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<00:02:20.775>someone <00:02:20.930>probably <00:02:21.086>Bill <00:02:21.241>Anders <00:02:21.397>pointed <00:02:21.552>a <00:02:21.708>camera <00:02:21.863>back <00:02:22.019>at <00:02:22.175>Earth

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<00:02:46.715>activist <00:02:46.890>Stewart <00:02:47.065>Brand <00:02:47.240>had <00:02:47.415>a <00:02:47.590>campaign <00:02:47.765>handing <00:02:47.940>out <00:02:48.115>buttons

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<00:02:56.775>it <00:02:57.008>gives <00:02:57.241>it <00:02:57.475>a <00:02:57.708>conspiracy <00:02:57.941>tinged <00:02:58.175>edge.

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<00:03:02.005>that <00:03:02.144>if <00:03:02.285>people <00:03:02.424>could <00:03:02.565>see <00:03:02.704>their <00:03:02.845>home <00:03:02.984>planet <00:03:03.125>in <00:03:03.265>one <00:03:03.405>image,

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<00:03:05.225>it <00:03:05.575>could <00:03:05.924>reset <00:03:06.275>their <00:03:06.625>perspectives.

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<00:03:07.755>They <00:03:07.930>would <00:03:08.105>truly <00:03:08.280>grok <00:03:08.454>the <00:03:08.630>idea <00:03:08.805>of <00:03:08.980>spaceship <00:03:09.155>Earth,

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<00:03:11.465>as <00:03:11.802>Buckminster <00:03:12.140>Fuller <00:03:12.477>would <00:03:12.815>say.

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<00:03:20.155>and <00:03:20.330>giving <00:03:20.505>him, <00:03:20.680>uh, <00:03:20.855>quite <00:03:21.030>a <00:03:21.205>sense <00:03:21.380>of <00:03:21.555>perspective.

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<00:03:24.295>And <00:03:24.470>later <00:03:24.645>he <00:03:24.820>would <00:03:24.995>start <00:03:25.170>the <00:03:25.345>whole <00:03:25.520>Earth <00:03:25.695>Catalog.

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<00:03:27.535>It <00:03:27.710>was <00:03:27.885>like <00:03:28.060>a <00:03:28.234>a <00:03:28.410>print <00:03:28.585>version <00:03:28.760>of <00:03:28.935>Wikipedia

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<00:03:29.795>with <00:03:29.950>everything <00:03:30.106>you <00:03:30.261>needed <00:03:30.417>to <00:03:30.572>know <00:03:30.728>to <00:03:30.883>run <00:03:31.039>a <00:03:31.195>commune.

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<00:03:33.055>Later <00:03:33.195>still, <00:03:33.335>he <00:03:33.475>went <00:03:33.615>on <00:03:33.755>to <00:03:33.895>found <00:03:34.035>a <00:03:34.175>Long <00:03:34.315>Now <00:03:34.455>foundation,

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<00:03:37.385>an <00:03:37.665>organization <00:03:37.945>dedicated <00:03:38.225>to <00:03:38.505>long-term <00:03:38.785>thinking.

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<00:03:43.135>and <00:03:43.262>their <00:03:43.389>most <00:03:43.516>famous <00:03:43.644>project <00:03:43.771>is <00:03:43.898>the <00:03:44.025>Clock <00:03:44.153>of <00:03:44.280>the <00:03:44.407>Long <00:03:44.535>Now,

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<00:03:46.515>which <00:03:46.748>will <00:03:46.981>keep <00:03:47.214>time <00:03:47.448>for <00:03:47.681>10,000 <00:03:47.915>years.

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<00:03:50.025>This <00:03:50.152>is <00:03:50.279>just <00:03:50.406>a <00:03:50.534>scale <00:03:50.661>model <00:03:50.788>in <00:03:50.915>the <00:03:51.043>science <00:03:51.170>museum <00:03:51.297>in <00:03:51.425>London.

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<00:03:58.195>ground <00:03:58.590>in <00:03:58.987>west <00:03:59.382>Texas.

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<00:04:01.345>Just <00:04:01.545>thinking <00:04:01.745>about <00:04:01.945>the <00:04:02.145>engineering <00:04:02.345>challenges <00:04:02.545>involved <00:04:02.745>is

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<00:04:08.325>but <00:04:08.464>let's <00:04:08.605>snap <00:04:08.744>back <00:04:08.885>from <00:04:09.024>10,000 <00:04:09.165>years <00:04:09.304>in <00:04:09.445>the <00:04:09.584>future <00:04:09.725>to

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<00:04:11.665>that <00:04:12.012>Apollo <00:04:12.361>eight <00:04:12.709>mission.

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<00:04:13.085>In <00:04:13.365>December <00:04:13.645>of <00:04:13.925>1968, <00:04:14.205>this <00:04:14.485>picture

78
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<00:04:17.325>of <00:04:17.480>the <00:04:17.636>whole <00:04:17.791>Earth <00:04:17.947>wasn't <00:04:18.102>the <00:04:18.258>most <00:04:18.413>important <00:04:18.569>picture <00:04:18.724>taken

79
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<00:04:21.204>by <00:04:21.482>Bill <00:04:21.759>Anders <00:04:22.036>on <00:04:22.313>that <00:04:22.591>flight.

80
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<00:04:24.385>By <00:04:24.560>Christmas <00:04:24.735>Eve, <00:04:24.909>the <00:04:25.085>crew <00:04:25.260>had <00:04:25.435>reached <00:04:25.610>the <00:04:25.784>moon

81
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<00:04:26.945>and <00:04:27.295>successfully <00:04:27.645>entered <00:04:27.995>lunar <00:04:28.344>orbit.

82
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<00:04:30.995>Oh <00:04:31.150>my <00:04:31.306>God, <00:04:31.461>look <00:04:31.617>at <00:04:31.772>that <00:04:31.928>There <00:04:32.083>earth <00:04:32.239>coming <00:04:32.395>up.

83
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<00:04:34.995>Wow, <00:04:35.170>that's <00:04:35.345>pretty. <00:04:35.520>Hey, <00:04:35.695>don't <00:04:35.870>take <00:04:36.045>that <00:04:36.220>up. <00:04:36.395>Schedule.

84
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<00:04:44.765>Got <00:04:44.920>a <00:04:45.076>color <00:04:45.231>film. <00:04:45.387>Jim, <00:04:45.542>me <00:04:45.698>a <00:04:45.853>roll <00:04:46.009>of <00:04:46.164>color.

