WEBVTT

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<00:00:02.800>Here, <00:00:02.916>and <00:00:03.033>that's <00:00:03.150>with <00:00:03.266>Michael <00:00:03.383>Kagan, <00:00:03.500>the <00:00:03.616>CTO <00:00:03.733>of <00:00:03.849>NVIDIA, <00:00:03.966>the <00:00:04.083>thing <00:00:04.199>that

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<00:00:06.540>powers <00:00:06.680>all <00:00:06.820>of <00:00:06.960>your <00:00:07.100>AI <00:00:07.240>work. <00:00:07.380>And <00:00:07.520>he <00:00:07.660>explains <00:00:07.800>how <00:00:07.939>AI

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<00:00:10.420>factories <00:00:10.575>are <00:00:10.731>scaling <00:00:10.886>towards <00:00:11.042>million <00:00:11.197>GPU <00:00:11.353>data <00:00:11.508>centers, <00:00:11.664>what <00:00:11.820>drove

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<00:00:14.120>NVIDIA's <00:00:14.247>evolution <00:00:14.374>from <00:00:14.501>a <00:00:14.629>chip <00:00:14.756>company <00:00:14.883>into <00:00:15.010>an <00:00:15.138>AI <00:00:15.265>infrastructure <00:00:15.392>company, <00:00:15.520>and

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<00:00:18.000>why <00:00:18.175>networking <00:00:18.350>has <00:00:18.525>become <00:00:18.700>the <00:00:18.875>nervous <00:00:19.050>system <00:00:19.225>of <00:00:19.400>AI.

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<00:00:21.580>So <00:00:21.680>I <00:00:21.779>hope <00:00:21.880>they're <00:00:21.979>not <00:00:22.080>too <00:00:22.180>nervous. <00:00:22.279>He's <00:00:22.380>going <00:00:22.479>to <00:00:22.580>be <00:00:22.680>joined <00:00:22.779>by <00:00:22.880>my <00:00:22.979>CTO,

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<00:00:26.000>Sead <00:00:26.140>Ahmetovic, <00:00:26.280>part <00:00:26.420>of <00:00:26.560>WeAreDevelopers, <00:00:26.700>the <00:00:26.840>next <00:00:26.980>big <00:00:27.120>thing <00:00:27.259>in <00:00:27.400>AI.

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<00:00:30.060>So <00:00:30.160>let's <00:00:30.259>see <00:00:30.360>what <00:00:30.459>they <00:00:30.560>can <00:00:30.660>tell <00:00:30.759>us <00:00:30.860>about <00:00:30.959>what <00:00:31.060>NVIDIA <00:00:31.160>is <00:00:31.259>doing, <00:00:31.360>where <00:00:31.459>it's

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<00:00:34.080>going, <00:00:34.207>and <00:00:34.334>what <00:00:34.461>it <00:00:34.589>means <00:00:34.716>to <00:00:34.843>be <00:00:34.970>the <00:00:35.098>nervous <00:00:35.225>system <00:00:35.352>of <00:00:35.480>AI.

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<00:00:37.740>So <00:00:37.915>without <00:00:38.090>further <00:00:38.265>ado, <00:00:38.440>Michael <00:00:38.615>Kagan <00:00:38.790>and <00:00:38.965>Sead <00:00:39.140>Ahmetovic.

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<00:00:49.140>Hello, <00:00:49.662>hello.

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Hi.

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<00:00:52.080>I <00:00:52.280>hope <00:00:52.480>you <00:00:52.680>had <00:00:52.879>a <00:00:53.080>good <00:00:53.280>lunch. <00:00:53.480>Michael,

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<00:00:55.300>please <00:00:55.552>be <00:00:55.804>our <00:00:56.056>guest.

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<00:00:57.080>Thank <00:00:57.476>you.

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<00:00:58.600>So, <00:00:59.066>let's <00:00:59.533>talk <00:01:00.000>about

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<00:01:02.420>AI <00:01:02.770>and <00:01:03.120>AI <00:01:03.470>infrastructure. <00:01:03.820>So-

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Sure

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...

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<00:01:06.200>thanks, <00:01:06.375>first <00:01:06.550>of <00:01:06.725>all, <00:01:06.900>for <00:01:07.075>being <00:01:07.250>our <00:01:07.425>guest <00:01:07.600>here.

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And

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<00:01:11.480>what <00:01:11.587>I <00:01:11.695>find <00:01:11.803>interesting <00:01:11.910>is <00:01:12.018>that <00:01:12.126>most <00:01:12.233>people <00:01:12.341>when <00:01:12.449>they <00:01:12.556>think <00:01:12.664>about <00:01:12.772>NVIDIA, <00:01:12.880>they

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<00:01:14.680>still <00:01:14.855>look <00:01:15.030>at <00:01:15.205>NVIDIA <00:01:15.380>through <00:01:15.555>the <00:01:15.730>lens <00:01:15.905>of <00:01:16.080>chips.

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<00:01:18.140>But <00:01:18.634>actually,

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<00:01:20.360>AI <00:01:20.560>changed <00:01:20.760>the <00:01:20.960>unit <00:01:21.160>of <00:01:21.360>computing. <00:01:21.560>So <00:01:21.760>it

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<00:01:24.360>is <00:01:24.467>actually <00:01:24.575>no <00:01:24.683>longer <00:01:24.790>just <00:01:24.898>a <00:01:25.006>chip, <00:01:25.113>not <00:01:25.221>even <00:01:25.329>a <00:01:25.436>server <00:01:25.544>or <00:01:25.652>a <00:01:25.760>rack.

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<00:01:27.740>It's <00:01:28.334>actually

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<00:01:29.720>something <00:01:30.224>completely <00:01:30.728>different.

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<00:01:30.880>And <00:01:30.967>this <00:01:31.054>is <00:01:31.142>the <00:01:31.229>topic <00:01:31.317>I <00:01:31.405>want <00:01:31.492>to <00:01:31.580>deep <00:01:31.667>dive, <00:01:31.755>if <00:01:31.842>you <00:01:31.929>are <00:01:32.017>a <00:01:32.104>bit <00:01:32.192>into <00:01:32.280>that.

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<00:01:35.240>And <00:01:35.395>you've <00:01:35.551>been <00:01:35.706>at <00:01:35.862>the <00:01:36.017>forefront <00:01:36.173>of <00:01:36.328>actually <00:01:36.484>three <00:01:36.640>technological

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revolutions.

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<00:01:41.320>PC, <00:01:41.553>cloud <00:01:41.786>computing, <00:01:42.020>and <00:01:42.253>now <00:01:42.486>AI <00:01:42.720>infrastructure.

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So,

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<00:01:47.180>what <00:01:47.335>makes <00:01:47.491>this <00:01:47.646>AI <00:01:47.802>revolution <00:01:47.957>fundamentally <00:01:48.113>different <00:01:48.268>from <00:01:48.424>the <00:01:48.580>previous

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ones?

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<00:01:52.240>Well, <00:01:52.440>that's <00:01:52.640>a <00:01:52.840>great <00:01:53.040>story. <00:01:53.240>Yes. <00:01:53.440>The <00:01:53.640>PC

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<00:01:55.759>revolution <00:01:56.109>is <00:01:56.460>actually <00:01:56.809>started <00:01:57.160>when

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<00:02:00.700>the <00:02:00.980>development <00:02:01.260>of <00:02:01.540>technology <00:02:01.820>and <00:02:02.100>the

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<00:02:04.180>ecosystem <00:02:04.880>enabled <00:02:05.580>the

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<00:02:07.760>basic <00:02:07.900>computer <00:02:08.039>architecture <00:02:08.180>that <00:02:08.320>was <00:02:08.460>defined <00:02:08.600>in <00:02:08.740>the <00:02:08.880>'60s <00:02:09.020>by <00:02:09.160>the

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IBM

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<00:02:13.000>to <00:02:13.350>penetrate <00:02:13.700>to <00:02:14.050>every <00:02:14.400>home.

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<00:02:17.120>So <00:02:17.320>that's <00:02:17.520>PC <00:02:17.720>revolution. <00:02:17.920>So <00:02:18.120>basically, <00:02:18.320>the <00:02:18.520>'60s

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<00:02:20.140>computer <00:02:20.489>architecture <00:02:20.839>now <00:02:21.190>available <00:02:21.540>everywhere.

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<00:02:25.820>Cloud <00:02:25.995>revolution <00:02:26.170>is <00:02:26.345>basically <00:02:26.519>making <00:02:26.695>these <00:02:26.870>home <00:02:27.045>computers <00:02:27.220>to

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<00:02:29.840>be <00:02:29.995>virtual <00:02:30.151>machines. <00:02:30.306>So <00:02:30.462>it's <00:02:30.617>not <00:02:30.773>server <00:02:30.928>anymore, <00:02:31.084>it's <00:02:31.240>a

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<00:02:33.600>service. <00:02:34.680>So

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<00:02:35.760>before <00:02:35.887>cloud <00:02:36.014>revolution, <00:02:36.141>if <00:02:36.269>you <00:02:36.396>asked <00:02:36.523>somebody <00:02:36.650>if <00:02:36.778>you <00:02:36.905>have <00:02:37.032>electricity <00:02:37.160>at

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<00:02:39.660>home, <00:02:39.815>the <00:02:39.971>answer <00:02:40.126>was <00:02:40.282>yes. <00:02:40.437>And <00:02:40.593>people <00:02:40.748>meant <00:02:40.904>that <00:02:41.060>you

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<00:02:43.640>have <00:02:43.873>a <00:02:44.106>plug <00:02:44.339>in <00:02:44.573>the <00:02:44.806>wall. <00:02:45.040>And

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<00:02:46.640>if <00:02:46.756>you <00:02:46.873>ask <00:02:46.989>people <00:02:47.106>whether <00:02:47.223>they <00:02:47.339>have <00:02:47.456>computer <00:02:47.573>at <00:02:47.690>home <00:02:47.806>the <00:02:47.923>answer <00:02:48.040>after

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<00:02:50.620>PC <00:02:50.736>revolution <00:02:50.853>also <00:02:50.970>was <00:02:51.086>yes, <00:02:51.203>but <00:02:51.320>people <00:02:51.436>meant <00:02:51.553>really <00:02:51.670>some <00:02:51.786>box <00:02:51.903>under <00:02:52.020>the

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table.

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<00:02:56.120>Cloud <00:02:56.295>revolution <00:02:56.470>enabled <00:02:56.645>the <00:02:56.820>same <00:02:56.995>type <00:02:57.170>of <00:02:57.345>services <00:02:57.520>like

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<00:03:01.060>electricity. <00:03:01.215>Computers <00:03:01.371>to <00:03:01.526>be <00:03:01.682>the <00:03:01.837>same <00:03:01.993>type <00:03:02.148>of <00:03:02.304>service <00:03:02.460>as

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<00:03:04.700>electricity. <00:03:04.855>You <00:03:05.011>basically <00:03:05.166>have <00:03:05.322>this <00:03:05.477>virtual <00:03:05.633>plug <00:03:05.788>that <00:03:05.944>you <00:03:06.100>can

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<00:03:08.460>get <00:03:08.693>services <00:03:08.926>of <00:03:09.160>traditional <00:03:09.393>computer <00:03:09.626>over <00:03:09.860>the

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network.

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<00:03:13.860>AI <00:03:14.560>computing <00:03:15.260>is

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<00:03:16.440>dramatically <00:03:16.615>different <00:03:16.790>because <00:03:16.965>that's <00:03:17.140>a <00:03:17.315>new <00:03:17.490>type <00:03:17.665>of <00:03:17.840>computing.

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<00:03:19.480>It's <00:03:19.713>actually <00:03:19.946>the <00:03:20.179>infrastructure. <00:03:20.413>It's <00:03:20.646>like <00:03:20.880>electricity.

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<00:03:24.240>And <00:03:24.415>what <00:03:24.590>it <00:03:24.765>unique <00:03:24.940>about <00:03:25.115>it <00:03:25.290>is <00:03:25.465>it <00:03:25.640>makes

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<00:03:28.340>computer, <00:03:28.540>which <00:03:28.740>is <00:03:28.940>one <00:03:29.140>of <00:03:29.340>the <00:03:29.540>most <00:03:29.740>powerful

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<00:03:31.720>instruments <00:03:32.186>that <00:03:32.653>were <00:03:33.120>invented

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<00:03:35.340>can <00:03:35.690>be <00:03:36.040>used <00:03:36.390>of <00:03:36.740>everyone.

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<00:03:38.140>Before <00:03:39.540>AI,

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<00:03:40.540>there <00:03:40.695>were <00:03:40.851>few <00:03:41.006>million <00:03:41.162>people <00:03:41.317>in <00:03:41.473>the <00:03:41.628>earth <00:03:41.784>that <00:03:41.940>could

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<00:03:44.340>operate <00:03:44.690>computers, <00:03:45.040>means <00:03:45.390>programming <00:03:45.740>them.

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<00:03:46.900>Now <00:03:47.055>everybody <00:03:47.211>can <00:03:47.366>program <00:03:47.522>the <00:03:47.677>computer <00:03:47.833>and <00:03:47.988>run <00:03:48.144>the <00:03:48.300>AI.

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<00:03:51.120>And <00:03:51.213>if <00:03:51.306>you <00:03:51.400>don't <00:03:51.493>know <00:03:51.586>how <00:03:51.680>to <00:03:51.773>do <00:03:51.866>it, <00:03:51.960>just <00:03:52.053>ask <00:03:52.146>AI <00:03:52.240>how <00:03:52.333>to <00:03:52.426>do <00:03:52.520>it

71
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<00:03:55.850>And <00:03:56.078>AI <00:03:56.307>will <00:03:56.535>tell <00:03:56.764>you. <00:03:56.993>So

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<00:03:58.060>that's <00:03:58.762>what-

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Yeah

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<00:03:59.680>... <00:03:59.855>makes <00:04:00.030>the <00:04:00.205>AI <00:04:00.380>to <00:04:00.555>be <00:04:00.730>distinctly <00:04:00.905>different <00:04:01.080>than-

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Yeah

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<00:04:03.410>... <00:04:03.653>before.

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<00:04:05.000>Coming <00:04:05.238>back <00:04:05.477>to <00:04:05.715>the <00:04:05.954>chips.

