is 00:29:34.120 --> 00:29:35.390 align:start position:0% <00:29:34.120>why <00:29:34.191>why <00:29:34.262>is <00:29:34.334>it <00:29:34.405>still <00:29:34.477>on <00:29:34.548>the <00:29:34.620>page? <00:29:34.691>Why <00:29:34.762>is <00:29:34.834>it <00:29:34.905>relevant? <00:29:34.977>Because <00:29:35.048>you <00:29:35.120>can <00:29:35.191>see <00:29:35.263>here, 00:29:35.390 --> 00:29:35.400 align:start position:0% <00:29:35.390>it <00:29:35.391>relevant? <00:29:35.393>Because <00:29:35.394>you <00:29:35.396>can <00:29:35.397>see <00:29:35.399>here, 00:29:35.400 --> 00:29:37.830 align:start position:0% <00:29:35.400>it <00:29:35.500>relevant? <00:29:35.600>Because <00:29:35.700>you <00:29:35.800>can <00:29:35.900>see <00:29:36.000>here, <00:29:36.100>right? <00:29:36.200>The <00:29:36.300>public <00:29:36.400>key <00:29:36.500>is <00:29:36.600>huge. <00:29:36.700>It's <00:29:36.800>also 00:29:37.830 --> 00:29:37.840 align:start position:0% <00:29:37.830>right? <00:29:37.831>The <00:29:37.832>public <00:29:37.833>key <00:29:37.835>is <00:29:37.836>huge. <00:29:37.837>It's <00:29:37.839>also 00:29:37.840 --> 00:29:40.510 align:start position:0% <00:29:37.840>right? <00:29:37.933>The <00:29:38.026>public <00:29:38.120>key <00:29:38.213>is <00:29:38.306>huge. <00:29:38.399>It's <00:29:38.493>also <00:29:38.586>huge <00:29:38.679>to <00:29:38.773>create <00:29:38.866>the <00:29:38.959>keys, <00:29:39.053>okay? <00:29:39.146>But <00:29:39.240>if 00:29:40.510 --> 00:29:40.520 align:start position:0% <00:29:40.510>huge <00:29:40.511>to <00:29:40.512>create <00:29:40.513>the <00:29:40.515>keys, <00:29:40.516>okay? <00:29:40.517>But <00:29:40.519>if 00:29:40.520 --> 00:29:42.830 align:start position:0% <00:29:40.520>huge <00:29:40.607>to <00:29:40.695>create <00:29:40.782>the <00:29:40.870>keys, <00:29:40.957>okay? <00:29:41.045>But <00:29:41.132>if <00:29:41.220>you <00:29:41.307>are <00:29:41.395>living <00:29:41.482>in <00:29:41.570>a <00:29:41.657>world <00:29:41.745>where <00:29:41.832>you <00:29:41.920>can 00:29:42.830 --> 00:29:42.840 align:start position:0% <00:29:42.830>you <00:29:42.831>are <00:29:42.832>living <00:29:42.833>in <00:29:42.834>a <00:29:42.835>world <00:29:42.836>where <00:29:42.837>you <00:29:42.839>can 00:29:42.840 --> 00:29:45.270 align:start position:0% <00:29:42.840>you <00:29:42.947>are <00:29:43.055>living <00:29:43.163>in <00:29:43.270>a <00:29:43.378>world <00:29:43.486>where <00:29:43.593>you <00:29:43.701>can <00:29:43.809>exchange <00:29:43.916>before, <00:29:44.024>then <00:29:44.132>it's <00:29:44.240>still 00:29:45.270 --> 00:29:45.280 align:start position:0% <00:29:45.270>exchange <00:29:45.272>before, <00:29:45.274>then <00:29:45.276>it's <00:29:45.279>still 00:29:45.280 --> 00:29:47.790 align:start position:0% <00:29:45.280>exchange <00:29:45.420>before, <00:29:45.560>then <00:29:45.700>it's <00:29:45.840>still <00:29:45.980>relevant <00:29:46.120>because <00:29:46.260>the <00:29:46.399>message <00:29:46.540>size <00:29:46.680>itself 00:29:47.790 --> 00:29:47.800 align:start position:0% <00:29:47.790>relevant <00:29:47.791>because <00:29:47.793>the <00:29:47.795>message <00:29:47.797>size <00:29:47.799>itself 00:29:47.800 --> 00:29:50.350 align:start position:0% <00:29:47.800>relevant <00:29:47.916>because <00:29:48.033>the <00:29:48.149>message <00:29:48.266>size <00:29:48.383>itself <00:29:48.500>gets <00:29:48.616>closer. <00:29:48.733>Uh <00:29:48.850>the <00:29:48.966>ciphertext <00:29:49.083>which <00:29:49.200>you 00:29:50.350 --> 00:29:50.360 align:start position:0% <00:29:50.350>gets <00:29:50.351>closer. <00:29:50.352>Uh <00:29:50.354>the <00:29:50.356>ciphertext <00:29:50.357>which <00:29:50.359>you 00:29:50.360 --> 00:29:52.310 align:start position:0% <00:29:50.360>gets <00:29:50.459>closer. <00:29:50.560>Uh <00:29:50.659>the <00:29:50.760>ciphertext <00:29:50.860>which <00:29:50.959>you <00:29:51.060>want <00:29:51.159>to <00:29:51.260>encrypt <00:29:51.360>gets <00:29:51.459>closer <00:29:51.560>to <00:29:51.659>what <00:29:51.760>we 00:29:52.310 --> 00:29:52.320 align:start position:0% <00:29:52.310>want <00:29:52.311>to <00:29:52.312>encrypt <00:29:52.313>gets <00:29:52.315>closer <00:29:52.316>to <00:29:52.317>what <00:29:52.319>we 00:29:52.320 --> 00:29:53.750 align:start position:0% <00:29:52.320>want <00:29:52.411>to <00:29:52.503>encrypt <00:29:52.595>gets <00:29:52.687>closer <00:29:52.779>to <00:29:52.871>what <00:29:52.963>we <00:29:53.055>know <00:29:53.147>from <00:29:53.239>today, <00:29:53.331>but <00:29:53.423>still <00:29:53.515>in <00:29:53.607>the 00:29:53.750 --> 00:29:53.760 align:start position:0% <00:29:53.750>know <00:29:53.751>from <00:29:53.753>today, <00:29:53.754>but <00:29:53.756>still <00:29:53.757>in <00:29:53.759>the 00:29:53.760 --> 00:29:55.510 align:start position:0% <00:29:53.760>know <00:29:53.935>from <00:29:54.110>today, <00:29:54.285>but <00:29:54.460>still <00:29:54.635>in <00:29:54.810>the <00:29:54.985>post-quantum <00:29:55.160>world. 00:29:55.510 --> 00:29:55.520 align:start position:0% <00:29:55.510>post-quantum <00:29:55.519>world. 00:29:55.520 --> 00:29:57.270 align:start position:0% <00:29:55.520>post-quantum <00:29:55.800>world. <00:29:56.080>And <00:29:56.360>this <00:29:56.639>is <00:29:56.920>why 00:29:57.270 --> 00:29:57.280 align:start position:0% <00:29:57.270>And <00:29:57.273>this <00:29:57.276>is <00:29:57.279>why 00:29:57.280 --> 00:29:58.710 align:start position:0% <00:29:57.280>And <00:29:57.463>this <00:29:57.647>is <00:29:57.831>why <00:29:58.015>classic <00:29:58.199>McEliece <00:29:58.383>becomes <00:29:58.567>interesting 00:29:58.710 --> 00:29:58.720 align:start position:0% <00:29:58.710>classic <00:29:58.713>McEliece <00:29:58.716>becomes <00:29:58.719>interesting 00:29:58.720 --> 00:29:59.670 align:start position:0% <00:29:58.720>classic <00:29:58.933>McEliece <00:29:59.147>becomes <00:29:59.361>interesting <00:29:59.575>again. 00:29:59.670 --> 00:29:59.680 align:start position:0% again. 00:29:59.680 --> 00:30:02.430 align:start position:0% <00:29:59.680>again. <00:29:59.855>I'm <00:30:00.030>exactly <00:30:00.205>on <00:30:00.380>the <00:30:00.555>second <00:30:00.730>right <00:30:00.905>now. <00:30:01.080>As 00:30:02.430 --> 00:30:02.440 align:start position:0% <00:30:02.430>I'm <00:30:02.431>exactly <00:30:02.432>on <00:30:02.433>the <00:30:02.435>second <00:30:02.436>right <00:30:02.437>now. <00:30:02.439>As 00:30:02.440 --> 00:30:03.630 align:start position:0% <00:30:02.440>I'm <00:30:02.522>exactly <00:30:02.604>on <00:30:02.687>the <00:30:02.769>second <00:30:02.851>right <00:30:02.934>now. <00:30:03.016>As <00:30:03.099>promised <00:30:03.181>before, <00:30:03.263>I <00:30:03.346>think <00:30:03.428>we <00:30:03.511>have 00:30:03.630 --> 00:30:03.640 align:start position:0% <00:30:03.630>promised <00:30:03.631>before, <00:30:03.633>I <00:30:03.635>think <00:30:03.637>we <00:30:03.639>have 00:30:03.640 --> 00:30:05.990 align:start position:0% <00:30:03.640>promised <00:30:03.767>before, <00:30:03.894>I <00:30:04.021>think <00:30:04.149>we <00:30:04.276>have <00:30:04.403>questions <00:30:04.530>only <00:30:04.658>time <00:30:04.785>afterwards. <00:30:04.912>I <00:30:05.040>want 00:30:05.990 --> 00:30:06.000 align:start position:0% <00:30:05.990>questions <00:30:05.991>only <00:30:05.993>time <00:30:05.995>afterwards. <00:30:05.997>I <00:30:05.999>want 00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:07.830 align:start position:0% <00:30:06.000>questions <00:30:06.107>only <00:30:06.215>time <00:30:06.323>afterwards. <00:30:06.430>I <00:30:06.538>want <00:30:06.646>to <00:30:06.753>thank <00:30:06.861>you <00:30:06.969>again <00:30:07.076>also <00:30:07.184>for <00:30:07.292>this <00:30:07.400>late 00:30:07.830 --> 00:30:07.840 align:start position:0% <00:30:07.830>to <00:30:07.831>thank <00:30:07.832>you <00:30:07.833>again <00:30:07.835>also <00:30:07.836>for <00:30:07.837>this <00:30:07.839>late 00:30:07.840 --> 00:30:09.110 align:start position:0% <00:30:07.840>to <00:30:07.943>thank <00:30:08.047>you <00:30:08.151>again <00:30:08.255>also <00:30:08.359>for <00:30:08.463>this <00:30:08.567>late <00:30:08.671>time <00:30:08.775>that <00:30:08.879>you're <00:30:08.983>here. 00:30:09.110 --> 00:30:09.120 align:start position:0% <00:30:09.110>time <00:30:09.112>that <00:30:09.116>you're <00:30:09.119>here. 00:30:09.120 --> 00:30:11.230 align:start position:0% <00:30:09.120>time <00:30:09.236>that <00:30:09.353>you're <00:30:09.469>here. <00:30:09.586>Have <00:30:09.703>enjoy <00:30:09.820>your <00:30:09.936>beers <00:30:10.053>now <00:30:10.169>and <00:30:10.286>come <00:30:10.403>to <00:30:10.520>me 00:30:11.230 --> 00:30:11.240 align:start position:0% <00:30:11.230>Have <00:30:11.231>enjoy <00:30:11.232>your <00:30:11.233>beers <00:30:11.234>now <00:30:11.235>and <00:30:11.236>come <00:30:11.237>to <00:30:11.239>me 00:30:11.240 --> 00:30:12.430 align:start position:0% <00:30:11.240>Have <00:30:11.311>enjoy <00:30:11.382>your <00:30:11.454>beers <00:30:11.525>now <00:30:11.597>and <00:30:11.668>come <00:30:11.739>to <00:30:11.811>me <00:30:11.882>if <00:30:11.954>you <00:30:12.025>have <00:30:12.096>questions. <00:30:12.168>Thank <00:30:12.239>you <00:30:12.311>very 00:30:12.430 --> 00:30:12.440 align:start position:0% <00:30:12.430>if <00:30:12.431>you <00:30:12.433>have <00:30:12.434>questions. <00:30:12.436>Thank <00:30:12.437>you <00:30:12.439>very 00:30:12.440 --> 00:30:13.705 align:start position:0% <00:30:12.440>if <00:30:12.602>you <00:30:12.765>have <00:30:12.927>questions. <00:30:13.090>Thank <00:30:13.253>you <00:30:13.415>very <00:30:13.578>much. 00:30:13.705 --> 00:30:13.715 align:start position:0% much. 00:30:13.715 --> 00:30:15.735 align:start position:0% <00:30:13.715>much. <00:30:14.415>>> <00:30:15.115>[applause]