85
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<00:04:48.885>Oh <00:04:49.235>man, <00:04:49.585>that's <00:04:49.935>great. <00:04:50.284>Quick,

86
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<00:04:53.295>This <00:04:53.575>is <00:04:53.855>what <00:04:54.135>Bill <00:04:54.415>Anders <00:04:54.695>captured.

87
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<00:04:58.075>Earthrise. <00:04:58.308>I <00:04:58.541>could <00:04:58.775>try <00:04:59.008>to <00:04:59.241>describe <00:04:59.474>it,

88
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<00:05:01.985>but <00:05:02.218>they <00:05:02.451>should <00:05:02.685>have <00:05:02.918>sent <00:05:03.151>a <00:05:03.385>poet

89
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<00:05:04.715>and <00:05:04.890>50 <00:05:05.065>years <00:05:05.239>later, <00:05:05.414>this <00:05:05.590>poet <00:05:05.765>puts <00:05:05.940>it <00:05:06.114>beautifully.

90
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<00:05:08.685>This <00:05:08.965>is <00:05:09.245>Amanda <00:05:09.525>Gorman's <00:05:09.805>poem, <00:05:10.085>Earthrise.

91
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<00:05:13.995>On <00:05:14.461>Christmas <00:05:14.928>Eve <00:05:15.395>1968,

92
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<00:05:16.885>astronaut <00:05:17.060>Bill <00:05:17.235>Anders <00:05:17.409>snapped <00:05:17.585>a <00:05:17.760>photo <00:05:17.935>of <00:05:18.110>the <00:05:18.284>earth

93
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<00:05:20.275>as <00:05:20.554>Apollo <00:05:20.835>eight <00:05:21.114>orbited <00:05:21.395>the <00:05:21.674>moon.

94
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<00:05:23.105>Those <00:05:23.455>three <00:05:23.805>guys <00:05:24.155>were <00:05:24.505>surprised

95
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<00:05:24.775>to <00:05:24.902>see <00:05:25.029>from <00:05:25.156>their <00:05:25.284>eyes <00:05:25.411>a <00:05:25.538>planet <00:05:25.665>looked <00:05:25.793>like <00:05:25.920>an <00:05:26.047>earth <00:05:26.174>rise,

96
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<00:05:28.295>a <00:05:28.470>blue <00:05:28.645>orb <00:05:28.820>hovering <00:05:28.995>over <00:05:29.170>the <00:05:29.345>moon's <00:05:29.520>gray <00:05:29.695>horizon

97
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<00:05:32.005>with <00:05:32.284>deep <00:05:32.565>oceans <00:05:32.844>and <00:05:33.125>silver <00:05:33.405>skies.

98
00:05:34.875 --> 00:05:38.975
<00:05:34.875>It <00:05:35.015>was <00:05:35.155>our <00:05:35.295>world's <00:05:35.435>first <00:05:35.575>glance <00:05:35.715>at <00:05:35.855>itself, <00:05:35.995>our <00:05:36.135>first <00:05:36.275>chance

99
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<00:05:39.275>to <00:05:39.474>see <00:05:39.674>a <00:05:39.875>shared <00:05:40.075>reality, <00:05:40.275>a <00:05:40.474>declared <00:05:40.674>stance

100
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<00:05:41.915>and <00:05:42.090>a <00:05:42.265>commonality, <00:05:42.440>a <00:05:42.615>glimpse <00:05:42.790>into <00:05:42.965>a <00:05:43.140>planet's <00:05:43.315>mirror.

101
00:05:45.835 --> 00:05:50.215
<00:05:45.835>And <00:05:45.990>as <00:05:46.146>threats <00:05:46.301>drew <00:05:46.457>nearer <00:05:46.612>our <00:05:46.768>own <00:05:46.923>urgency <00:05:47.079>became <00:05:47.234>clearer

102
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<00:05:50.595>as <00:05:50.750>we <00:05:50.906>realized <00:05:51.061>that <00:05:51.217>we <00:05:51.372>hold <00:05:51.528>nothing <00:05:51.683>dearer <00:05:51.839>than <00:05:51.995>this

103
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<00:05:54.335>floating <00:05:54.614>body <00:05:54.895>we <00:05:55.174>all <00:05:55.455>call <00:05:55.734>home.

104
00:06:01.165 --> 00:06:04.275
<00:06:01.165>Astronauts <00:06:01.365>have <00:06:01.565>been <00:06:01.765>known <00:06:01.965>to <00:06:02.165>experience <00:06:02.365>something <00:06:02.565>called

105
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<00:06:04.855>the <00:06:05.368>overview <00:06:05.881>effect.

106
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<00:06:07.145>It's <00:06:07.424>a <00:06:07.705>profound <00:06:07.984>change <00:06:08.265>in <00:06:08.544>perspective

107
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<00:06:09.705>that <00:06:09.984>comes <00:06:10.265>from <00:06:10.544>seeing <00:06:10.825>the <00:06:11.104>totality

108
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<00:06:11.315>of <00:06:11.470>our <00:06:11.626>home <00:06:11.781>planet <00:06:11.937>in <00:06:12.092>all <00:06:12.248>its <00:06:12.403>beauty <00:06:12.559>and <00:06:12.715>fragility.

109
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<00:06:15.715>And <00:06:15.890>the <00:06:16.065>Earthrise <00:06:16.239>photograph <00:06:16.414>gave <00:06:16.590>the <00:06:16.765>world <00:06:16.940>a <00:06:17.114>taste

110
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<00:06:18.935>of <00:06:19.135>the <00:06:19.335>overview <00:06:19.535>effect <00:06:19.735>right <00:06:19.935>at <00:06:20.135>a <00:06:20.335>time

111
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<00:06:21.645>when <00:06:21.881>it <00:06:22.117>was <00:06:22.353>most <00:06:22.590>needed.

112
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<00:06:23.755>And <00:06:23.895>I <00:06:24.034>wonder <00:06:24.175>if <00:06:24.315>it's <00:06:24.455>possible <00:06:24.594>to <00:06:24.735>get <00:06:24.875>an <00:06:25.015>overview <00:06:25.155>effect

113
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<00:06:27.715>for <00:06:28.104>the <00:06:28.495>worldwide <00:06:28.885>web.

114
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<00:06:29.945>There <00:06:30.145>is <00:06:30.344>no <00:06:30.545>photograph <00:06:30.745>of <00:06:30.945>the <00:06:31.145>whole <00:06:31.344>web.