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<00:04:07.840>For <00:04:07.947>many <00:04:08.055>years, <00:04:08.163>and <00:04:08.270>actually <00:04:08.378>still, <00:04:08.486>a <00:04:08.593>lot <00:04:08.701>of <00:04:08.809>people <00:04:08.916>assumed <00:04:09.024>that <00:04:09.132>AI <00:04:09.240>scaling

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<00:04:11.880>was <00:04:12.160>mainly <00:04:12.440>about <00:04:12.720>producing <00:04:13.000>faster <00:04:13.280>chips

80
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<00:04:15.980>and <00:04:16.135>Moore's <00:04:16.291>law <00:04:16.446>and <00:04:16.602>so <00:04:16.757>on. <00:04:16.913>You've <00:04:17.068>actually <00:04:17.224>founded <00:04:17.380>Mellanox

81
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<00:04:20.360>in <00:04:20.826>1999, <00:04:21.293>I <00:04:21.760>think.

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<00:04:22.000>That's <00:04:22.306>right.

83
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<00:04:22.380>Which <00:04:22.520>is <00:04:22.659>a <00:04:22.800>networking <00:04:22.940>company. <00:04:23.080>I <00:04:23.219>think <00:04:23.360>the <00:04:23.500>world's <00:04:23.640>largest <00:04:23.780>leading

84
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<00:04:25.980>networking <00:04:26.260>company. <00:04:26.540>And <00:04:26.820>20 <00:04:27.100>years <00:04:27.380>later,

85
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<00:04:29.940>it <00:04:30.140>was <00:04:30.340>acquired <00:04:30.540>by <00:04:30.740>NVIDIA <00:04:30.940>for <00:04:31.140>$7 <00:04:31.340>billion.

86
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<00:04:34.180>So <00:04:34.445>five, <00:04:34.711>six <00:04:34.976>years <00:04:35.242>ago.

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<00:04:37.100>Probably <00:04:37.333>one <00:04:37.566>of <00:04:37.800>the <00:04:38.033>largest <00:04:38.266>acquisitions <00:04:38.500>ever.

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And

89
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<00:04:41.940>why <00:04:42.115>was <00:04:42.290>that <00:04:42.465>acquisition <00:04:42.640>or <00:04:42.815>merger <00:04:42.990>for <00:04:43.165>NVIDIA <00:04:43.340>so

90
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<00:04:46.240>important <00:04:46.590>for <00:04:46.940>the <00:04:47.290>AI <00:04:47.640>strategy?

91
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<00:04:49.960>Okay. <00:04:50.159>So <00:04:50.359>yeah, <00:04:50.560>we <00:04:50.760>started <00:04:50.960>Mellanox <00:04:51.159>in <00:04:51.359>'99.

92
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<00:04:53.400>Basically, <00:04:53.679>we <00:04:53.960>envisioned <00:04:54.239>the <00:04:54.520>cloud <00:04:54.799>revolution

93
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and

94
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<00:04:58.340>having <00:04:58.690>developed <00:04:59.040>processors <00:04:59.390>at <00:04:59.740>Intel

95
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<00:05:02.040>for <00:05:02.490>about <00:05:02.940>16 <00:05:03.390>years,

96
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<00:05:04.600>we <00:05:05.131>decided <00:05:05.662>to

97
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<00:05:06.680>put <00:05:06.835>together <00:05:06.991>a <00:05:07.146>team <00:05:07.302>to <00:05:07.457>make <00:05:07.613>them <00:05:07.768>work <00:05:07.924>at <00:05:08.080>scale.

98
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And

99
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<00:05:12.360>basically, <00:05:12.640>our <00:05:12.920>network <00:05:13.200>technology <00:05:13.480>become <00:05:13.760>the

100
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<00:05:16.680>backbone <00:05:16.913>of <00:05:17.146>all <00:05:17.380>of <00:05:17.613>the <00:05:17.846>cloud <00:05:18.080>providers.

101
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<00:05:21.460>And <00:05:21.587>at <00:05:21.714>some <00:05:21.841>point, <00:05:21.969>we <00:05:22.096>started <00:05:22.223>to <00:05:22.350>work <00:05:22.478>with <00:05:22.605>NVIDIA, <00:05:22.732>and <00:05:22.859>it

102
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<00:05:29.340>was <00:05:29.573>about <00:05:29.806>2016 <00:05:30.039>or <00:05:30.273>2014, <00:05:30.506>where <00:05:30.739>AI

103
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<00:05:33.240>started <00:05:33.395>to <00:05:33.551>pick <00:05:33.706>up. <00:05:33.862>NVIDIA <00:05:34.017>was <00:05:34.173>building <00:05:34.328>larger <00:05:34.484>and <00:05:34.640>larger

104
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<00:05:37.180>computers, <00:05:37.413>and <00:05:37.646>we <00:05:37.880>are <00:05:38.113>doing <00:05:38.346>it <00:05:38.580>together.

105
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<00:05:40.260>And <00:05:40.415>at <00:05:40.571>some <00:05:40.726>point <00:05:40.882>it <00:05:41.037>becomes <00:05:41.193>evident <00:05:41.348>that <00:05:41.504>the <00:05:41.659>computer

106
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<00:05:44.260>is <00:05:44.460>not <00:05:44.659>a <00:05:44.860>box <00:05:45.060>under <00:05:45.260>the <00:05:45.460>table <00:05:45.659>anymore.

107
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<00:05:46.460>And <00:05:46.615>it <00:05:46.771>is <00:05:46.926>not <00:05:47.082>many <00:05:47.237>boxes <00:05:47.393>of <00:05:47.548>this <00:05:47.704>packed <00:05:47.859>in

108
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<00:05:49.940>the <00:05:50.115>what <00:05:50.290>called <00:05:50.465>data <00:05:50.640>center, <00:05:50.815>which <00:05:50.990>basically <00:05:51.165>a <00:05:51.340>warehouse.

109
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<00:05:54.159>It's <00:05:54.439>actually <00:05:54.719>the <00:05:54.999>computer. <00:05:55.280>So <00:05:55.559>we

110
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<00:05:57.720>internalized <00:05:57.875>that <00:05:58.031>we <00:05:58.186>are <00:05:58.342>actually <00:05:58.497>building <00:05:58.653>computer <00:05:58.808>as <00:05:58.964>a <00:05:59.120>single

111
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<00:06:01.360>computer, <00:06:01.826>the <00:06:02.293>AI <00:06:02.760>factory-

112
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Mm

113
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<00:06:04.159>... <00:06:04.359>at <00:06:04.558>a <00:06:04.759>scale <00:06:04.959>that <00:06:05.159>you <00:06:05.359>need <00:06:05.558>the

114
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<00:06:08.380>construction <00:06:08.659>that <00:06:08.940>can <00:06:09.219>fit <00:06:09.500>two <00:06:09.780>Boeing

115
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<00:06:11.940>airplanes <00:06:12.290>to <00:06:12.640>host <00:06:12.990>this <00:06:13.340>machine.

116
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<00:06:14.740>And <00:06:15.190>that's

117
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<00:06:16.080>when <00:06:16.280>it <00:06:16.479>becomes <00:06:16.680>evident <00:06:16.880>that <00:06:17.080>Merger <00:06:17.280>of <00:06:17.479>networking,

118
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<00:06:20.544>efficient <00:06:20.744>networking, <00:06:20.943>putting <00:06:21.144>together <00:06:21.344>a <00:06:21.544>lot <00:06:21.744>of <00:06:21.943>compute

119
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<00:06:24.324>elements <00:06:24.557>is <00:06:24.790>actually <00:06:25.024>what's <00:06:25.257>needed <00:06:25.490>to <00:06:25.724>build

120
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<00:06:28.384>this <00:06:28.734>scale <00:06:29.084>of <00:06:29.434>the <00:06:29.784>computer.

121
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<00:06:30.864>So <00:06:31.214>NVIDIA <00:06:31.563>acquired <00:06:31.914>Mellanox. <00:06:32.263>The

122
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<00:06:33.924>acquisition <00:06:34.390>was <00:06:34.857>concluded <00:06:35.323>in

123
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<00:06:36.944>2020. <00:06:37.644>Yes, <00:06:38.344>it's

124
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<00:06:40.984>almost <00:06:41.139>exactly <00:06:41.295>six <00:06:41.450>years <00:06:41.606>ago, <00:06:41.761>six <00:06:41.917>years <00:06:42.072>and <00:06:42.228>the <00:06:42.383>quarter.

125
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<00:06:45.183>And <00:06:45.339>we <00:06:45.495>become <00:06:45.650>the <00:06:45.806>company <00:06:45.961>that-- <00:06:46.117>and <00:06:46.272>I <00:06:46.428>think <00:06:46.583>this

126
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<00:06:48.804>merger <00:06:49.154>was <00:06:49.503>the <00:06:49.854>most <00:06:50.203>successful,

127
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<00:06:53.244>not <00:06:53.399>only <00:06:53.555>from <00:06:53.710>the <00:06:53.866>company <00:06:54.021>growth <00:06:54.177>perspective <00:06:54.332>but <00:06:54.488>also <00:06:54.644>from

128
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<00:06:57.284>the <00:06:58.683>technology.

129
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<00:07:01.084>It's <00:07:01.364>complementary <00:07:01.644>technology <00:07:01.924>and <00:07:02.204>complementary <00:07:02.484>products.

130
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<00:07:03.844>So <00:07:04.044>this <00:07:04.244>enables <00:07:04.444>to <00:07:04.644>build <00:07:04.844>this <00:07:05.044>AI <00:07:05.244>factories

131
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<00:07:07.724>at <00:07:08.074>the <00:07:08.424>scale <00:07:08.774>of <00:07:09.123>hundred.

132
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<00:07:10.384>Yeah. <00:07:10.664>AI <00:07:10.944>factories, <00:07:11.224>that's <00:07:11.504>an <00:07:11.784>interesting

133
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name.

134
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<00:07:14.844>We <00:07:15.015>talked <00:07:15.186>about <00:07:15.357>it <00:07:15.527>also <00:07:15.698>in <00:07:15.870>the <00:07:16.041>prep <00:07:16.212>call.

135
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<00:07:16.424>So <00:07:16.563>a <00:07:16.703>traditional <00:07:16.844>data <00:07:16.984>center, <00:07:17.123>yes, <00:07:17.263>it <00:07:17.404>stores, <00:07:17.544>retrieves, <00:07:17.683>processes <00:07:17.823>information.

136
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<00:07:20.484>But <00:07:20.717>NVIDIA <00:07:20.950>actually <00:07:21.183>now <00:07:21.417>builds <00:07:21.650>AI <00:07:21.883>factories.

137
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<00:07:23.184>So, <00:07:23.359>what <00:07:23.534>actually <00:07:23.709>changes <00:07:23.884>when <00:07:24.059>a <00:07:24.234>data <00:07:24.409>center <00:07:24.584>becomes

138
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<00:07:27.104>an <00:07:27.279>AI <00:07:27.454>factory? <00:07:27.628>Because <00:07:27.804>it's <00:07:27.979>not <00:07:28.154>just <00:07:28.329>the <00:07:28.503>label,

139
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<00:07:30.364>there's <00:07:30.714>something <00:07:31.063>more <00:07:31.414>to <00:07:31.763>it.

140
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<00:07:33.504>Right. <00:07:33.679>The <00:07:33.854>data <00:07:34.029>center, <00:07:34.204>if <00:07:34.379>you <00:07:34.554>wish, <00:07:34.729>it's <00:07:34.904>the

141
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<00:07:36.964>warehouse <00:07:37.164>of <00:07:37.364>data <00:07:37.564>that <00:07:37.764>you <00:07:37.964>retrieve <00:07:38.164>and <00:07:38.364>operate

142
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<00:07:40.924>on <00:07:41.157>it <00:07:41.390>and <00:07:41.623>then <00:07:41.857>put <00:07:42.090>it <00:07:42.323>back.

143
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<00:07:43.504>AI <00:07:43.659>factory <00:07:43.815>is <00:07:43.970>something <00:07:44.126>that <00:07:44.281>takes <00:07:44.437>the <00:07:44.592>data <00:07:44.748>and <00:07:44.904>the

144
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<00:07:47.064>energy <00:07:47.530>and <00:07:47.997>produces <00:07:48.464>intelligence.

145
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Yeah.

146
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<00:07:50.584>We <00:07:50.711>produce <00:07:50.838>the <00:07:50.965>tokens. <00:07:51.093>If <00:07:51.220>you <00:07:51.347>can <00:07:51.474>think <00:07:51.602>about <00:07:51.729>this, <00:07:51.856>it's <00:07:51.984>like

147
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<00:07:54.404>power <00:07:54.818>plants. <00:07:55.232>They <00:07:55.646>take

148
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<00:07:56.664>oil <00:07:56.839>or <00:07:57.014>water <00:07:57.188>or <00:07:57.364>whatever, <00:07:57.539>nuclear <00:07:57.714>power, <00:07:57.889>and <00:07:58.063>convert

149
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<00:08:00.644>it <00:08:01.031>to <00:08:01.418>electricity.

150
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<00:08:02.524>AI <00:08:02.651>factories <00:08:02.778>take <00:08:02.905>the <00:08:03.033>energy <00:08:03.160>and <00:08:03.287>the <00:08:03.414>data <00:08:03.542>and <00:08:03.669>convert <00:08:03.796>it <00:08:03.924>to

151
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<00:08:06.084>intelligence. <00:08:06.259>So <00:08:06.434>you <00:08:06.609>actually <00:08:06.784>get <00:08:06.959>something <00:08:07.134>new <00:08:07.309>that <00:08:07.484>didn't

152
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<00:08:09.924>exist <00:08:10.986>before.

153
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<00:08:11.144>Yeah. <00:08:11.284>I <00:08:11.424>would <00:08:11.564>say <00:08:11.704>we <00:08:11.844>can <00:08:11.984>all <00:08:12.124>imagine <00:08:12.264>how <00:08:12.404>a <00:08:12.544>data

154
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<00:08:14.904>center <00:08:15.059>looks <00:08:15.215>inside. <00:08:15.370>If <00:08:15.526>you <00:08:15.681>would <00:08:15.837>walk <00:08:15.992>into <00:08:16.148>an <00:08:16.304>AI

155
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<00:08:18.424>factory, <00:08:18.599>what <00:08:18.774>would <00:08:18.948>we <00:08:19.123>see <00:08:19.299>as <00:08:19.474>the <00:08:19.649>essential <00:08:19.823>building

156
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<00:08:21.684>blocks <00:08:22.034>besides <00:08:22.384>just <00:08:22.734>maybe <00:08:23.084>GPUs?