115
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<00:06:32.995>We <00:06:33.150>can't <00:06:33.306>see <00:06:33.461>the <00:06:33.617>web, <00:06:33.772>we <00:06:33.928>can't <00:06:34.083>travel <00:06:34.239>into <00:06:34.395>space

116
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<00:06:36.335>and <00:06:36.568>look <00:06:36.801>back <00:06:37.034>at <00:06:37.268>our <00:06:37.501>online <00:06:37.734>home,

117
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<00:06:39.375>but <00:06:39.608>we <00:06:39.841>can <00:06:40.075>travel <00:06:40.308>back <00:06:40.541>in <00:06:40.775>time.

118
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<00:06:42.805>Let's <00:06:43.155>travel <00:06:43.505>back <00:06:43.855>to <00:06:44.205>1945,

119
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<00:06:46.455>and <00:06:46.582>that <00:06:46.709>was <00:06:46.836>the <00:06:46.964>year <00:06:47.091>that <00:06:47.218>an <00:06:47.345>article <00:06:47.473>was <00:06:47.600>published <00:06:47.727>in <00:06:47.854>The

120
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<00:06:49.075>Atlantic <00:06:49.425>Monthly <00:06:49.775>by <00:06:50.125>Vivar <00:06:50.474>Bush.

121
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<00:06:51.815>He <00:06:52.134>was <00:06:52.454>a <00:06:52.773>pop <00:06:53.093>scientist

122
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<00:06:53.235>of <00:06:53.390>the <00:06:53.546>day <00:06:53.701>like <00:06:53.857>Neil <00:06:54.012>deGrasse <00:06:54.168>Tyson <00:06:54.323>or <00:06:54.479>Bill <00:06:54.635>Nye.

123
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<00:06:57.225>The <00:06:57.365>article <00:06:57.505>was <00:06:57.645>called, <00:06:57.785>as <00:06:57.925>we <00:06:58.065>may <00:06:58.205>think <00:06:58.345>in <00:06:58.485>the <00:06:58.625>article,

124
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<00:07:01.805>Bush <00:07:02.005>describes <00:07:02.205>a <00:07:02.405>hypothetical <00:07:02.605>device <00:07:02.805>called <00:07:03.005>a <00:07:03.205>memex.

125
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<00:07:06.835>Imagine <00:07:06.990>a <00:07:07.146>desk <00:07:07.301>filled <00:07:07.457>with <00:07:07.612>reams <00:07:07.768>and <00:07:07.923>reams <00:07:08.079>of <00:07:08.234>microfill

126
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<00:07:11.945>and <00:07:12.145>the <00:07:12.344>operator <00:07:12.545>of <00:07:12.745>this <00:07:12.945>device <00:07:13.145>confined <00:07:13.344>information

127
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<00:07:14.565>and <00:07:14.844>also <00:07:15.125>make <00:07:15.405>connections <00:07:15.685>between <00:07:15.965>bits

128
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<00:07:17.205>of <00:07:17.438>information <00:07:17.671>linking <00:07:17.905>them <00:07:18.138>together <00:07:18.371>in <00:07:18.604>whatever

129
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<00:07:19.985>way <00:07:20.232>makes <00:07:20.480>sense <00:07:20.727>to <00:07:20.974>them.

130
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<00:07:22.755>This <00:07:23.034>sounds <00:07:23.315>a <00:07:23.594>lot <00:07:23.875>like <00:07:24.155>hypertext

131
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<00:07:25.545>and <00:07:25.685>that <00:07:25.825>word <00:07:25.965>would <00:07:26.105>be <00:07:26.245>coined <00:07:26.385>decades <00:07:26.525>later <00:07:26.665>by <00:07:26.805>Ted <00:07:26.945>Nelson

132
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<00:07:30.105>to <00:07:30.260>describe <00:07:30.416>text, <00:07:30.571>which <00:07:30.727>is <00:07:30.882>not <00:07:31.038>constrained <00:07:31.193>to <00:07:31.349>be <00:07:31.505>linear.

133
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<00:07:35.135>Now, <00:07:35.368>Vivar <00:07:35.601>Bush's <00:07:35.835>idea <00:07:36.068>of <00:07:36.301>the <00:07:36.534>Memex

134
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<00:07:37.315>and <00:07:37.470>Ted <00:07:37.626>Nelson's <00:07:37.781>ideas <00:07:37.937>about <00:07:38.092>hypertext <00:07:38.248>will <00:07:38.403>be <00:07:38.559>a <00:07:38.715>big

135
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<00:07:40.115>influence <00:07:40.348>on <00:07:40.581>Tim <00:07:40.815>Burner's <00:07:41.048>Lee, <00:07:41.281>the <00:07:41.515>creator

136
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<00:07:42.495>of <00:07:42.801>the <00:07:43.107>worldwide <00:07:43.413>web,

137
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<00:07:44.415>but <00:07:44.648>his <00:07:44.881>big <00:07:45.115>breakthrough <00:07:45.348>wasn't <00:07:45.581>just <00:07:45.815>making

138
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<00:07:46.745>hypertext <00:07:47.204>into <00:07:47.663>a <00:07:48.121>reality.

139
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<00:07:49.515>Other <00:07:49.765>people <00:07:50.015>had <00:07:50.265>already <00:07:50.515>done <00:07:50.765>that.

140
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<00:07:51.735>Douglas <00:07:51.910>Engelbart <00:07:52.085>who <00:07:52.260>wanted <00:07:52.435>to <00:07:52.610>make <00:07:52.785>the <00:07:52.960>computer <00:07:53.135>equivalent

141
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<00:07:54.825>of <00:07:55.000>the <00:07:55.175>Memex <00:07:55.349>had <00:07:55.525>already <00:07:55.700>demonstrated <00:07:55.875>a <00:07:56.050>working <00:07:56.224>hypertech

142
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<00:07:58.185>system <00:07:58.418>in <00:07:58.651>1968 <00:07:58.885>in <00:07:59.118>an <00:07:59.351>astonishing <00:07:59.585>demonstration

143
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<00:08:03.095>that <00:08:03.235>came <00:08:03.375>to <00:08:03.515>be <00:08:03.655>known <00:08:03.795>as <00:08:03.935>the <00:08:04.075>mother <00:08:04.215>of <00:08:04.355>all <00:08:04.495>demos.