157
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<00:08:25.064>Well, <00:08:25.164>the <00:08:25.264>first <00:08:25.364>thing <00:08:25.464>you <00:08:25.564>notice <00:08:25.664>when <00:08:25.764>you <00:08:25.864>go <00:08:25.964>to <00:08:26.064>the <00:08:26.164>AI <00:08:26.264>factory <00:08:26.364>is <00:08:26.464>cables.

158
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<00:08:29.464>Okay? <00:08:29.619>That's <00:08:29.775>the <00:08:29.930>backbone <00:08:30.086>of <00:08:30.241>the <00:08:30.397>factory. <00:08:30.552>That's <00:08:30.708>the <00:08:30.864>network.

159
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<00:08:33.024>That <00:08:33.408>network <00:08:33.792>that <00:08:34.175>connects

160
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<00:08:35.605>hundreds <00:08:35.780>of <00:08:35.955>thousands <00:08:36.130>and <00:08:36.305>sometimes <00:08:36.480>even <00:08:36.655>a <00:08:36.830>million <00:08:37.005>GPUs

161
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<00:08:39.544>to <00:08:39.823>work <00:08:40.103>like <00:08:40.384>a <00:08:40.664>single <00:08:40.943>machine.

162
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<00:08:42.365>So <00:08:42.598>you <00:08:42.831>see <00:08:43.065>lot <00:08:43.298>of <00:08:43.531>new <00:08:43.765>technologies.

163
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<00:08:45.484>It's <00:08:45.684>network <00:08:45.884>technologies, <00:08:46.084>the <00:08:46.284>GPU <00:08:46.484>technology, <00:08:46.684>it <00:08:46.884>is

164
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<00:08:49.724>cooling <00:08:50.004>technology. <00:08:50.284>Everything <00:08:50.564>needs <00:08:50.844>to <00:08:51.124>be

165
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<00:08:53.224>reinvented. <00:08:53.379>And <00:08:53.535>when <00:08:53.690>we <00:08:53.846>design <00:08:54.001>it, <00:08:54.157>we <00:08:54.312>actually <00:08:54.468>do <00:08:54.624>this

166
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<00:08:57.524>what <00:08:57.699>we <00:08:57.874>call <00:08:58.049>extreme <00:08:58.224>co-design. <00:08:58.399>So <00:08:58.574>it's <00:08:58.749>pretty <00:08:58.924>much

167
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<00:09:01.984>ground <00:09:02.159>up <00:09:02.334>from <00:09:02.509>the <00:09:02.684>silicon <00:09:02.859>photonics <00:09:03.034>all <00:09:03.209>the <00:09:03.384>way

168
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<00:09:05.904>up <00:09:06.044>to <00:09:06.184>the <00:09:06.324>application <00:09:06.464>layer. <00:09:06.604>And <00:09:06.744>we <00:09:06.884>need <00:09:07.024>to <00:09:07.164>make <00:09:07.304>it

169
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<00:09:09.804>work <00:09:09.920>in <00:09:10.037>a <00:09:10.154>way <00:09:10.270>that <00:09:10.387>it <00:09:10.504>is <00:09:10.620>the <00:09:10.737>most <00:09:10.853>efficient <00:09:10.970>in <00:09:11.087>terms <00:09:11.204>of

170
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<00:09:13.704>both <00:09:14.054>cost <00:09:14.404>and <00:09:14.753>power <00:09:15.103>efficiency.

171
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Mm-hmm.

172
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<00:09:16.584>So <00:09:16.758>basically, <00:09:16.934>cost <00:09:17.108>per <00:09:17.284>token <00:09:17.459>goes <00:09:17.633>down <00:09:17.809>every <00:09:17.983>generation.

173
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<00:09:20.864>Yeah. <00:09:21.268>That's <00:09:21.673>a <00:09:22.078>good

174
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<00:09:23.344>rule, <00:09:23.661>like <00:09:23.978>cost <00:09:24.295>per <00:09:24.613>token.

175
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<00:09:26.164>For <00:09:26.291>the <00:09:26.418>past <00:09:26.545>few <00:09:26.673>years, <00:09:26.800>we've <00:09:26.927>always <00:09:27.054>talked <00:09:27.182>about <00:09:27.309>training <00:09:27.436>the <00:09:27.564>models,

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<00:09:30.104>training <00:09:30.384>bigger <00:09:30.664>models, <00:09:30.944>and <00:09:31.224>so <00:09:31.504>on.

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<00:09:31.984>But <00:09:32.124>actually <00:09:32.264>now <00:09:32.404>when <00:09:32.544>people <00:09:32.684>start <00:09:32.824>building <00:09:32.964>and <00:09:33.104>they <00:09:33.244>go <00:09:33.384>to

178
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production,

179
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<00:09:37.324>reasoning <00:09:37.557>agents, <00:09:37.790>they <00:09:38.024>create <00:09:38.257>actually <00:09:38.490>massive <00:09:38.723>inference

180
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<00:09:41.044>workloads <00:09:41.324>all <00:09:41.603>day. <00:09:41.884>How <00:09:42.164>does <00:09:42.444>it

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<00:09:44.984>actually <00:09:45.264>change <00:09:45.544>what <00:09:45.824>you <00:09:46.104>optimize <00:09:46.384>for?

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<00:09:48.224>Yeah, <00:09:48.379>that's <00:09:48.535>a <00:09:48.690>great <00:09:48.846>point. <00:09:49.001>If <00:09:49.157>you <00:09:49.312>look <00:09:49.468>at <00:09:49.624>traditional

183
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<00:09:51.944>interaction <00:09:52.294>of <00:09:52.644>computer <00:09:52.993>with <00:09:53.343>the

184
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<00:09:55.864>user, <00:09:56.097>basically <00:09:56.330>user <00:09:56.564>posts <00:09:56.797>the <00:09:57.030>request, <00:09:57.264>computer

185
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<00:10:00.284>calculates, <00:10:00.517>and <00:10:00.750>then <00:10:00.984>gives <00:10:01.217>back <00:10:01.450>the <00:10:01.684>request.

186
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<00:10:02.824>And <00:10:03.024>this <00:10:03.223>turnaround <00:10:03.424>time <00:10:03.623>is <00:10:03.824>pretty <00:10:04.024>much <00:10:04.223>determined

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<00:10:06.864>by <00:10:07.097>the <00:10:07.330>ability <00:10:07.564>of <00:10:07.797>human, <00:10:08.030>us, <00:10:08.264>to

188
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<00:10:11.984>digest <00:10:12.111>information <00:10:12.238>and <00:10:12.365>analyze <00:10:12.493>the <00:10:12.620>results <00:10:12.747>and <00:10:12.874>go <00:10:13.002>to <00:10:13.129>the <00:10:13.256>next <00:10:13.384>step.

189
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<00:10:15.904>With <00:10:16.031>the <00:10:16.158>agentic <00:10:16.285>flow, <00:10:16.413>which <00:10:16.540>has <00:10:16.667>started <00:10:16.794>from <00:10:16.922>the <00:10:17.049>reasoning, <00:10:17.176>and <00:10:17.304>then

190
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<00:10:19.884>gone <00:10:20.059>to <00:10:20.234>the <00:10:20.409>agentic <00:10:20.584>flow, <00:10:20.759>this <00:10:20.934>interaction <00:10:21.109>is <00:10:21.284>actually

191
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<00:10:23.844>happening <00:10:24.019>within <00:10:24.194>the <00:10:24.369>data <00:10:24.544>center <00:10:24.719>between <00:10:24.894>the <00:10:25.069>model <00:10:25.244>and

192
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the

193
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<00:10:29.204>CPUs <00:10:29.437>that <00:10:29.670>are <00:10:29.904>running <00:10:30.137>the <00:10:30.370>tools <00:10:30.603>and

194
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<00:10:32.444>basically <00:10:32.677>the <00:10:32.910>harness <00:10:33.144>of <00:10:33.377>the <00:10:33.610>agentic <00:10:33.843>flow.

195
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<00:10:36.224>So <00:10:36.440>it's <00:10:36.656>much

196
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<00:10:37.903>faster <00:10:38.103>iteration, <00:10:38.303>and <00:10:38.503>it <00:10:38.703>requires <00:10:38.903>more <00:10:39.103>and <00:10:39.303>more

197
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computing.

198
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<00:10:43.564>So <00:10:43.797>it's <00:10:44.030>like <00:10:44.264>exponential <00:10:44.497>growth, <00:10:44.730>and <00:10:44.964>that's

199
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<00:10:47.184>actually <00:10:47.534>another <00:10:47.884>topic <00:10:48.233>of <00:10:48.584>how

200
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<00:10:51.204>it's <00:10:51.437>an <00:10:51.670>example <00:10:51.904>how <00:10:52.137>the <00:10:52.370>demand <00:10:52.603>of

201
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<00:10:55.384>some <00:10:56.176>capabilities

202
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<00:10:57.104>drive <00:10:57.804>to <00:10:58.504>overcome

203
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<00:11:00.644>some <00:11:01.344>technological <00:11:02.044>challenges.

204
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<00:11:04.844>Till <00:11:05.077>about <00:11:05.310>2005, <00:11:05.544>2007, <00:11:05.777>we <00:11:06.010>were <00:11:06.244>all

205
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<00:11:08.884>riding <00:11:09.164>the <00:11:09.444>what's <00:11:09.724>called <00:11:10.004>Moore <00:11:10.284>law.

206
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<00:11:12.884>So <00:11:13.011>it <00:11:13.138>was <00:11:13.265>2X <00:11:13.393>every <00:11:13.520>couple <00:11:13.647>of <00:11:13.774>years, <00:11:13.902>and <00:11:14.029>that <00:11:14.156>was <00:11:14.284>the

207
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performance

208
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<00:11:18.524>growth. <00:11:18.757>And <00:11:18.990>with <00:11:19.224>conventional <00:11:19.457>computing, <00:11:19.690>that <00:11:19.924>was

209
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<00:11:22.504>pretty <00:11:22.780>much <00:11:23.056>good <00:11:23.332>enough.

210
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<00:11:24.244>But <00:11:24.444>then <00:11:24.644>when <00:11:24.844>AI <00:11:25.044>kicked <00:11:25.244>in, <00:11:25.444>the <00:11:25.644>demand

211
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<00:11:28.244>for <00:11:28.524>computing <00:11:28.804>started <00:11:29.084>to <00:11:29.364>grow <00:11:29.644>exponentially.

212
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<00:11:31.824>So <00:11:31.964>it's <00:11:32.103>not <00:11:32.243>2X <00:11:32.383>every <00:11:32.524>two <00:11:32.664>years, <00:11:32.804>it's <00:11:32.944>the <00:11:33.084>models <00:11:33.223>were

213
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<00:11:35.644>growing <00:11:35.994>about <00:11:36.344>2X <00:11:36.694>every <00:11:37.044>quarter.

214
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<00:11:40.184>You <00:11:40.534>need <00:11:40.884>to <00:11:41.233>get <00:11:41.584>proportional

215
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<00:11:43.964>compute <00:11:44.593>power.

216
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<00:11:45.664>And <00:11:45.791>so <00:11:45.918>on <00:11:46.045>one <00:11:46.173>hand, <00:11:46.300>demand <00:11:46.427>for <00:11:46.554>computing <00:11:46.682>grows, <00:11:46.809>on <00:11:46.936>the <00:11:47.064>other

217
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<00:11:49.364>hand, <00:11:49.597>Moore <00:11:49.830>law <00:11:50.064>pretty <00:11:50.297>much <00:11:50.530>ended <00:11:50.764>because

218
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<00:11:53.284>you <00:11:53.626>can't <00:11:53.968>shrink <00:11:54.310>the <00:11:54.651>atoms.

219
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So

220
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<00:11:56.784>basically, <00:11:57.484>collectively, <00:11:58.184>we

221
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<00:11:59.824>put <00:12:00.024>together <00:12:00.223>this <00:12:00.424>scale-out, <00:12:00.623>scale-up, <00:12:00.824>and <00:12:01.024>scale-out <00:12:01.223>machines

222
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<00:12:04.044>that <00:12:04.324>enable <00:12:04.603>to <00:12:04.884>deliver <00:12:05.164>application <00:12:05.444>performance

223
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<00:12:08.124>at <00:12:08.357>the <00:12:08.590>pace <00:12:08.824>of <00:12:09.057>growth <00:12:09.290>that <00:12:09.524>was

224
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<00:12:12.084>driven <00:12:12.480>by <00:12:12.876>demand,

225
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<00:12:13.884>despite <00:12:15.018>some-

226
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Yeah

227
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<00:12:15.664>... <00:12:16.364>physical <00:12:17.064>limitations.

228
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<00:12:17.904>That's <00:12:18.031>interesting <00:12:18.158>what <00:12:18.285>you <00:12:18.413>said, <00:12:18.540>like <00:12:18.667>scale-in, <00:12:18.794>scale-out, <00:12:18.922>scale-up, <00:12:19.049>and <00:12:19.176>so <00:12:19.304>on.

229
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<00:12:21.924>Could <00:12:22.024>you <00:12:22.124>elaborate <00:12:22.223>a <00:12:22.324>bit <00:12:22.424>on <00:12:22.524>that? <00:12:22.624>Because <00:12:22.723>I <00:12:22.824>think <00:12:22.924>that <00:12:23.024>not <00:12:23.124>everyone <00:12:23.223>is <00:12:23.324>familiar

230
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<00:12:25.084>with <00:12:25.322>what <00:12:25.560>that <00:12:25.799>actually <00:12:26.038>means.

231
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<00:12:26.840>Yeah. <00:12:27.073>So, <00:12:27.306>you <00:12:27.540>have <00:12:27.773>a <00:12:28.006>basic <00:12:28.240>element

232
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<00:12:30.680>that <00:12:31.030>you <00:12:31.380>want <00:12:31.729>programmers <00:12:32.079>to

233
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<00:12:34.480>see <00:12:34.596>as <00:12:34.713>a <00:12:34.830>single <00:12:34.946>machine. <00:12:35.063>And <00:12:35.180>in <00:12:35.296>the <00:12:35.413>GPU <00:12:35.530>world, <00:12:35.646>that's <00:12:35.763>a <00:12:35.880>GPU.