144
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<00:08:07.205>See <00:08:07.438>the <00:08:07.671>idea <00:08:07.905>of <00:08:08.138>hypertext, <00:08:08.371>it's <00:08:08.604>kind

145
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<00:08:09.585>of <00:08:09.740>like <00:08:09.896>a <00:08:10.051>choose <00:08:10.207>your <00:08:10.362>own <00:08:10.518>adventure <00:08:10.673>book, <00:08:10.829>individual <00:08:10.984>pieces

146
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<00:08:12.745>of <00:08:12.900>text <00:08:13.056>in <00:08:13.211>a <00:08:13.367>book <00:08:13.522>or <00:08:13.678>connected <00:08:13.833>with <00:08:13.989>unique <00:08:14.145>identifiers

147
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<00:08:16.205>and <00:08:16.380>you <00:08:16.555>can <00:08:16.729>jump <00:08:16.905>from <00:08:17.080>one <00:08:17.255>piece <00:08:17.430>of <00:08:17.604>text

148
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<00:08:18.445>to <00:08:18.700>another <00:08:18.956>within <00:08:19.211>the <00:08:19.467>same <00:08:19.723>book.

149
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<00:08:21.275>But <00:08:21.474>what <00:08:21.674>if <00:08:21.875>you <00:08:22.075>could <00:08:22.275>jump <00:08:22.474>between <00:08:22.674>books?

150
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<00:08:24.765>That's <00:08:24.978>the <00:08:25.191>other <00:08:25.404>piece <00:08:25.617>of <00:08:25.830>the <00:08:26.043>puzzle.

151
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<00:08:27.205>The <00:08:27.380>idea <00:08:27.555>of <00:08:27.729>connecting <00:08:27.905>computers <00:08:28.080>together <00:08:28.255>came <00:08:28.430>from <00:08:28.604>the

152
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<00:08:30.265>concept <00:08:30.498>of <00:08:30.731>time <00:08:30.965>sharing, <00:08:31.198>allowing <00:08:31.431>you <00:08:31.664>to

153
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<00:08:33.184>remotely <00:08:33.651>access <00:08:34.118>another <00:08:34.584>computer.

154
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<00:08:36.924>And <00:08:37.158>with <00:08:37.391>funding <00:08:37.625>from <00:08:37.858>the <00:08:38.091>US <00:08:38.324>Department

155
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<00:08:38.544>of <00:08:38.824>Defense's <00:08:39.104>advanced <00:08:39.385>Research <00:08:39.664>Projects <00:08:39.944>Agency

156
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<00:08:42.174>time <00:08:42.314>sharing <00:08:42.454>was <00:08:42.594>taken <00:08:42.734>to <00:08:42.875>the <00:08:43.015>next <00:08:43.155>level <00:08:43.294>with <00:08:43.434>the <00:08:43.574>creation

157
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<00:08:44.945>of <00:08:45.145>a <00:08:45.345>computer <00:08:45.545>network <00:08:45.745>called <00:08:45.945>the <00:08:46.145>ARP <00:08:46.345>net.

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159
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<00:08:51.255>until <00:08:51.410>it <00:08:51.566>was <00:08:51.721>no <00:08:51.877>longer <00:08:52.032>just <00:08:52.188>a <00:08:52.343>network <00:08:52.499>of <00:08:52.655>computers.

160
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<00:08:54.815>It <00:08:55.095>was <00:08:55.375>a <00:08:55.655>network <00:08:55.935>of <00:08:56.215>networks

161
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<00:08:57.465>or <00:08:57.815>internet, <00:08:58.165>internet <00:08:58.515>for <00:08:58.865>short.

162
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<00:09:02.595>And <00:09:02.750>Tim, <00:09:02.906>as <00:09:03.061>Lee <00:09:03.217>took <00:09:03.372>the <00:09:03.528>infrastructure <00:09:03.683>of <00:09:03.839>the <00:09:03.995>internet

163
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<00:09:05.795>and <00:09:05.969>mashed <00:09:06.145>it <00:09:06.319>up <00:09:06.495>with <00:09:06.670>the <00:09:06.844>idea <00:09:07.020>of <00:09:07.194>hypertext.

164
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<00:09:08.975>Instead <00:09:09.208>of <00:09:09.441>imagining <00:09:09.675>hypertext <00:09:09.908>as <00:09:10.141>a <00:09:10.375>book

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<00:09:10.865>with <00:09:11.040>interconnected <00:09:11.215>concepts, <00:09:11.390>he <00:09:11.565>imagined <00:09:11.740>a <00:09:11.915>library <00:09:12.090>of <00:09:12.265>books

166
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<00:09:15.115>where <00:09:15.270>you <00:09:15.426>could <00:09:15.581>jump <00:09:15.737>from <00:09:15.892>one <00:09:16.048>idea <00:09:16.203>in <00:09:16.359>one <00:09:16.515>book

167
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<00:09:17.405>to <00:09:17.605>another <00:09:17.805>idea <00:09:18.005>in <00:09:18.204>a <00:09:18.405>completely <00:09:18.605>different <00:09:18.805>book,

168
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<00:09:20.005>in <00:09:20.205>a <00:09:20.405>completely <00:09:20.605>different <00:09:20.805>part <00:09:21.005>of <00:09:21.205>the <00:09:21.405>library.

169
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<00:09:23.965>This <00:09:24.273>was <00:09:24.581>the <00:09:24.889>worldwide <00:09:25.198>web.

170
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<00:09:26.585>Tim <00:09:26.725>Burners <00:09:26.865>Lee <00:09:27.005>called <00:09:27.145>it <00:09:27.285>the <00:09:27.425>Worldwide <00:09:27.565>Web <00:09:27.705>even <00:09:27.845>when <00:09:27.985>it

171
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<00:09:29.565>only <00:09:29.844>existed <00:09:30.123>on <00:09:30.401>his <00:09:30.680>computer.

172
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<00:09:31.665>You <00:09:31.865>have <00:09:32.064>to <00:09:32.265>admire <00:09:32.464>the <00:09:32.665>chutzpah <00:09:32.865>of <00:09:33.064>that.

173
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<00:09:34.785>The <00:09:34.940>really <00:09:35.096>incredible <00:09:35.251>thing <00:09:35.407>is <00:09:35.562>that <00:09:35.718>it <00:09:35.873>worked <00:09:36.029>in <00:09:36.185>March

174
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<00:09:38.645>of <00:09:38.845>1989, <00:09:39.045>he <00:09:39.245>proposed <00:09:39.444>a <00:09:39.645>global <00:09:39.845>hypertext <00:09:40.045>system

175
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<00:09:42.335>where <00:09:42.510>anybody <00:09:42.685>could <00:09:42.860>create <00:09:43.035>new <00:09:43.210>pages <00:09:43.385>without <00:09:43.560>asking <00:09:43.735>anyone

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<00:09:45.945>for <00:09:46.100>permission <00:09:46.256>and <00:09:46.411>anyone <00:09:46.567>could <00:09:46.722>access <00:09:46.878>those <00:09:47.033>pages <00:09:47.189>no <00:09:47.345>matter

177
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<00:09:49.565>what <00:09:49.720>kind <00:09:49.876>of <00:09:50.031>device <00:09:50.187>or <00:09:50.342>operating <00:09:50.498>system <00:09:50.653>they <00:09:50.809>were <00:09:50.965>using.

178
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<00:09:53.325>And <00:09:53.605>that's <00:09:53.885>what <00:09:54.165>we <00:09:54.445>have <00:09:54.725>today.

179
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<00:09:56.455>Well, <00:09:56.688>the <00:09:56.921>worldwide <00:09:57.155>web <00:09:57.388>might <00:09:57.621>seem <00:09:57.855>inevitable.

180
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<00:09:58.965>In <00:09:59.315>hindsight, <00:09:59.665>it <00:10:00.015>was <00:10:00.365>anything

181
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<00:10:01.045>but <00:10:01.324>it <00:10:01.604>is <00:10:01.885>a <00:10:02.165>remarkable <00:10:02.444>achievement.

182
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<00:10:06.385>And <00:10:06.560>the <00:10:06.735>worldwide <00:10:06.910>web <00:10:07.085>was <00:10:07.260>somewhat <00:10:07.435>lacking <00:10:07.610>in <00:10:07.785>color.

183
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<00:10:09.485>Originally <00:10:09.660>when <00:10:09.835>I <00:10:10.010>started <00:10:10.185>making <00:10:10.360>websites <00:10:10.535>in <00:10:10.710>the <00:10:10.885>mid

184
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<00:10:12.925>nineties, <00:10:13.099>color <00:10:13.275>had <00:10:13.449>arrived, <00:10:13.625>but <00:10:13.800>it <00:10:13.974>was <00:10:14.150>somewhat <00:10:14.324>limited.

185
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<00:10:17.335>We <00:10:17.510>had <00:10:17.685>a <00:10:17.860>palette <00:10:18.035>of <00:10:18.210>216 <00:10:18.385>web <00:10:18.560>safe <00:10:18.735>colors.

186
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<00:10:21.975>You <00:10:22.175>knew <00:10:22.375>if <00:10:22.575>a <00:10:22.775>color <00:10:22.975>was <00:10:23.175>web <00:10:23.375>safe,

187
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<00:10:24.055>if <00:10:24.255>the <00:10:24.454>hexa <00:10:24.655>desal <00:10:24.854>notation <00:10:25.055>was <00:10:25.255>three <00:10:25.454>sets

188
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<00:10:26.555>of <00:10:27.023>duplicated <00:10:27.491>values.

189
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<00:10:29.265>If <00:10:29.439>you <00:10:29.615>altered <00:10:29.790>one <00:10:29.965>of <00:10:30.140>those <00:10:30.314>values <00:10:30.490>even <00:10:30.665>slightly,

190
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<00:10:31.495>there <00:10:31.775>was <00:10:32.055>no <00:10:32.335>guarantee <00:10:32.615>that <00:10:32.895>the

191
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<00:10:33.695>color <00:10:34.045>would <00:10:34.395>display <00:10:34.745>consistently <00:10:35.095>on

192
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<00:10:35.645>the <00:10:35.888>monitors <00:10:36.131>of <00:10:36.374>the <00:10:36.617>time.

193
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<00:10:38.925>I <00:10:39.155>have <00:10:39.385>a <00:10:39.616>confession <00:10:39.846>to <00:10:40.077>make.

194
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<00:10:40.885>I <00:10:41.040>kind <00:10:41.196>of <00:10:41.351>liked <00:10:41.507>this <00:10:41.662>constraint <00:10:41.818>in <00:10:41.973>a <00:10:42.129>weird <00:10:42.285>way,

195
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<00:10:43.825>and <00:10:43.980>to <00:10:44.136>this <00:10:44.291>day, <00:10:44.447>if <00:10:44.602>I <00:10:44.758>have <00:10:44.913>a <00:10:45.069>color <00:10:45.225>value

196
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<00:10:45.525>that's <00:10:45.680>almost <00:10:45.836>web <00:10:45.991>safe, <00:10:46.147>I <00:10:46.302>can't <00:10:46.458>resist <00:10:46.613>nudging <00:10:46.769>it <00:10:46.925>slightly.

197
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<00:10:50.475>Now, <00:10:50.941>fortunately, <00:10:51.408>monitors <00:10:51.875>improved.

198
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<00:10:53.525>They <00:10:53.771>got <00:10:54.018>flatter <00:10:54.264>for <00:10:54.511>one <00:10:54.758>thing

199
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<00:10:55.275>and <00:10:55.430>they <00:10:55.586>were <00:10:55.741>also <00:10:55.897>capable <00:10:56.052>of <00:10:56.208>displaying <00:10:56.363>plenty <00:10:56.519>of <00:10:56.675>colors,

200
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<00:10:57.955>and <00:10:58.283>we <00:10:58.612>also <00:10:58.940>got <00:10:59.269>more

201
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<00:10:59.415>and <00:10:59.555>more <00:10:59.694>ways <00:10:59.834>of <00:10:59.974>specifying <00:11:00.115>colors <00:11:00.255>as <00:11:00.395>well <00:11:00.535>as <00:11:00.675>hexa <00:11:00.814>decimal.

202
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<00:11:03.095>We <00:11:03.375>got <00:11:03.655>RGB <00:11:03.935>red <00:11:04.215>green <00:11:04.495>blue.

203
00:11:06.355 --> 00:11:09.575
<00:11:06.355>Better <00:11:06.555>yet <00:11:06.755>we <00:11:06.955>got <00:11:07.155>RGBA <00:11:07.355>with <00:11:07.555>alpha <00:11:07.755>Transparency,

204
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<00:11:10.235>that's <00:11:10.515>opacity <00:11:10.795>to <00:11:11.075>you <00:11:11.355>and <00:11:11.635>me.