234
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<00:12:39.100>So <00:12:39.255>when <00:12:39.411>you <00:12:39.566>want <00:12:39.722>to <00:12:39.877>build <00:12:40.033>a <00:12:40.188>large-scale <00:12:40.344>machine, <00:12:40.500>you

235
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<00:12:43.040>first <00:12:43.506>want <00:12:43.973>to <00:12:44.439>build

236
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<00:12:45.940>this <00:12:46.140>basic <00:12:46.340>element <00:12:46.540>to <00:12:46.740>be <00:12:46.940>as <00:12:47.140>big <00:12:47.340>as

237
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<00:12:49.980>possible <00:12:50.213>and <00:12:50.446>as <00:12:50.680>big <00:12:50.913>as <00:12:51.146>it <00:12:51.380>is

238
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<00:12:53.700>economically <00:12:54.166>feasible <00:12:54.633>or <00:12:55.100>worthwhile.

239
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<00:12:57.360>So <00:12:57.476>what <00:12:57.593>you <00:12:57.710>do, <00:12:57.826>if <00:12:57.943>you <00:12:58.060>look <00:12:58.176>at <00:12:58.293>the <00:12:58.410>chip, <00:12:58.526>there <00:12:58.643>is <00:12:58.760>multiple

240
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<00:13:01.240>compute <00:13:01.440>elements <00:13:01.640>interconnected <00:13:01.840>with <00:13:02.040>some <00:13:02.240>network <00:13:02.440>on <00:13:02.640>the

241
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chip.

242
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<00:13:06.180>So <00:13:06.319>what <00:13:06.459>we <00:13:06.599>have <00:13:06.739>done <00:13:06.880>in <00:13:07.020>NVIDIA, <00:13:07.160>that's <00:13:07.300>our <00:13:07.439>NVLink <00:13:07.579>technology,

243
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<00:13:10.380>we <00:13:10.535>basically <00:13:10.691>extended <00:13:10.846>this <00:13:11.002>network <00:13:11.157>on <00:13:11.313>a <00:13:11.468>chip <00:13:11.624>to <00:13:11.780>connect

244
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<00:13:14.380>multiple <00:13:14.613>chips. <00:13:14.846>So <00:13:15.080>now <00:13:15.313>we <00:13:15.546>have <00:13:15.780>in

245
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production

246
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<00:13:20.540>72 <00:13:20.773>GPUs, <00:13:21.006>Blackwell <00:13:21.240>GPUs, <00:13:21.473>and <00:13:21.706>Vera <00:13:21.939>Rubin

247
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<00:13:24.500>GPUs, <00:13:24.733>Rubin <00:13:24.966>GPUs <00:13:25.200>interconnected <00:13:25.433>together <00:13:25.666>with <00:13:25.900>the

248
00:13:28.540 --> 00:13:32.420
<00:13:28.540>NVLink <00:13:28.740>that <00:13:28.939>scale <00:13:29.140>up. <00:13:29.339>And <00:13:29.540>actually, <00:13:29.740>we <00:13:29.939>are

249
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<00:13:32.480>moving <00:13:32.635>forward <00:13:32.791>to <00:13:32.946>a <00:13:33.102>few <00:13:33.257>hundred <00:13:33.413>of <00:13:33.568>GPUs <00:13:33.724>connected <00:13:33.880>as

250
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<00:13:36.500>a <00:13:36.968>single

251
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<00:13:37.840>to <00:13:37.995>be <00:13:38.151>viewed <00:13:38.306>is <00:13:38.462>approximately <00:13:38.617>to <00:13:38.773>programmers <00:13:38.928>as <00:13:39.084>a <00:13:39.240>single

252
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<00:13:41.720>GPU. <00:13:41.895>So <00:13:42.070>you <00:13:42.245>build <00:13:42.420>this <00:13:42.595>machine, <00:13:42.770>and <00:13:42.945>it's <00:13:43.120>still

253
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<00:13:45.740>not <00:13:46.190>enough.

254
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<00:13:47.060>So <00:13:47.199>what <00:13:47.339>you <00:13:47.479>do, <00:13:47.619>you <00:13:47.760>do <00:13:47.900>scale <00:13:48.040>out. <00:13:48.180>So <00:13:48.319>you <00:13:48.459>connect

255
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these

256
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<00:13:52.420>machines, <00:13:52.560>these <00:13:52.699>huge <00:13:52.839>machines. <00:13:52.979>And <00:13:53.120>by <00:13:53.260>the <00:13:53.400>way, <00:13:53.540>if <00:13:53.680>you <00:13:53.819>order

257
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<00:13:56.680>on <00:13:56.854>Amazon <00:13:57.030>GPU, <00:13:57.204>you <00:13:57.380>may <00:13:57.555>end <00:13:57.729>up <00:13:57.905>getting <00:13:58.079>the

258
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<00:14:00.560>rack <00:14:01.640>of

259
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<00:14:02.840>almost <00:14:02.995>two <00:14:03.151>tons <00:14:03.306>weight <00:14:03.462>with <00:14:03.617>the <00:14:03.773>many <00:14:03.928>million <00:14:04.084>parts <00:14:04.240>at

260
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<00:14:06.860>your <00:14:07.000>doorstep. <00:14:07.140>So, <00:14:07.280>just <00:14:07.420>make <00:14:07.560>sure <00:14:07.700>that <00:14:07.840>you <00:14:07.980>do <00:14:08.120>order <00:14:08.260>the

261
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<00:14:11.000>right <00:14:11.280>thing. <00:14:11.560>That's <00:14:11.840>our <00:14:12.120>NVLink <00:14:12.400>72

262
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<00:14:14.840>rack. <00:14:15.015>So <00:14:15.190>now <00:14:15.365>we <00:14:15.540>need <00:14:15.715>to <00:14:15.890>connect <00:14:16.065>them <00:14:16.240>together,

263
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<00:14:18.320>multiple <00:14:18.600>of <00:14:18.880>them. <00:14:19.160>And <00:14:19.440>we <00:14:19.720>have

264
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<00:14:22.680>customers <00:14:23.030>building <00:14:23.380>million <00:14:23.729>GPU <00:14:24.079>clusters

265
00:14:25.900 --> 00:14:26.480
<00:14:25.900>in <00:14:26.161>a <00:14:26.422>single

266
00:14:28.800 --> 00:14:31.780
<00:14:28.800>data <00:14:29.079>center, <00:14:29.359>single <00:14:29.640>AI <00:14:29.920>factory. <00:14:30.199>And

267
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<00:14:32.700>for <00:14:32.980>that, <00:14:33.260>you <00:14:33.540>need <00:14:33.820>another <00:14:34.100>network.

268
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<00:14:35.540>And <00:14:35.714>the <00:14:35.890>thing <00:14:36.064>is <00:14:36.240>that, <00:14:36.415>if <00:14:36.589>you <00:14:36.765>have <00:14:36.939>a

269
00:14:40.360 --> 00:14:42.180
<00:14:40.360>computing <00:14:40.640>problem <00:14:40.920>that <00:14:41.200>you <00:14:41.480>want <00:14:41.760>to

270
00:14:43.080 --> 00:14:46.240
<00:14:43.080>separate <00:14:43.360>and <00:14:43.640>disaggregate <00:14:43.920>to <00:14:44.200>multiple <00:14:44.480>pieces,

271
00:14:46.900 --> 00:14:47.800
<00:14:46.900>then <00:14:47.102>you <00:14:47.305>need <00:14:47.507>to <00:14:47.709>be

272
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<00:14:48.780>able <00:14:49.013>to <00:14:49.246>have <00:14:49.480>these <00:14:49.713>multiple <00:14:49.946>compute <00:14:50.180>elements

273
00:14:51.900 --> 00:14:55.820
<00:14:51.900>to <00:14:52.040>talk <00:14:52.180>to <00:14:52.319>each <00:14:52.459>other <00:14:52.600>to <00:14:52.740>be <00:14:52.880>able <00:14:53.020>to <00:14:53.160>get <00:14:53.300>the

274
00:14:56.680 --> 00:14:59.020
<00:14:56.680>chunk <00:14:56.880>of <00:14:57.079>the <00:14:57.280>job, <00:14:57.479>complete <00:14:57.680>this, <00:14:57.880>and <00:14:58.079>then

275
00:14:59.980 --> 00:15:03.780
<00:14:59.980>synchronize <00:15:00.155>back <00:15:00.330>the <00:15:00.505>results. <00:15:00.680>And <00:15:00.855>that's <00:15:01.030>all <00:15:01.205>about <00:15:01.380>scale-out

276
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<00:15:03.840>networking. <00:15:04.040>And <00:15:04.240>that's <00:15:04.440>what <00:15:04.640>actually <00:15:04.840>sort <00:15:05.040>of <00:15:05.240>both

277
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<00:15:07.520>scale <00:15:08.618>up-

278
00:15:09.320 --> 00:15:09.589
Yeah

279
00:15:09.600 --> 00:15:13.560
<00:15:09.600>... <00:15:09.707>that <00:15:09.815>extends <00:15:09.923>the <00:15:10.030>single <00:15:10.138>compute <00:15:10.246>node <00:15:10.353>and <00:15:10.461>the <00:15:10.569>scale-out <00:15:10.676>that <00:15:10.784>goes <00:15:10.892>to <00:15:11.000>the

280
00:15:14.160 --> 00:15:14.600
<00:15:14.160>million <00:15:14.556>compute.

281
00:15:14.620 --> 00:15:17.360
<00:15:14.620>That's <00:15:14.820>interesting. <00:15:15.020>It <00:15:15.220>compounds <00:15:15.420>and <00:15:15.620>compounds <00:15:15.820>and <00:15:16.020>compounds.

282
00:15:17.380 --> 00:15:17.900
But,

283
00:15:18.900 --> 00:15:22.680
<00:15:18.900>now <00:15:19.074>that <00:15:19.250>you <00:15:19.425>mentioned <00:15:19.600>it, <00:15:19.775>and <00:15:19.949>you <00:15:20.125>have <00:15:20.300>a

284
00:15:22.720 --> 00:15:23.340
<00:15:22.720>million <00:15:23.278>of

285
00:15:24.280 --> 00:15:27.290
<00:15:24.280>these <00:15:24.454>in <00:15:24.630>one <00:15:24.805>cluster, <00:15:24.980>but <00:15:25.155>one <00:15:25.329>of <00:15:25.505>the <00:15:25.680>biggest

286
00:15:27.320 --> 00:15:31.000
<00:15:27.320>constraints <00:15:27.460>is <00:15:27.600>also, <00:15:27.740>I <00:15:27.880>think, <00:15:28.020>finding <00:15:28.160>enough <00:15:28.300>land <00:15:28.440>to <00:15:28.580>build <00:15:28.720>the

287
00:15:31.020 --> 00:15:31.840
<00:15:31.020>factories, <00:15:31.758>right?

288
00:15:32.700 --> 00:15:36.120
<00:15:32.700>And <00:15:32.900>when <00:15:33.100>you <00:15:33.300>have <00:15:33.500>factories <00:15:33.700>hundreds <00:15:33.900>of <00:15:34.100>kilometers

289
00:15:36.860 --> 00:15:40.400
<00:15:36.860>apart, <00:15:37.060>you <00:15:37.260>still <00:15:37.460>want <00:15:37.660>to <00:15:37.860>make <00:15:38.060>them <00:15:38.260>act

290
00:15:40.540 --> 00:15:42.680
<00:15:40.540>as <00:15:40.890>one <00:15:41.240>single <00:15:41.589>brain, <00:15:41.939>right?

291
00:15:42.780 --> 00:15:43.320
<00:15:42.780>That's <00:15:43.266>right.

292
00:15:43.640 --> 00:15:47.369
<00:15:43.640>How <00:15:43.747>does <00:15:43.855>that <00:15:43.963>work? <00:15:44.070>It <00:15:44.178>now <00:15:44.286>makes <00:15:44.393>more <00:15:44.501>and <00:15:44.609>more <00:15:44.716>sense <00:15:44.824>that <00:15:44.932>this <00:15:45.040>networking

293
00:15:47.460 --> 00:15:48.120
<00:15:47.460>part <00:15:47.757>is <00:15:48.054>really

294
00:15:49.020 --> 00:15:51.480
<00:15:49.020>probably <00:15:49.175>the <00:15:49.331>most <00:15:49.486>essential <00:15:49.642>one <00:15:49.797>in <00:15:49.953>terms <00:15:50.108>of <00:15:50.264>the <00:15:50.420>performance.

295
00:15:51.580 --> 00:15:55.440
<00:15:51.580>Yeah. <00:15:51.735>Right. <00:15:51.891>So <00:15:52.046>that's <00:15:52.202>yet <00:15:52.357>another <00:15:52.513>technology <00:15:52.668>that <00:15:52.824>we <00:15:52.980>have

296
00:15:55.480 --> 00:15:59.180
<00:15:55.480>developed <00:15:55.680>recently. <00:15:55.880>It <00:15:56.080>turns <00:15:56.280>out <00:15:56.480>that, <00:15:56.680>yes, <00:15:56.880>a

297
00:15:59.320 --> 00:15:59.760
single

298
00:16:04.940 --> 00:16:08.560
<00:16:04.940>building <00:16:05.115>is <00:16:05.290>not <00:16:05.465>enough, <00:16:05.640>and <00:16:05.815>there <00:16:05.990>may <00:16:06.165>be <00:16:06.340>also

299
00:16:08.720 --> 00:16:12.240
<00:16:08.720>constraints <00:16:08.860>of <00:16:09.000>how <00:16:09.140>much <00:16:09.280>power <00:16:09.420>you <00:16:09.560>can <00:16:09.700>get <00:16:09.840>in <00:16:09.980>the <00:16:10.120>single

300
00:16:12.280 --> 00:16:16.000
<00:16:12.280>location. <00:16:12.480>So, <00:16:12.680>we <00:16:12.880>have <00:16:13.079>developed <00:16:13.280>technology <00:16:13.480>that <00:16:13.680>enables

301
00:16:16.100 --> 00:16:18.540
<00:16:16.100>to <00:16:16.450>connect <00:16:16.800>multiple <00:16:17.150>data <00:16:17.500>centers

302
00:16:19.520 --> 00:16:23.280
<00:16:19.520>together. <00:16:19.986>And <00:16:20.453>what <00:16:20.920>is

303
00:16:23.340 --> 00:16:27.220
<00:16:23.340>important <00:16:23.447>about <00:16:23.555>this <00:16:23.663>technology <00:16:23.770>is <00:16:23.878>that <00:16:23.986>it <00:16:24.093>makes <00:16:24.201>them <00:16:24.309>to <00:16:24.416>work <00:16:24.524>as <00:16:24.632>a <00:16:24.740>single

304
00:16:27.260 --> 00:16:28.680
<00:16:27.260>machine. <00:16:28.538>So,

305
00:16:30.480 --> 00:16:33.900
<00:16:30.480>when <00:16:30.596>you <00:16:30.713>communicate <00:16:30.830>from <00:16:30.946>one <00:16:31.063>machine <00:16:31.180>to <00:16:31.296>another, <00:16:31.413>you <00:16:31.530>need <00:16:31.646>to <00:16:31.763>take <00:16:31.880>into

306
00:16:33.940 --> 00:16:34.840
consideration

307
00:16:35.700 --> 00:16:39.620
<00:16:35.700>the <00:16:35.900>distance <00:16:36.100>in <00:16:36.300>terms <00:16:36.500>of <00:16:36.700>time <00:16:36.900>to <00:16:37.100>travel,

308
00:16:39.800 --> 00:16:43.619
<00:16:39.800>and <00:16:39.974>therefore, <00:16:40.150>you <00:16:40.324>need <00:16:40.500>to <00:16:40.675>tune <00:16:40.849>your <00:16:41.025>software <00:16:41.199>and

309
00:16:43.720 --> 00:16:47.679
<00:16:43.720>make <00:16:43.860>sure <00:16:44.000>you <00:16:44.140>have <00:16:44.280>the <00:16:44.420>right <00:16:44.560>hardware <00:16:44.700>capabilities <00:16:44.840>to <00:16:44.980>enable <00:16:45.120>such

310
00:16:47.720 --> 00:16:51.260
<00:16:47.720>a <00:16:47.920>configuration, <00:16:48.120>and <00:16:48.320>that's <00:16:48.520>what <00:16:48.720>we <00:16:48.920>call <00:16:49.120>Spectrum

311
00:16:51.700 --> 00:16:52.220
XGX.