205
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<00:11:13.355>And <00:11:13.588>we <00:11:13.821>got <00:11:14.055>HSL <00:11:14.288>Hugh <00:11:14.521>saturation <00:11:14.755>Lightness,

206
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<00:11:17.035>or <00:11:17.235>should <00:11:17.435>I <00:11:17.635>say <00:11:17.834>HSLA, <00:11:18.035>Hugh <00:11:18.235>Saturation, <00:11:18.435>lightness

207
00:11:20.635 --> 00:11:21.735
<00:11:20.635>and <00:11:21.130>Alpha <00:11:21.625>Transparency.

208
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<00:11:22.915>And <00:11:23.089>there <00:11:23.265>are <00:11:23.439>more <00:11:23.615>color <00:11:23.790>spaces <00:11:23.964>on <00:11:24.140>the <00:11:24.314>way.

209
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<00:11:26.055>HWB <00:11:26.405>for <00:11:26.755>Hugh <00:11:27.104>Whiteness, <00:11:27.454>blackness,

210
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L-A-B-L-C-H,

211
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<00:11:32.635>and <00:11:32.868>there's <00:11:33.101>work <00:11:33.335>on <00:11:33.568>a <00:11:33.801>color <00:11:34.035>function,

212
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<00:11:34.275>so <00:11:34.475>you <00:11:34.675>can <00:11:34.875>specify <00:11:35.074>even <00:11:35.275>more <00:11:35.475>color <00:11:35.675>spaces.

213
00:11:37.855 --> 00:11:40.675
<00:11:37.855>Now <00:11:38.030>in <00:11:38.205>the <00:11:38.380>beginning, <00:11:38.555>typography <00:11:38.730>on <00:11:38.905>the <00:11:39.080>worldwide <00:11:39.255>web

214
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<00:11:40.775>was <00:11:42.161>non-existent.

215
00:11:42.705 --> 00:11:45.435
<00:11:42.705>Your <00:11:42.880>browser <00:11:43.055>used <00:11:43.230>whatever <00:11:43.405>was <00:11:43.580>available <00:11:43.755>on <00:11:43.930>your <00:11:44.105>operating

216
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<00:11:45.435>system, <00:11:45.609>and <00:11:45.785>that <00:11:45.959>situation <00:11:46.135>continued <00:11:46.310>for <00:11:46.484>quite <00:11:46.660>a <00:11:46.834>while.

217
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<00:11:48.835>You'd <00:11:49.035>have <00:11:49.235>to <00:11:49.435>guess <00:11:49.635>which <00:11:49.835>fonts <00:11:50.035>were <00:11:50.235>likely

218
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<00:11:50.945>to <00:11:51.215>be <00:11:51.485>available <00:11:51.755>on <00:11:52.025>Windows

219
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<00:11:52.405>or <00:11:52.532>Mac <00:11:52.659>if <00:11:52.786>you <00:11:52.914>wanted <00:11:53.041>to <00:11:53.168>use <00:11:53.295>a <00:11:53.423>San <00:11:53.550>Serif <00:11:53.677>type <00:11:53.805>face.

220
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<00:11:56.805>There <00:11:56.979>was <00:11:57.155>aerial <00:11:57.329>on <00:11:57.505>windows <00:11:57.680>and <00:11:57.854>helvetic <00:11:58.030>on <00:11:58.204>Mac.

221
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<00:12:01.565>Verdana <00:12:01.720>was <00:12:01.876>a <00:12:02.031>pretty <00:12:02.187>safe <00:12:02.342>bet <00:12:02.498>too <00:12:02.653>for <00:12:02.809>a <00:12:02.965>while.

222
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<00:12:04.965>Your <00:12:05.301>only <00:12:05.637>safe <00:12:05.973>option

223
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<00:12:06.085>for <00:12:06.260>a <00:12:06.435>serif <00:12:06.610>type <00:12:06.785>face <00:12:06.960>was <00:12:07.135>times <00:12:07.310>New <00:12:07.485>Roman.

224
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<00:12:09.355>When <00:12:09.530>Matthew <00:12:09.705>Carter's, <00:12:09.880>Georgia <00:12:10.055>was <00:12:10.230>released, <00:12:10.405>it <00:12:10.580>was <00:12:10.755>godsend.

225
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<00:12:12.435>Here <00:12:12.609>was <00:12:12.785>a <00:12:12.959>typeface <00:12:13.135>specifically <00:12:13.310>designed <00:12:13.484>for <00:12:13.660>the <00:12:13.834>screen,

226
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<00:12:16.495>and <00:12:16.775>later <00:12:17.055>Microsoft <00:12:17.335>released <00:12:17.615>another <00:12:17.895>four

227
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<00:12:19.005>fonts <00:12:19.299>designed <00:12:19.594>for <00:12:19.889>the <00:12:20.184>screen.

228
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<00:12:20.825>Four <00:12:21.297>new <00:12:21.770>fonts.

229
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<00:12:21.895>It <00:12:22.128>felt <00:12:22.361>like <00:12:22.595>we <00:12:22.828>were <00:12:23.061>being <00:12:23.295>spoiled,

230
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<00:12:25.605>but <00:12:25.780>what <00:12:25.955>if <00:12:26.130>you <00:12:26.305>wanted <00:12:26.480>to <00:12:26.655>use <00:12:26.830>a <00:12:27.005>typeface

231
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<00:12:27.935>that <00:12:28.135>didn't <00:12:28.334>come <00:12:28.535>installed <00:12:28.734>with <00:12:28.935>an <00:12:29.135>operating <00:12:29.334>system?

232
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<00:12:32.445>Well, <00:12:32.572>you <00:12:32.699>went <00:12:32.826>into <00:12:32.954>Photoshop <00:12:33.081>and <00:12:33.208>made <00:12:33.335>an <00:12:33.463>image <00:12:33.590>of <00:12:33.717>the <00:12:33.845>text

233
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<00:12:36.825>and <00:12:37.000>now <00:12:37.175>the <00:12:37.350>user <00:12:37.525>had <00:12:37.700>to <00:12:37.875>download <00:12:38.050>additional <00:12:38.225>images.

234
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<00:12:40.095>The <00:12:40.250>text <00:12:40.406>wasn't <00:12:40.561>selectable <00:12:40.717>and <00:12:40.872>it <00:12:41.028>was <00:12:41.183>a <00:12:41.339>fixed <00:12:41.495>width,

235
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<00:12:44.105>and <00:12:44.232>we <00:12:44.359>came <00:12:44.486>up <00:12:44.614>with <00:12:44.741>all <00:12:44.868>sorts <00:12:44.995>of <00:12:45.123>clever <00:12:45.250>techniques <00:12:45.377>to <00:12:45.505>do

236
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<00:12:46.405>what <00:12:46.638>was <00:12:46.871>called <00:12:47.105>image <00:12:47.338>replacement <00:12:47.571>for <00:12:47.805>text.