312
00:16:52.880 --> 00:16:56.360
<00:16:52.880>Yeah. <00:16:53.055>You <00:16:53.230>mentioned <00:16:53.405>already <00:16:53.580>CUDA <00:16:53.755>and <00:16:53.930>software <00:16:54.105>multiple <00:16:54.280>times.

313
00:16:56.440 --> 00:17:00.040
<00:16:56.440>So, <00:16:56.790>NVIDIA <00:16:57.140>was <00:16:57.490>never <00:16:57.840>just

314
00:17:00.080 --> 00:17:03.480
<00:17:00.080>silicon. <00:17:00.220>I <00:17:00.360>think <00:17:00.500>one <00:17:00.640>of <00:17:00.780>the <00:17:00.920>main <00:17:01.060>success <00:17:01.200>stories <00:17:01.340>that <00:17:01.480>made

315
00:17:03.860 --> 00:17:05.720
<00:17:03.860>NVIDIA <00:17:04.060>what <00:17:04.260>it <00:17:04.460>is <00:17:04.660>today <00:17:04.859>is <00:17:05.060>also <00:17:05.260>CUDA.

316
00:17:06.260 --> 00:17:08.480
<00:17:06.260>So <00:17:06.460>basically, <00:17:06.660>the <00:17:06.859>software <00:17:07.060>platform <00:17:07.260>that <00:17:07.460>you <00:17:07.660>mentioned,

317
00:17:10.600 --> 00:17:13.800
<00:17:10.599>chips, <00:17:10.774>AI, <00:17:10.949>the <00:17:11.125>infrastructure <00:17:11.300>is <00:17:11.474>becoming <00:17:11.649>more <00:17:11.824>and <00:17:12.000>more

318
00:17:14.220 --> 00:17:17.790
<00:17:14.220>complex. <00:17:14.375>With <00:17:14.531>CUDA, <00:17:14.686>I <00:17:14.842>think <00:17:14.997>that <00:17:15.153>for <00:17:15.308>many <00:17:15.464>years <00:17:15.620>already,

319
00:17:18.600 --> 00:17:20.220
<00:17:18.599>essentially <00:17:18.949>since <00:17:19.300>really <00:17:19.649>many <00:17:20.000>years,

320
00:17:21.040 --> 00:17:24.820
<00:17:21.040>NVIDIA <00:17:21.195>makes <00:17:21.351>it <00:17:21.506>possible <00:17:21.662>for <00:17:21.817>us <00:17:21.973>developers <00:17:22.128>to <00:17:22.284>actually <00:17:22.440>build

321
00:17:25.840 --> 00:17:29.560
<00:17:25.839>on <00:17:26.119>the <00:17:26.399>structure <00:17:26.679>without <00:17:26.959>needing <00:17:27.240>to

322
00:17:30.400 --> 00:17:34.360
<00:17:30.400>know <00:17:30.500>too <00:17:30.600>much <00:17:30.700>about <00:17:30.800>the <00:17:30.900>hardware. <00:17:31.000>But <00:17:31.100>now <00:17:31.200>as <00:17:31.300>it's <00:17:31.400>becoming, <00:17:31.500>again, <00:17:31.600>more <00:17:31.700>and <00:17:31.800>more

323
00:17:34.460 --> 00:17:38.360
<00:17:34.460>complex, <00:17:34.587>where <00:17:34.714>do <00:17:34.841>you <00:17:34.969>see <00:17:35.096>the <00:17:35.223>biggest <00:17:35.350>opportunity <00:17:35.478>still <00:17:35.605>in <00:17:35.732>the <00:17:35.860>software

324
00:17:38.900 --> 00:17:42.840
<00:17:38.900>stack? <00:17:39.040>And <00:17:39.180>how <00:17:39.320>important <00:17:39.460>is <00:17:39.600>that <00:17:39.740>still <00:17:39.880>for <00:17:40.020>NVIDIA <00:17:40.160>as <00:17:40.300>a

325
00:17:42.900 --> 00:17:44.120
<00:17:42.900>competitive <00:17:43.997>advantage?

326
00:17:44.600 --> 00:17:48.440
<00:17:44.600>Right. <00:17:44.755>So <00:17:44.911>yes, <00:17:45.066>one <00:17:45.222>of <00:17:45.377>the <00:17:45.533>big <00:17:45.688>things <00:17:45.844>is <00:17:46.000>that

327
00:17:48.680 --> 00:17:52.100
<00:17:48.680>basically, <00:17:48.880>chips <00:17:49.080>without <00:17:49.280>software <00:17:49.480>are <00:17:49.680>just <00:17:49.880>expensive <00:17:50.080>sand.

328
00:17:53.280 --> 00:17:54.060
<00:17:53.280>Yeah, <00:17:53.982>true.

329
00:17:54.100 --> 00:17:57.920
<00:17:54.100>Not <00:17:54.255>much <00:17:54.411>more <00:17:54.566>than <00:17:54.722>that. <00:17:54.877>But <00:17:55.033>anyway, <00:17:55.188>so <00:17:55.344>the <00:17:55.500>CUDA

330
00:17:58.340 --> 00:17:59.340
<00:17:58.340>was <00:17:59.240>invented

331
00:18:00.280 --> 00:18:03.300
<00:18:00.280>back <00:18:00.480>when <00:18:00.680>NVIDIA <00:18:00.879>was <00:18:01.080>still <00:18:01.280>doing <00:18:01.480>the <00:18:01.680>graphic

332
00:18:04.100 --> 00:18:07.960
<00:18:04.100>cards. <00:18:04.255>And <00:18:04.411>the <00:18:04.566>key <00:18:04.722>thing <00:18:04.877>is <00:18:05.033>it <00:18:05.188>enabled <00:18:05.344>people <00:18:05.500>to

333
00:18:08.100 --> 00:18:10.620
<00:18:08.100>program <00:18:08.566>these <00:18:09.033>vector <00:18:09.500>processors.

334
00:18:11.900 --> 00:18:12.200
<00:18:11.900>And <00:18:12.170>the

335
00:18:13.080 --> 00:18:16.980
<00:18:13.080>API <00:18:13.313>of <00:18:13.546>CUDA <00:18:13.780>basically <00:18:14.013>brought <00:18:14.246>the <00:18:14.480>compute

336
00:18:17.040 --> 00:18:21.030
<00:18:17.040>power <00:18:17.215>of <00:18:17.389>this <00:18:17.565>vector <00:18:17.740>processor <00:18:17.915>to <00:18:18.090>the <00:18:18.264>interface <00:18:18.440>that

337
00:18:21.200 --> 00:18:23.820
<00:18:21.200>people <00:18:21.400>can <00:18:21.600>consume <00:18:21.800>and <00:18:22.000>innovate <00:18:22.200>on <00:18:22.400>top <00:18:22.600>of.

338
00:18:24.400 --> 00:18:26.030
<00:18:24.400>So, <00:18:24.866>and <00:18:25.333>we <00:18:25.800>are

339
00:18:27.512 --> 00:18:31.292
<00:18:27.512>Marching <00:18:27.639>on <00:18:27.766>the <00:18:27.893>very <00:18:28.021>tiny <00:18:28.148>border. <00:18:28.275>On <00:18:28.402>one <00:18:28.530>hand, <00:18:28.657>you <00:18:28.784>don't <00:18:28.912>want

340
00:18:31.412 --> 00:18:34.212
<00:18:31.412>to <00:18:31.612>build <00:18:31.812>your <00:18:32.012>stuff <00:18:32.212>to <00:18:32.412>be <00:18:32.612>too <00:18:32.812>general-

341
00:18:34.652 --> 00:18:34.732
Yeah

342
00:18:34.742 --> 00:18:38.452
<00:18:34.742>... <00:18:34.942>because <00:18:35.142>then <00:18:35.341>it <00:18:35.542>becomes <00:18:35.742>not <00:18:35.942>very <00:18:36.142>effective.

343
00:18:38.892 --> 00:18:38.952
On

344
00:18:39.792 --> 00:18:41.422
<00:18:39.792>the <00:18:40.025>other <00:18:40.258>hand, <00:18:40.492>you <00:18:40.725>don't <00:18:40.958>want <00:18:41.192>to

345
00:18:43.172 --> 00:18:46.552
<00:18:43.172>nail <00:18:43.372>yourself <00:18:43.572>down <00:18:43.772>to <00:18:43.972>something <00:18:44.172>very <00:18:44.372>specific <00:18:44.572>because

346
00:18:47.212 --> 00:18:50.652
<00:18:47.212>by <00:18:47.387>the <00:18:47.562>time <00:18:47.737>you <00:18:47.912>have <00:18:48.087>your <00:18:48.262>silicon <00:18:48.437>in <00:18:48.612>production,

347
00:18:51.252 --> 00:18:54.872
<00:18:51.252>whatever <00:18:51.452>you <00:18:51.652>thought <00:18:51.851>today <00:18:52.052>is <00:18:52.252>not <00:18:52.452>necessarily <00:18:52.652>relevant.

348
00:18:54.912 --> 00:18:58.532
<00:18:54.912>And <00:18:55.052>what <00:18:55.192>is <00:18:55.332>more <00:18:55.472>important, <00:18:55.612>there <00:18:55.752>is <00:18:55.892>new <00:18:56.032>ideas <00:18:56.172>and <00:18:56.312>new

349
00:18:59.192 --> 00:19:02.852
<00:18:59.192>innovation <00:18:59.332>come <00:18:59.472>up. <00:18:59.612>So <00:18:59.752>what <00:18:59.892>we <00:19:00.032>are <00:19:00.172>building, <00:19:00.312>we <00:19:00.452>are <00:19:00.592>building

350
00:19:02.932 --> 00:19:06.552
<00:19:02.932>a <00:19:03.087>platform <00:19:03.243>that <00:19:03.398>enables <00:19:03.554>people <00:19:03.709>to <00:19:03.865>innovate <00:19:04.020>on <00:19:04.176>pretty <00:19:04.332>much

351
00:19:07.052 --> 00:19:10.252
<00:19:07.052>every <00:19:07.285>layer. <00:19:07.518>We <00:19:07.752>are <00:19:07.985>building <00:19:08.218>data <00:19:08.452>centers.

352
00:19:11.732 --> 00:19:13.192
<00:19:11.732>We <00:19:12.060>are <00:19:12.389>building <00:19:12.717>AI <00:19:13.046>factory,

353
00:19:14.832 --> 00:19:17.932
<00:19:14.832>many <00:19:15.032>hundreds <00:19:15.232>of <00:19:15.432>megawatt <00:19:15.632>worth <00:19:15.832>of <00:19:16.032>AI <00:19:16.232>factories.

354
00:19:18.542 --> 00:19:22.212
<00:19:18.542>And <00:19:18.635>the <00:19:18.728>reason <00:19:18.822>we <00:19:18.915>do <00:19:19.008>it <00:19:19.101>is <00:19:19.195>because <00:19:19.288>if <00:19:19.381>we <00:19:19.475>don't <00:19:19.568>build <00:19:19.661>it, <00:19:19.755>it's <00:19:19.848>going <00:19:19.942>to

355
00:19:22.272 --> 00:19:25.792
<00:19:22.272>be <00:19:22.412>very <00:19:22.552>hard <00:19:22.692>to <00:19:22.831>make <00:19:22.972>sure <00:19:23.111>that <00:19:23.252>it <00:19:23.391>can <00:19:23.532>be <00:19:23.672>built.

356
00:19:26.172 --> 00:19:26.352
Yeah.

357
00:19:26.492 --> 00:19:29.532
<00:19:26.492>And <00:19:26.692>what <00:19:26.892>we <00:19:27.091>learn <00:19:27.292>for <00:19:27.492>the <00:19:27.692>next <00:19:27.892>generation.

358
00:19:29.712 --> 00:19:33.612
<00:19:29.712>So <00:19:29.828>the <00:19:29.945>constraint <00:19:30.062>is <00:19:30.178>actually <00:19:30.295>nothing <00:19:30.412>of <00:19:30.528>this <00:19:30.645>high-tech <00:19:30.762>stuff <00:19:30.878>that <00:19:30.995>we're <00:19:31.112>talking

359
00:19:33.692 --> 00:19:36.992
<00:19:33.692>about. <00:19:33.832>It's <00:19:33.972>like <00:19:34.112>finding <00:19:34.252>enough <00:19:34.392>people <00:19:34.532>and <00:19:34.672>concrete <00:19:34.812>to <00:19:34.952>build <00:19:35.092>buildings?

360
00:19:37.652 --> 00:19:38.612
<00:19:37.652>Well, <00:19:37.868>that's <00:19:38.084>one <00:19:38.300>of <00:19:38.516>them.

361
00:19:38.732 --> 00:19:38.852
Yeah.

362
00:19:39.422 --> 00:19:40.512
<00:19:39.422>That's <00:19:39.667>definitely <00:19:39.912>one <00:19:40.157>of <00:19:40.403>them.

363
00:19:41.272 --> 00:19:41.282
Yeah.

364
00:19:41.312 --> 00:19:41.512
And

365
00:19:42.772 --> 00:19:45.752
<00:19:42.772>finding <00:19:43.121>the <00:19:43.472>place, <00:19:43.822>the <00:19:44.172>energy-

366
00:19:46.012 --> 00:19:46.222
Yeah

367
00:19:46.252 --> 00:19:47.392
<00:19:46.252>... <00:19:46.594>and <00:19:46.936>building <00:19:47.278>the

368
00:19:48.632 --> 00:19:49.832
<00:19:48.632>basically <00:19:49.712>infrastructure.

369
00:19:50.912 --> 00:19:54.112
<00:19:50.912>AI <00:19:51.145>is <00:19:51.378>described <00:19:51.612>as <00:19:51.845>the <00:19:52.078>five-layer <00:19:52.312>cake.

370
00:19:54.832 --> 00:19:58.492
<00:19:54.832>Energy <00:19:54.959>is <00:19:55.086>one <00:19:55.213>of <00:19:55.341>them. <00:19:55.468>That's <00:19:55.595>actually <00:19:55.722>the <00:19:55.850>first <00:19:55.977>one, <00:19:56.104>the <00:19:56.232>foundation.

371
00:19:59.032 --> 00:20:00.292
<00:19:59.032>Without <00:19:59.599>energy, <00:20:00.166>you

372
00:20:01.452 --> 00:20:04.772
<00:20:01.452>can't <00:20:01.685>develop <00:20:01.918>or <00:20:02.152>put <00:20:02.385>together <00:20:02.618>a <00:20:02.852>factory.

373
00:20:04.812 --> 00:20:07.432
<00:20:04.812>And <00:20:04.952>then <00:20:05.091>on <00:20:05.232>top <00:20:05.371>of <00:20:05.512>this, <00:20:05.651>chips, <00:20:05.792>and <00:20:05.931>then <00:20:06.072>the <00:20:06.212>infrastructure.

374
00:20:08.092 --> 00:20:10.532
<00:20:08.092>So <00:20:08.292>you <00:20:08.492>need <00:20:08.692>to <00:20:08.892>know <00:20:09.092>how <00:20:09.292>to <00:20:09.492>build-

375
00:20:10.912 --> 00:20:11.052
Yeah

376
00:20:11.152 --> 00:20:14.912
<00:20:11.152>... <00:20:11.245>chips, <00:20:11.338>how <00:20:11.432>to <00:20:11.525>connect <00:20:11.618>them <00:20:11.712>together, <00:20:11.805>and <00:20:11.898>how <00:20:11.992>to <00:20:12.085>put <00:20:12.178>them <00:20:12.272>together <00:20:12.365>work <00:20:12.458>to <00:20:12.552>work.

377
00:20:14.952 --> 00:20:18.932
<00:20:14.952>Yeah. <00:20:15.068>In <00:20:15.185>our <00:20:15.302>first <00:20:15.418>meeting, <00:20:15.535>you <00:20:15.652>said <00:20:15.768>something <00:20:15.885>very <00:20:16.002>interesting <00:20:16.118>because <00:20:16.235>I <00:20:16.352>asked

378
00:20:18.972 --> 00:20:22.152
<00:20:18.972>you <00:20:19.172>back <00:20:19.372>then, <00:20:19.572>"Hey, <00:20:19.772>is <00:20:19.972>energy <00:20:20.172>the <00:20:20.372>constraint?

379
00:20:22.232 --> 00:20:25.652
<00:20:22.232>What <00:20:22.339>could <00:20:22.447>be <00:20:22.555>other <00:20:22.662>limits?" <00:20:22.770>I <00:20:22.878>said <00:20:22.985>limits, <00:20:23.093>and <00:20:23.201>then <00:20:23.308>you <00:20:23.416>said <00:20:23.524>something <00:20:23.632>like,

380
00:20:25.702 --> 00:20:29.152
<00:20:25.702>"Yeah, <00:20:25.809>you <00:20:25.917>should <00:20:26.025>not <00:20:26.132>mix <00:20:26.240>up <00:20:26.348>the <00:20:26.455>means <00:20:26.563>with <00:20:26.671>the <00:20:26.778>goals <00:20:26.886>and <00:20:26.994>limits <00:20:27.102>with

381
00:20:29.252 --> 00:20:31.172
<00:20:29.252>constraints." <00:20:29.532>Maybe <00:20:29.812>you <00:20:30.091>can <00:20:30.371>remember <00:20:30.652>that?

382
00:20:31.572 --> 00:20:35.352
<00:20:31.572>Yes. <00:20:32.038>Right. <00:20:32.505>Yeah, <00:20:32.972>everything

383
00:20:35.372 --> 00:20:39.012
<00:20:35.372>that <00:20:35.512>stays <00:20:35.652>on <00:20:35.792>your <00:20:35.932>way, <00:20:36.072>you <00:20:36.212>can <00:20:36.352>view <00:20:36.492>it <00:20:36.632>as <00:20:36.772>a

384
00:20:39.052 --> 00:20:41.592
<00:20:39.052>limit, <00:20:39.207>or <00:20:39.363>you <00:20:39.518>can <00:20:39.674>view <00:20:39.829>it <00:20:39.985>as <00:20:40.140>a <00:20:40.296>constraint <00:20:40.452>that

385
00:20:41.632 --> 00:20:44.892
<00:20:41.632>requires <00:20:41.982>you <00:20:42.332>to <00:20:42.682>innovate <00:20:43.032>to

386
00:20:45.232 --> 00:20:47.892
<00:20:45.232>overcome <00:20:45.432>it. <00:20:45.632>And <00:20:45.831>energy <00:20:46.032>is <00:20:46.232>one <00:20:46.432>of <00:20:46.632>them.

387
00:20:48.152 --> 00:20:51.932
<00:20:48.152>And <00:20:48.307>one <00:20:48.463>of <00:20:48.618>the <00:20:48.774>examples <00:20:48.929>of <00:20:49.085>a <00:20:49.240>way <00:20:49.396>to <00:20:49.552>overcome

388
00:20:51.992 --> 00:20:52.632
<00:20:51.992>this <00:20:52.568>is

389
00:20:54.392 --> 00:20:55.492
<00:20:54.392>multi-data <00:20:55.382>center

390
00:20:58.332 --> 00:21:01.492
<00:20:58.332>AI <00:20:58.612>factory <00:20:58.892>that <00:20:59.172>we <00:20:59.452>connect, <00:20:59.732>actually,

391
00:21:02.012 --> 00:21:02.932
<00:21:02.012>the <00:21:02.840>AI

392
00:21:03.892 --> 00:21:07.092
<00:21:03.892>data <00:21:04.067>centers <00:21:04.242>at <00:21:04.417>the <00:21:04.592>distance <00:21:04.767>of <00:21:04.942>hundreds <00:21:05.117>of <00:21:05.292>miles

393
00:21:07.512 --> 00:21:10.892
<00:21:07.512>apart <00:21:07.652>to <00:21:07.792>be <00:21:07.932>as <00:21:08.072>a <00:21:08.212>single <00:21:08.351>machine. <00:21:08.492>That's <00:21:08.631>one <00:21:08.772>of <00:21:08.912>the

394
00:21:10.972 --> 00:21:11.552
examples.

395
00:21:12.452 --> 00:21:15.832
<00:21:12.452>The <00:21:12.685>other <00:21:12.918>is <00:21:13.152>people <00:21:13.385>are <00:21:13.618>looking <00:21:13.852>and

396
00:21:15.952 --> 00:21:16.652
finding

397
00:21:18.132 --> 00:21:19.512
<00:21:18.132>more <00:21:18.546>sources <00:21:18.960>of <00:21:19.374>energy.

398
00:21:20.532 --> 00:21:24.272
<00:21:20.532>And <00:21:20.672>if <00:21:20.812>you <00:21:20.952>look <00:21:21.091>at <00:21:21.232>the <00:21:21.371>AI <00:21:21.512>model, <00:21:21.651>you <00:21:21.792>can <00:21:21.932>think

399
00:21:24.332 --> 00:21:27.852
<00:21:24.332>about <00:21:24.507>this <00:21:24.682>like <00:21:24.857>a <00:21:25.032>battery. <00:21:25.207>That <00:21:25.382>you <00:21:25.557>charge <00:21:25.732>your

400
00:21:27.912 --> 00:21:28.352
battery,

401
00:21:29.252 --> 00:21:33.232
<00:21:29.252>which <00:21:29.392>is <00:21:29.532>equivalent <00:21:29.672>to <00:21:29.812>training <00:21:29.952>the <00:21:30.091>model, <00:21:30.232>and <00:21:30.371>then <00:21:30.512>you <00:21:30.652>use

402
00:21:33.272 --> 00:21:34.612
<00:21:33.272>this <00:21:33.573>battery, <00:21:33.875>which <00:21:34.176>is <00:21:34.478>inference.

403
00:21:34.741 --> 00:21:38.112
<00:21:34.741>And <00:21:34.881>you <00:21:35.021>don't <00:21:35.161>need <00:21:35.301>to <00:21:35.441>use <00:21:35.581>it <00:21:35.721>in <00:21:35.860>the <00:21:36.001>same <00:21:36.141>way

404
00:21:38.652 --> 00:21:40.712
<00:21:38.652>and <00:21:38.827>in <00:21:39.002>the <00:21:39.177>same <00:21:39.352>place <00:21:39.527>as <00:21:39.702>you <00:21:39.877>charge <00:21:40.052>it.

405
00:21:41.232 --> 00:21:41.992
<00:21:41.232>So <00:21:41.460>you <00:21:41.687>can <00:21:41.916>have

406
00:21:44.072 --> 00:21:47.092
<00:21:44.072>AI <00:21:44.422>factories <00:21:44.772>or <00:21:45.122>training <00:21:45.472>factories

407
00:21:48.012 --> 00:21:48.452
<00:21:48.012>in <00:21:48.408>the

408
00:21:49.292 --> 00:21:52.792
<00:21:49.292>places <00:21:49.525>where <00:21:49.758>energy <00:21:49.992>is <00:21:50.225>more <00:21:50.458>accessible, <00:21:50.692>but

409
00:21:53.172 --> 00:21:56.752
<00:21:53.172>it's <00:21:53.638>less <00:21:54.105>occupied <00:21:54.572>and

410
00:21:58.432 --> 00:21:59.312
<00:21:58.432>further <00:21:58.828>away <00:21:59.224>from

411
00:22:00.272 --> 00:22:02.912
<00:22:00.272>where <00:22:00.472>you <00:22:00.672>actually <00:22:00.871>deploy <00:22:01.072>it. <00:22:01.272>And <00:22:01.472>the <00:22:01.672>inference.

412
00:22:02.952 --> 00:22:06.452
<00:22:02.952>And <00:22:03.092>the <00:22:03.232>inference, <00:22:03.372>that's <00:22:03.512>what <00:22:03.652>actually <00:22:03.792>makes <00:22:03.932>AI <00:22:04.072>to <00:22:04.212>be <00:22:04.352>useful.

413
00:22:07.112 --> 00:22:10.832
<00:22:07.112>Yeah. <00:22:07.267>Interesting. <00:22:07.423>Let's <00:22:07.578>go <00:22:07.734>to <00:22:07.889>the <00:22:08.045>totally <00:22:08.200>different <00:22:08.356>side <00:22:08.512>from

414
00:22:10.852 --> 00:22:12.612
<00:22:10.852>software <00:22:11.132>as <00:22:11.412>well. <00:22:11.692>Still <00:22:11.972>software, <00:22:12.252>but

415
00:22:13.752 --> 00:22:17.312
<00:22:13.752>one <00:22:14.101>of <00:22:14.452>the <00:22:14.802>next <00:22:15.152>cool

416
00:22:17.432 --> 00:22:19.812
<00:22:17.432>things <00:22:17.665>that's <00:22:17.898>coming <00:22:18.132>is <00:22:18.365>physical <00:22:18.598>AI, <00:22:18.832>right?

417
00:22:20.392 --> 00:22:23.552
<00:22:20.392>And <00:22:20.592>that <00:22:20.792>might <00:22:20.992>change <00:22:21.192>again <00:22:21.392>a <00:22:21.592>bit <00:22:21.792>the

418
00:22:23.592 --> 00:22:25.352
<00:22:23.592>necessities <00:22:24.058>and <00:22:24.525>the <00:22:24.992>equation

419
00:22:26.212 --> 00:22:30.192
<00:22:26.212>when <00:22:26.352>intelligence <00:22:26.492>moves <00:22:26.632>beyond <00:22:26.772>the <00:22:26.912>screen, <00:22:27.052>beyond <00:22:27.192>the <00:22:27.331>chatbots, <00:22:27.472>but <00:22:27.612>really

420
00:22:30.232 --> 00:22:33.762
<00:22:30.232>the <00:22:30.581>physical <00:22:30.932>stuff, <00:22:31.282>robots, <00:22:31.632>automotive,

421
00:22:34.872 --> 00:22:35.292
whatever.

422
00:22:36.652 --> 00:22:38.592
<00:22:36.652>In <00:22:38.052>that

423
00:22:40.492 --> 00:22:44.412
<00:22:40.492>world, <00:22:40.619>what <00:22:40.746>parts <00:22:40.873>of <00:22:41.001>AI <00:22:41.128>should <00:22:41.255>remain <00:22:41.382>in <00:22:41.510>the <00:22:41.637>AI <00:22:41.764>factory <00:22:41.892>actually,

424
00:22:45.032 --> 00:22:48.452
<00:22:45.032>and <00:22:45.172>what <00:22:45.312>parts <00:22:45.452>need <00:22:45.591>to <00:22:45.732>move <00:22:45.871>to <00:22:46.012>the <00:22:46.151>edge, <00:22:46.292>to <00:22:46.432>the

425
00:22:48.492 --> 00:22:49.372
<00:22:48.492>devices <00:22:48.756>and <00:22:49.020>so <00:22:49.284>on?