237
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<00:12:48.995>Some <00:12:49.170>of <00:12:49.345>the <00:12:49.520>techniques <00:12:49.695>involved <00:12:49.870>CSS <00:12:50.045>and <00:12:50.220>background <00:12:50.395>images.

238
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<00:12:53.145>One <00:12:53.425>of <00:12:53.704>the <00:12:53.985>techniques <00:12:54.265>involved <00:12:54.545>flash.

239
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<00:12:55.185>It <00:12:55.385>was <00:12:55.584>called <00:12:55.785>CR <00:12:55.984>scalable <00:12:56.185>Inman <00:12:56.385>flash <00:12:56.584>replacement.

240
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<00:12:59.595>A <00:12:59.770>later <00:12:59.945>technique <00:13:00.120>called <00:13:00.295>cuon <00:13:00.470>converted <00:13:00.645>the <00:13:00.820>letter <00:13:00.995>shapes

241
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<00:13:02.435>into <00:13:02.806>paths <00:13:03.179>in <00:13:03.550>Canvas.

242
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<00:13:05.345>All <00:13:05.625>of <00:13:05.905>these <00:13:06.185>techniques <00:13:06.465>were <00:13:06.745>hacks.

243
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<00:13:07.245>They <00:13:07.525>very <00:13:07.805>clever <00:13:08.085>hacks <00:13:08.365>but <00:13:08.645>hacks

244
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<00:13:09.205>nonetheless, <00:13:09.438>they <00:13:09.671>were <00:13:09.905>clever <00:13:10.138>and <00:13:10.371>they <00:13:10.605>worked,

245
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<00:13:11.945>but <00:13:12.120>they <00:13:12.295>always <00:13:12.470>reminded <00:13:12.645>me <00:13:12.820>of <00:13:12.995>Samuel <00:13:13.170>Johnson's <00:13:13.345>description

246
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<00:13:14.805>of <00:13:15.005>a <00:13:15.204>dog <00:13:15.405>walking <00:13:15.604>on <00:13:15.805>its <00:13:16.005>hind <00:13:16.204>legs.

247
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<00:13:17.545>It <00:13:17.774>is <00:13:18.004>not <00:13:18.233>done <00:13:18.463>well,

248
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<00:13:19.025>but <00:13:19.180>you <00:13:19.336>were <00:13:19.491>surprised <00:13:19.647>to <00:13:19.802>find <00:13:19.958>it <00:13:20.113>done <00:13:20.269>at <00:13:20.425>all.

249
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<00:13:23.855>What <00:13:23.971>if <00:13:24.088>you <00:13:24.205>wanted <00:13:24.321>to <00:13:24.438>use <00:13:24.555>an <00:13:24.671>actual <00:13:24.788>font <00:13:24.905>file <00:13:25.021>in <00:13:25.138>a <00:13:25.255>webpage?

250
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<00:13:28.085>There <00:13:28.260>was <00:13:28.435>only <00:13:28.610>one <00:13:28.785>browser <00:13:28.960>that <00:13:29.135>supported <00:13:29.310>font <00:13:29.485>embedding

251
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<00:13:32.315>Microsoft's <00:13:32.999>Internet <00:13:33.683>Explorer.

252
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<00:13:34.655>The <00:13:34.929>catch <00:13:35.204>was <00:13:35.478>you <00:13:35.753>had

253
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<00:13:35.875>to <00:13:36.030>use <00:13:36.186>a <00:13:36.341>proprietary <00:13:36.497>font <00:13:36.652>format <00:13:36.808>called <00:13:36.963>embedded <00:13:37.119>open <00:13:37.275>type,

254
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<00:13:39.685>and <00:13:40.111>both <00:13:40.537>type <00:13:40.963>foundries

255
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<00:13:41.105>and <00:13:41.280>browser <00:13:41.455>makers <00:13:41.630>were <00:13:41.805>nervous <00:13:41.980>about <00:13:42.155>allowing <00:13:42.330>regular <00:13:42.505>font

256
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<00:13:44.305>files <00:13:44.584>to <00:13:44.864>be <00:13:45.145>embedded <00:13:45.425>in <00:13:45.704>webpages.

257
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<00:13:46.575>They <00:13:46.856>were <00:13:47.137>worried <00:13:47.418>about <00:13:47.700>licensing.

258
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<00:13:48.225>Wouldn't <00:13:48.458>this <00:13:48.691>lead <00:13:48.925>to <00:13:49.158>even <00:13:49.391>more <00:13:49.625>people

259
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<00:13:50.265>downloading <00:13:50.859>fonts <00:13:51.453>illegally?

260
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<00:13:52.085>How <00:13:52.365>would <00:13:52.645>the <00:13:52.925>licensing <00:13:53.205>be <00:13:53.485>enforced?

261
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<00:13:55.055>The <00:13:55.255>impasse <00:13:55.454>was <00:13:55.655>broken <00:13:55.854>with <00:13:56.055>a <00:13:56.255>two-pronged <00:13:56.454>approach.

262
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<00:13:58.925>First <00:13:59.041>of <00:13:59.158>all, <00:13:59.275>we <00:13:59.391>got <00:13:59.508>a <00:13:59.625>new <00:13:59.741>font <00:13:59.858>format <00:13:59.974>called <00:14:00.091>web <00:14:00.208>open <00:14:00.324>font

263
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<00:14:03.355>format <00:14:03.967>or <00:14:04.579>waf,

264
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<00:14:05.335>and <00:14:05.475>it <00:14:05.615>could <00:14:05.755>be <00:14:05.895>used <00:14:06.035>to <00:14:06.175>take <00:14:06.315>a <00:14:06.455>regular <00:14:06.595>font <00:14:06.735>file

265
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<00:14:07.115>and <00:14:07.255>wrap <00:14:07.395>it <00:14:07.535>in <00:14:07.675>a <00:14:07.815>light <00:14:07.955>veneer <00:14:08.095>of <00:14:08.235>metadata <00:14:08.375>about <00:14:08.515>licensing,

266
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<00:14:11.355>and <00:14:11.555>there's <00:14:11.755>a <00:14:11.955>sequel <00:14:12.155>that's <00:14:12.355>even <00:14:12.555>better <00:14:12.755>than

267
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<00:14:12.975>the <00:14:13.311>original <00:14:13.647>WAF <00:14:13.983>two.