426
00:22:49.592 --> 00:22:49.852
Well,

427
00:22:50.832 --> 00:22:51.852
<00:22:50.832>everything <00:22:51.291>that <00:22:51.750>moves

428
00:22:52.892 --> 00:22:56.552
<00:22:52.892>will <00:22:53.067>need <00:22:53.242>to <00:22:53.417>be <00:22:53.592>AI-driven. <00:22:53.767>So <00:22:53.942>you <00:22:54.117>need <00:22:54.292>to

429
00:22:56.652 --> 00:22:59.912
<00:22:56.652>have <00:22:57.002>some <00:22:57.352>intelligence, <00:22:57.702>some <00:22:58.052>AI

430
00:23:00.532 --> 00:23:03.822
<00:23:00.532>in <00:23:00.765>the <00:23:00.998>robot <00:23:01.232>itself, <00:23:01.465>not <00:23:01.698>rely <00:23:01.932>on

431
00:23:04.352 --> 00:23:08.052
<00:23:04.352>some <00:23:04.702>distant <00:23:05.052>connectivity, <00:23:05.402>which <00:23:05.752>may

432
00:23:08.132 --> 00:23:08.512
be

433
00:23:09.592 --> 00:23:12.932
<00:23:09.592>problematic <00:23:09.792>either <00:23:09.992>because <00:23:10.192>of <00:23:10.392>the <00:23:10.592>connectivity <00:23:10.792>itself <00:23:10.992>or

434
00:23:13.892 --> 00:23:15.812
<00:23:13.892>turnaround <00:23:14.172>time <00:23:14.452>to <00:23:14.732>get <00:23:15.012>a <00:23:15.292>response.

435
00:23:15.872 --> 00:23:19.092
<00:23:15.872>So <00:23:16.072>every <00:23:16.272>robot <00:23:16.472>will <00:23:16.672>share <00:23:16.872>it, <00:23:17.072>but <00:23:17.272>actually

436
00:23:20.712 --> 00:23:24.582
<00:23:20.712>physical <00:23:20.852>AI <00:23:20.992>is <00:23:21.132>like <00:23:21.272>taking <00:23:21.412>agentic <00:23:21.552>AI <00:23:21.692>and <00:23:21.831>moving <00:23:21.972>it <00:23:22.112>to

437
00:23:24.612 --> 00:23:28.472
<00:23:24.612>the <00:23:24.845>physical <00:23:25.078>world. <00:23:25.312>So <00:23:25.545>the <00:23:25.778>robots <00:23:26.012>will

438
00:23:29.172 --> 00:23:30.212
<00:23:29.172>have <00:23:29.640>their <00:23:30.108>own

439
00:23:31.572 --> 00:23:35.552
<00:23:31.572>model, <00:23:31.688>and <00:23:31.805>they <00:23:31.921>will <00:23:32.038>collect <00:23:32.155>the <00:23:32.272>data, <00:23:32.388>and <00:23:32.505>then <00:23:32.621>if <00:23:32.738>you <00:23:32.855>think <00:23:32.972>like

440
00:23:35.652 --> 00:23:39.052
<00:23:35.652>we <00:23:35.827>are <00:23:36.002>coming <00:23:36.177>to <00:23:36.352>people, <00:23:36.527>we <00:23:36.702>are <00:23:36.877>human, <00:23:37.052>we

441
00:23:39.452 --> 00:23:43.292
<00:23:39.452>work, <00:23:39.568>we <00:23:39.685>do <00:23:39.802>our <00:23:39.918>job, <00:23:40.035>and <00:23:40.152>then <00:23:40.268>we're <00:23:40.385>coming <00:23:40.502>to <00:23:40.618>the <00:23:40.735>conferences <00:23:40.852>to

442
00:23:43.352 --> 00:23:44.352
<00:23:43.352>exchange <00:23:43.802>the <00:23:44.252>information-

443
00:23:44.452 --> 00:23:44.462
Yeah

444
00:23:44.462 --> 00:23:48.132
<00:23:44.462>... <00:23:44.602>and <00:23:44.742>learn <00:23:44.882>from <00:23:45.022>each <00:23:45.162>other. <00:23:45.302>And <00:23:45.442>same <00:23:45.581>going <00:23:45.722>to <00:23:45.862>actually

445
00:23:48.192 --> 00:23:51.872
<00:23:48.192>happening <00:23:48.347>with <00:23:48.503>the <00:23:48.658>robots. <00:23:48.814>So <00:23:48.969>during <00:23:49.125>the <00:23:49.280>day, <00:23:49.436>they're <00:23:49.592>working,

446
00:23:52.172 --> 00:23:55.572
<00:23:52.172>they're <00:23:52.452>collecting <00:23:52.732>information, <00:23:53.012>they <00:23:53.292>learn, <00:23:53.572>and

447
00:23:56.312 --> 00:23:59.732
<00:23:56.312>at <00:23:56.419>the <00:23:56.527>end <00:23:56.635>of <00:23:56.742>the <00:23:56.850>day, <00:23:56.958>they <00:23:57.065>can <00:23:57.173>change <00:23:57.281>this <00:23:57.388>information, <00:23:57.496>exchange <00:23:57.604>the <00:23:57.712>information

448
00:23:59.772 --> 00:24:03.572
<00:23:59.772>to <00:23:59.899>a <00:24:00.026>data <00:24:00.153>center <00:24:00.281>and <00:24:00.408>update <00:24:00.535>their <00:24:00.662>models <00:24:00.790>on <00:24:00.917>some <00:24:01.044>periodic <00:24:01.172>basis.

449
00:24:03.612 --> 00:24:06.332
<00:24:03.612>So <00:24:03.812>it's <00:24:04.012>pretty <00:24:04.212>much <00:24:04.412>like <00:24:04.612>human, <00:24:04.812>but <00:24:05.012>much-

450
00:24:06.512 --> 00:24:07.612
<00:24:06.512>Interesting <00:24:07.007>analogy. <00:24:07.502>Yeah

451
00:24:08.512 --> 00:24:11.072
<00:24:08.512>... <00:24:08.978>faster. <00:24:09.445>Much <00:24:09.912>faster-

452
00:24:11.972 --> 00:24:12.092
Yeah

453
00:24:12.172 --> 00:24:12.892
<00:24:12.172>... <00:24:12.496>time <00:24:12.820>constants.

454
00:24:13.132 --> 00:24:16.712
<00:24:13.132>Yeah. <00:24:13.332>Michael, <00:24:13.532>I <00:24:13.732>know <00:24:13.932>a <00:24:14.132>topic <00:24:14.332>that <00:24:14.532>you

455
00:24:16.792 --> 00:24:20.552
<00:24:16.792>care <00:24:16.992>a <00:24:17.192>lot <00:24:17.391>about <00:24:17.591>is <00:24:17.792>basically <00:24:17.992>not <00:24:18.192>just

456
00:24:20.852 --> 00:24:24.472
<00:24:20.852>the <00:24:21.007>technological <00:24:21.163>advancements, <00:24:21.318>but <00:24:21.474>also <00:24:21.629>what's <00:24:21.785>the <00:24:21.940>impact <00:24:22.096>on <00:24:22.252>us

457
00:24:24.492 --> 00:24:27.992
<00:24:24.492>humans <00:24:24.725>when <00:24:24.958>we <00:24:25.192>talk <00:24:25.425>about <00:24:25.658>AI, <00:24:25.892>security,

458
00:24:28.172 --> 00:24:31.352
<00:24:28.172>safety, <00:24:28.299>what <00:24:28.426>it <00:24:28.553>does, <00:24:28.681>the <00:24:28.808>fears <00:24:28.935>that <00:24:29.062>it <00:24:29.190>brings <00:24:29.317>and <00:24:29.444>so <00:24:29.572>on.

459
00:24:31.732 --> 00:24:33.772
<00:24:31.732>What's <00:24:31.932>your <00:24:32.132>take? <00:24:32.331>What's <00:24:32.532>your <00:24:32.732>view <00:24:32.932>on <00:24:33.132>that?

460
00:24:34.092 --> 00:24:37.412
<00:24:34.092>You <00:24:34.267>are <00:24:34.442>one <00:24:34.617>of <00:24:34.792>the <00:24:34.967>drivers <00:24:35.142>behind <00:24:35.317>technological <00:24:35.492>progress-

461
00:24:37.532 --> 00:24:37.912
Mm-hmm

462
00:24:37.922 --> 00:24:40.372
<00:24:37.922>... <00:24:38.077>but <00:24:38.233>also <00:24:38.388>I <00:24:38.544>know <00:24:38.699>that <00:24:38.855>you <00:24:39.010>care <00:24:39.166>deeply <00:24:39.322>about

463
00:24:41.292 --> 00:24:43.272
<00:24:41.292>where <00:24:41.572>we <00:24:41.851>as <00:24:42.131>human <00:24:42.411>beings <00:24:42.692>also-

464
00:24:44.832 --> 00:24:48.632
<00:24:44.832>Yeah. <00:24:45.032>With <00:24:45.232>every <00:24:45.432>technological <00:24:45.632>advancement, <00:24:45.832>you <00:24:46.032>need <00:24:46.232>to

465
00:24:48.712 --> 00:24:52.012
<00:24:48.712>be <00:24:48.992>mindful <00:24:49.272>of <00:24:49.552>what <00:24:49.831>it <00:24:50.112>can

466
00:24:52.392 --> 00:24:54.112
<00:24:52.392>and <00:24:52.742>what <00:24:53.092>it <00:24:53.442>may <00:24:53.792>do.

467
00:24:55.012 --> 00:24:56.432
<00:24:55.012>And <00:24:55.331>you <00:24:55.651>need <00:24:55.970>to <00:24:56.290>be

468
00:24:57.432 --> 00:25:01.252
<00:24:57.432>mindful <00:24:57.572>of <00:24:57.712>how <00:24:57.852>to <00:24:57.992>use <00:24:58.132>it, <00:24:58.272>how <00:24:58.412>you <00:24:58.552>regulate <00:24:58.692>it, <00:24:58.832>how

469
00:25:01.372 --> 00:25:03.872
<00:25:01.372>you <00:25:01.722>guardrail <00:25:02.072>it. <00:25:02.422>And <00:25:02.772>we

470
00:25:03.912 --> 00:25:07.632
<00:25:03.912>are <00:25:04.262>investing <00:25:04.612>a <00:25:04.962>lot <00:25:05.312>in

471
00:25:07.712 --> 00:25:11.052
<00:25:07.712>the <00:25:07.945>AI <00:25:08.178>security <00:25:08.412>and <00:25:08.645>the <00:25:08.878>different <00:25:09.112>layers

472
00:25:11.812 --> 00:25:13.652
<00:25:11.812>and <00:25:12.278>the <00:25:12.745>guardrails, <00:25:13.212>and

473
00:25:14.632 --> 00:25:18.442
<00:25:14.632>we <00:25:14.807>cooperate <00:25:14.982>with <00:25:15.157>the <00:25:15.332>different <00:25:15.507>authorities, <00:25:15.682>be <00:25:15.857>it <00:25:16.032>the

474
00:25:18.512 --> 00:25:21.792
<00:25:18.512>government, <00:25:18.861>be <00:25:19.212>it <00:25:19.562>everybody <00:25:19.912>that

475
00:25:22.832 --> 00:25:26.812
<00:25:22.832>makes <00:25:23.007>sure <00:25:23.182>that <00:25:23.357>AI <00:25:23.532>is <00:25:23.707>doing <00:25:23.882>overall <00:25:24.057>better <00:25:24.232>for

476
00:25:27.212 --> 00:25:30.792
<00:25:27.212>humanity. <00:25:27.412>And <00:25:27.612>I'm <00:25:27.812>optimistic <00:25:28.012>because <00:25:28.212>if <00:25:28.412>you <00:25:28.612>look

477
00:25:31.052 --> 00:25:34.252
<00:25:31.052>back <00:25:31.226>in <00:25:31.401>the <00:25:31.577>history, <00:25:31.752>all <00:25:31.927>the <00:25:32.101>technology <00:25:32.276>ended <00:25:32.452>up

478
00:25:34.332 --> 00:25:38.292
<00:25:34.332>doing <00:25:34.507>better <00:25:34.682>overall <00:25:34.857>for <00:25:35.032>humanity, <00:25:35.207>and <00:25:35.382>I <00:25:35.557>think <00:25:35.732>AI

479
00:25:38.332 --> 00:25:38.952
<00:25:38.332>will <00:25:38.518>be <00:25:38.704>the <00:25:38.890>same.

480
00:25:39.372 --> 00:25:41.192
<00:25:39.372>Yeah, <00:25:39.652>that's <00:25:39.932>good. <00:25:40.212>And <00:25:40.492>for <00:25:40.772>the-

481
00:25:41.512 --> 00:25:41.752
Yeah.

482
00:25:42.592 --> 00:25:42.592
...

483
00:25:43.512 --> 00:25:47.352
<00:25:43.512>young <00:25:43.652>people <00:25:43.792>here, <00:25:43.932>we <00:25:44.072>have <00:25:44.212>also <00:25:44.351>a <00:25:44.492>lot <00:25:44.631>of <00:25:44.772>very <00:25:44.912>young

484
00:25:47.412 --> 00:25:49.712
<00:25:47.412>people <00:25:47.612>and <00:25:47.812>entrepreneurs. <00:25:48.012>What <00:25:48.212>do <00:25:48.412>you <00:25:48.612>think <00:25:48.812>now?

485
00:25:49.782 --> 00:25:52.932
<00:25:49.782>It's <00:25:49.909>really <00:25:50.036>hard <00:25:50.163>when <00:25:50.291>I <00:25:50.418>talk <00:25:50.545>with <00:25:50.672>people, <00:25:50.800>and <00:25:50.927>they <00:25:51.054>ask <00:25:51.182>me

486
00:25:54.052 --> 00:25:56.722
<00:25:54.052>what <00:25:54.226>should <00:25:54.401>they <00:25:54.577>learn <00:25:54.752>now <00:25:54.927>10 <00:25:55.101>years <00:25:55.276>from <00:25:55.452>now.

487
00:25:56.752 --> 00:26:00.442
<00:25:56.752>And <00:25:56.868>I <00:25:56.985>think <00:25:57.101>that <00:25:57.218>maybe <00:25:57.335>there <00:25:57.452>are <00:25:57.568>some <00:25:57.685>foundational <00:25:57.802>skills <00:25:57.918>or <00:25:58.035>ways <00:25:58.152>of

488
00:26:00.572 --> 00:26:04.412
<00:26:00.572>thinking <00:26:00.727>that <00:26:00.883>will <00:26:01.038>matter <00:26:01.194>now <00:26:01.349>even <00:26:01.505>more <00:26:01.660>in <00:26:01.816>the <00:26:01.972>age

489
00:26:04.472 --> 00:26:06.592
<00:26:04.472>of <00:26:04.672>AI. <00:26:04.872>What <00:26:05.072>do <00:26:05.272>you <00:26:05.472>think <00:26:05.672>about <00:26:05.872>that?

490
00:26:07.032 --> 00:26:08.512
<00:26:07.032>Well, <00:26:07.298>I <00:26:07.564>can <00:26:07.831>give <00:26:08.097>you <00:26:08.364>some

491
00:26:09.952 --> 00:26:12.132
<00:26:09.952>general <00:26:10.302>statement <00:26:10.652>that <00:26:11.002>I <00:26:11.352>think

492
00:26:13.132 --> 00:26:16.892
<00:26:13.132>true <00:26:13.272>for <00:26:13.412>everyone, <00:26:13.552>which <00:26:13.692>you <00:26:13.832>really <00:26:13.972>need <00:26:14.112>to <00:26:14.252>learn <00:26:14.392>the <00:26:14.532>basics,

493
00:26:17.472 --> 00:26:21.412
<00:26:17.472>like <00:26:17.612>basic <00:26:17.752>physics, <00:26:17.892>basic <00:26:18.032>math, <00:26:18.172>and <00:26:18.312>so <00:26:18.452>on <00:26:18.591>and <00:26:18.732>so <00:26:18.872>forth.

494
00:26:22.292 --> 00:26:26.272
<00:26:22.292>And <00:26:22.408>on <00:26:22.525>the <00:26:22.641>personal <00:26:22.758>note, <00:26:22.875>what <00:26:22.992>I <00:26:23.108>can <00:26:23.225>tell <00:26:23.341>you <00:26:23.458>is <00:26:23.575>that <00:26:23.692>I

495
00:26:26.292 --> 00:26:30.032
<00:26:26.292>have <00:26:26.525>always <00:26:26.758>been <00:26:26.992>curious <00:26:27.225>about <00:26:27.458>how <00:26:27.692>stuff

496
00:26:30.132 --> 00:26:34.032
<00:26:30.132>works. <00:26:30.259>So <00:26:30.386>when <00:26:30.513>I <00:26:30.641>was <00:26:30.768>a <00:26:30.895>kid, <00:26:31.022>when <00:26:31.150>I <00:26:31.277>got <00:26:31.404>a <00:26:31.532>new

497
00:26:34.092 --> 00:26:37.952
<00:26:34.092>toy, <00:26:34.192>the <00:26:34.292>first <00:26:34.392>thing <00:26:34.492>I <00:26:34.592>would <00:26:34.692>do, <00:26:34.792>I <00:26:34.892>would <00:26:34.992>take <00:26:35.092>it <00:26:35.192>apart <00:26:35.292>to <00:26:35.392>figure <00:26:35.492>out

498
00:26:37.992 --> 00:26:38.712
<00:26:37.992>how <00:26:38.208>it <00:26:38.424>does <00:26:38.639>work.

499
00:26:40.292 --> 00:26:43.652
<00:26:40.292>I <00:26:40.399>had <00:26:40.507>some <00:26:40.615>troubles <00:26:40.722>with <00:26:40.830>this <00:26:40.938>with <00:26:41.045>my <00:26:41.153>parents, <00:26:41.261>but <00:26:41.368>that's <00:26:41.476>a <00:26:41.584>different <00:26:41.692>story.

500
00:26:44.592 --> 00:26:44.832
So

501
00:26:45.692 --> 00:26:46.392
<00:26:45.692>if <00:26:45.902>I <00:26:46.112>look <00:26:46.322>at

502
00:26:47.792 --> 00:26:51.632
<00:26:47.792>today, <00:26:48.025>I <00:26:48.258>think <00:26:48.492>the <00:26:48.725>most <00:26:48.958>complicated <00:26:49.192>machine

503
00:26:52.252 --> 00:26:54.412
<00:26:52.252>that <00:26:52.485>is <00:26:52.718>out <00:26:52.952>there <00:26:53.185>is <00:26:53.418>a <00:26:53.652>human.

504
00:26:54.602 --> 00:26:54.602
Yeah.

505
00:26:54.632 --> 00:26:58.052
<00:26:54.632>And <00:26:54.832>to <00:26:55.032>figure <00:26:55.232>out <00:26:55.432>how <00:26:55.632>human <00:26:55.832>works <00:26:56.032>is

506
00:26:58.712 --> 00:27:02.372
<00:26:58.712>really <00:26:58.887>fascinating <00:26:59.062>and <00:26:59.237>curious. <00:26:59.412>So <00:26:59.587>if <00:26:59.762>I <00:26:59.937>would <00:27:00.112>be

507
00:27:02.452 --> 00:27:06.392
<00:27:02.452>starting <00:27:02.802>my <00:27:03.152>study <00:27:03.502>today, <00:27:03.852>after

508
00:27:06.472 --> 00:27:09.702
<00:27:06.472>the <00:27:06.705>foundation, <00:27:06.938>like <00:27:07.172>math, <00:27:07.405>physics, <00:27:07.638>and <00:27:07.872>chemistry,

509
00:27:10.472 --> 00:27:13.512
<00:27:10.472>I <00:27:10.752>would <00:27:11.032>probably <00:27:11.312>learn <00:27:11.591>digital <00:27:11.872>biology.

510
00:27:13.832 --> 00:27:17.172
<00:27:13.832>Yeah. <00:27:13.987>That's <00:27:14.143>a <00:27:14.298>good <00:27:14.454>one. <00:27:14.609>We <00:27:14.765>are <00:27:14.920>running <00:27:15.076>out <00:27:15.232>of

511
00:27:17.772 --> 00:27:21.312
<00:27:17.772>time <00:27:17.927>already <00:27:18.083>a <00:27:18.238>bit. <00:27:18.394>My <00:27:18.549>last <00:27:18.705>question <00:27:18.860>to <00:27:19.016>you <00:27:19.172>is,

512
00:27:23.212 --> 00:27:26.072
<00:27:23.212>what <00:27:23.445>problem <00:27:23.678>would <00:27:23.912>you <00:27:24.145>personally <00:27:24.378>like <00:27:24.612>to

513
00:27:28.112 --> 00:27:30.772
<00:27:28.112>see <00:27:28.312>solved <00:27:28.512>in <00:27:28.712>your <00:27:28.912>own <00:27:29.112>lifetime <00:27:29.312>with <00:27:29.512>AI?

514
00:27:33.592 --> 00:27:37.442
<00:27:33.592>Well, <00:27:33.872>we <00:27:34.152>can <00:27:34.432>simulate <00:27:34.712>pretty <00:27:34.992>much

515
00:27:37.472 --> 00:27:39.452
<00:27:37.472>everything. <00:27:38.172>Almost <00:27:38.872>everything.

516
00:27:40.332 --> 00:27:40.772
<00:27:40.332>What <00:27:40.728>we

517
00:27:41.672 --> 00:27:43.592
<00:27:41.672>couldn't <00:27:42.138>simulate <00:27:42.605>yet <00:27:43.072>is

518
00:27:44.772 --> 00:27:45.332
<00:27:44.772>the <00:27:45.276>world.

519
00:27:46.352 --> 00:27:49.741
<00:27:46.352>So <00:27:46.492>there <00:27:46.632>is <00:27:46.772>a <00:27:46.912>history. <00:27:47.052>We <00:27:47.192>can <00:27:47.332>look <00:27:47.472>back <00:27:47.612>what <00:27:47.752>happened,

520
00:27:51.452 --> 00:27:54.292
<00:27:51.452>but <00:27:51.607>it's <00:27:51.763>really <00:27:51.918>hard <00:27:52.074>to <00:27:52.229>foresee <00:27:52.385>what's <00:27:52.540>going <00:27:52.696>to <00:27:52.852>happen.

521
00:27:55.392 --> 00:27:58.652
<00:27:55.392>So <00:27:55.592>what <00:27:55.792>I <00:27:55.992>hope <00:27:56.192>is <00:27:56.392>that <00:27:56.592>we'll <00:27:56.792>develop

522
00:27:59.572 --> 00:28:03.092
<00:27:59.572>AI-based <00:27:59.747>technology <00:27:59.922>to <00:28:00.097>make <00:28:00.272>history, <00:28:00.447>to <00:28:00.622>be <00:28:00.797>experimental <00:28:00.972>science.

523
00:28:03.532 --> 00:28:04.292
<00:28:03.532>Ah, <00:28:04.216>okay.

524
00:28:04.442 --> 00:28:08.352
<00:28:04.442>So <00:28:04.569>we <00:28:04.696>can <00:28:04.823>think <00:28:04.951>of <00:28:05.078>doing <00:28:05.205>something, <00:28:05.332>then <00:28:05.460>we <00:28:05.587>can <00:28:05.714>simulate <00:28:05.842>what

525
00:28:08.392 --> 00:28:11.432
<00:28:08.392>will <00:28:08.519>happen <00:28:08.646>10, <00:28:08.773>50 <00:28:08.901>years <00:28:09.028>from <00:28:09.155>now <00:28:09.282>as <00:28:09.410>a <00:28:09.537>result <00:28:09.664>of <00:28:09.792>it.

526
00:28:12.172 --> 00:28:15.232
<00:28:12.172>And <00:28:12.327>then <00:28:12.483>we <00:28:12.638>may <00:28:12.794>probably <00:28:12.949>decide <00:28:13.105>to <00:28:13.260>do <00:28:13.416>something <00:28:13.572>else.

527
00:28:15.932 --> 00:28:19.772
<00:28:15.932>That's <00:28:16.059>interesting. <00:28:16.186>Oh, <00:28:16.313>Mikhail, <00:28:16.441>thank <00:28:16.568>you <00:28:16.695>so <00:28:16.822>much <00:28:16.950>for <00:28:17.077>being <00:28:17.204>our <00:28:17.332>guest

528
00:28:19.812 --> 00:28:21.752
<00:28:19.812>today. <00:28:20.045>It's <00:28:20.278>really <00:28:20.512>amazing <00:28:20.745>talking <00:28:20.978>to <00:28:21.212>you.

529
00:28:21.992 --> 00:28:25.632
<00:28:21.992>I <00:28:22.119>hope <00:28:22.246>that <00:28:22.373>we <00:28:22.501>got <00:28:22.628>to <00:28:22.755>have <00:28:22.882>the <00:28:23.010>opportunity <00:28:23.137>to <00:28:23.264>continue <00:28:23.392>this

530
00:28:25.652 --> 00:28:26.332
conversation.

531
00:28:26.632 --> 00:28:26.692
Yeah.

532
00:28:26.842 --> 00:28:28.912
<00:28:26.842>And <00:28:27.122>yeah, <00:28:27.402>thanks <00:28:27.682>everyone <00:28:27.962>for <00:28:28.242>joining.

533
00:28:30.562 --> 00:28:31.592
<00:28:30.562>Yeah. <00:28:30.870>One <00:28:31.180>more <00:28:31.489>thing.

534
00:28:31.872 --> 00:28:32.052
Yeah.

535
00:28:33.712 --> 00:28:34.132
Oh.

536
00:28:35.772 --> 00:28:38.532
<00:28:35.772>10 <00:28:36.005>years <00:28:36.238>ago, <00:28:36.472>we <00:28:36.705>introduced <00:28:36.938>the <00:28:37.172>DGX

537
00:28:39.792 --> 00:28:42.772
<00:28:39.792>supercomputer. <00:28:40.072>It <00:28:40.351>was <00:28:40.631>big <00:28:40.911>like <00:28:41.192>this.

538
00:28:43.352 --> 00:28:45.672
<00:28:43.352>Now, <00:28:43.507>this <00:28:43.663>is <00:28:43.818>the <00:28:43.974>DGX <00:28:44.129>Spark <00:28:44.285>that <00:28:44.440>I <00:28:44.596>want <00:28:44.752>to-

539
00:28:46.292 --> 00:28:46.932
<00:28:46.292>Oh, <00:28:46.580>thank <00:28:46.868>you

540
00:28:46.952 --> 00:28:47.361
<00:28:46.952>... <00:28:47.044>give <00:28:47.136>you <00:28:47.228>as <00:28:47.320>a...

541
00:28:47.422 --> 00:28:47.962
<00:28:47.422>Hey. <00:28:47.665>How <00:28:47.908>handy.

542
00:28:48.052 --> 00:28:51.672
<00:28:48.052>It's <00:28:48.207>about <00:28:48.363>the <00:28:48.518>same <00:28:48.674>compute <00:28:48.829>power <00:28:48.985>as <00:28:49.140>the <00:28:49.296>original <00:28:49.452>DGX.

543
00:28:52.622 --> 00:28:52.622
Oh.

544
00:28:52.692 --> 00:28:53.852
<00:28:52.692>It's <00:28:52.953>very <00:28:53.214>handy <00:28:53.475>at <00:28:53.736>home.

545
00:28:54.052 --> 00:28:54.852
<00:28:54.052>Yeah, <00:28:54.412>I <00:28:54.772>know.

546
00:28:55.812 --> 00:28:57.552
<00:28:55.812>We're <00:28:56.045>going <00:28:56.278>to <00:28:56.512>use <00:28:56.745>that <00:28:56.978>for <00:28:57.212>our

547
00:28:58.572 --> 00:29:02.512
<00:28:58.572>platform <00:28:58.679>that <00:28:58.787>we <00:28:58.895>talked <00:28:59.002>about <00:28:59.110>in <00:28:59.218>the <00:28:59.325>morning <00:28:59.433>at <00:28:59.541>opening. <00:28:59.648>Thank <00:28:59.756>you <00:28:59.864>so <00:28:59.972>much.

548
00:29:02.572 --> 00:29:04.222
<00:29:02.572>Yeah, <00:29:02.688>you <00:29:02.805>can <00:29:02.921>try <00:29:03.038>it <00:29:03.155>out. <00:29:03.272>I <00:29:03.388>have <00:29:03.505>two <00:29:03.621>of <00:29:03.738>these <00:29:03.855>at <00:29:03.972>home.

549
00:29:04.272 --> 00:29:04.522
Yeah.

550
00:29:06.532 --> 00:29:07.332
<00:29:06.532>Right. <00:29:07.252>Cool.

551
00:29:09.872 --> 00:29:10.172
Thanks.

552
00:29:11.012 --> 00:29:11.492
<00:29:11.012>Thank <00:29:11.444>you.