268
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<00:14:15.945>The <00:14:16.193>other <00:14:16.441>breakthrough <00:14:16.690>was <00:14:16.938>the <00:14:17.187>creation

269
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<00:14:17.325>of <00:14:17.558>intermediary <00:14:17.791>services <00:14:18.025>like <00:14:18.258>Typekit <00:14:18.491>and <00:14:18.725>ec.

270
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<00:14:21.155>They <00:14:21.310>would <00:14:21.466>take <00:14:21.621>care <00:14:21.777>of <00:14:21.932>serving <00:14:22.088>the <00:14:22.243>actual <00:14:22.399>font <00:14:22.555>files,

271
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<00:14:23.905>making <00:14:24.138>sure <00:14:24.371>they <00:14:24.605>couldn't <00:14:24.838>be <00:14:25.071>easily <00:14:25.305>downloaded,

272
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<00:14:26.625>and <00:14:26.800>they <00:14:26.975>could <00:14:27.150>keep <00:14:27.325>track <00:14:27.500>of <00:14:27.675>numbers <00:14:27.850>to <00:14:28.025>ensure

273
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<00:14:28.885>that <00:14:29.118>type <00:14:29.351>foundries <00:14:29.585>were <00:14:29.818>being <00:14:30.051>compensated <00:14:30.285>fairly.

274
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<00:14:32.505>And <00:14:32.680>over <00:14:32.855>time, <00:14:33.030>it <00:14:33.205>became <00:14:33.380>clear <00:14:33.555>to <00:14:33.730>type <00:14:33.905>foundries

275
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<00:14:34.765>that <00:14:35.115>most <00:14:35.465>web <00:14:35.814>designers <00:14:36.165>wanted

276
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<00:14:36.365>to <00:14:36.505>do <00:14:36.645>the <00:14:36.785>right <00:14:36.925>thing <00:14:37.065>when <00:14:37.205>it <00:14:37.345>came <00:14:37.485>to <00:14:37.625>licensing <00:14:37.765>fonts.

277
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<00:14:39.345>And <00:14:39.485>so <00:14:39.625>these <00:14:39.765>days <00:14:39.905>you <00:14:40.045>can <00:14:40.185>probably <00:14:40.325>license <00:14:40.465>a <00:14:40.605>font <00:14:40.745>straight

278
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<00:14:42.085>from <00:14:42.201>a <00:14:42.318>type <00:14:42.435>foundry <00:14:42.551>for <00:14:42.668>use <00:14:42.785>on <00:14:42.901>the <00:14:43.018>web <00:14:43.135>and <00:14:43.251>host <00:14:43.368>it <00:14:43.485>yourself.

279
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<00:14:45.935>Now, <00:14:46.090>you <00:14:46.246>might <00:14:46.401>need <00:14:46.557>to <00:14:46.712>buy <00:14:46.868>a <00:14:47.023>few <00:14:47.179>different <00:14:47.334>weights.

280
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<00:14:49.345>Regular, <00:14:49.811>bold, <00:14:50.278>maybe <00:14:50.745>italic.

281
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<00:14:52.115>What <00:14:52.348>about <00:14:52.581>extra <00:14:52.815>bold <00:14:53.048>or <00:14:53.281>a <00:14:53.515>lightweight?

282
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<00:14:56.035>It <00:14:56.151>all <00:14:56.268>starts <00:14:56.385>to <00:14:56.501>add <00:14:56.618>up, <00:14:56.735>especially <00:14:56.851>for <00:14:56.968>the <00:14:57.084>end <00:14:57.201>user <00:14:57.318>who <00:14:57.435>has

283
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<00:14:59.215>to <00:14:59.494>download <00:14:59.773>all <00:15:00.052>those <00:15:00.331>files.

284
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<00:15:03.765>I <00:15:03.939>remember <00:15:04.115>being <00:15:04.290>at <00:15:04.465>the <00:15:04.640>web <00:15:04.814>typography <00:15:04.990>conference <00:15:05.165>ampersand

285
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<00:15:06.485>years <00:15:06.660>ago <00:15:06.835>and <00:15:07.010>hearing <00:15:07.185>a <00:15:07.360>talk <00:15:07.535>from <00:15:07.710>Nick <00:15:07.885>Sherman

286
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<00:15:10.425>and <00:15:10.580>he <00:15:10.736>asked <00:15:10.891>us <00:15:11.047>to <00:15:11.202>imagine <00:15:11.358>one <00:15:11.513>single <00:15:11.669>font <00:15:11.824>file

287
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<00:15:14.435>that <00:15:14.609>could <00:15:14.785>go <00:15:14.959>from <00:15:15.135>light <00:15:15.310>to <00:15:15.484>regular <00:15:15.660>to <00:15:15.834>bold

288
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<00:15:17.105>and <00:15:17.447>everything <00:15:17.789>in <00:15:18.131>between.

289
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<00:15:19.895>Now, <00:15:20.095>what <00:15:20.295>he <00:15:20.495>described <00:15:20.694>sounded <00:15:20.895>like <00:15:21.095>science <00:15:21.295>fiction.

290
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<00:15:23.495>It <00:15:23.695>is <00:15:23.895>now <00:15:24.095>science <00:15:24.295>fact <00:15:24.495>indistinguishable <00:15:24.695>from <00:15:24.895>magic

291
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<00:15:27.915>variable <00:15:28.251>fonts <00:15:28.587>are <00:15:28.923>here.

292
00:15:29.495 --> 00:15:33.435
<00:15:29.495>You <00:15:29.611>can <00:15:29.728>type <00:15:29.845>set <00:15:29.961>text <00:15:30.078>on <00:15:30.195>the <00:15:30.311>web <00:15:30.428>to <00:15:30.545>be <00:15:30.661>light <00:15:30.778>or <00:15:30.895>regular

293
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<00:15:33.535>or <00:15:33.814>bold <00:15:34.094>or <00:15:34.375>anything <00:15:34.655>in <00:15:34.935>between.

294
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<00:15:36.665>And <00:15:36.805>when <00:15:36.944>you <00:15:37.084>use <00:15:37.224>CSS <00:15:37.365>to <00:15:37.505>declare <00:15:37.645>the <00:15:37.785>font <00:15:37.925>weight <00:15:38.064>property,

295
00:15:40.345 --> 00:15:42.605
<00:15:40.345>you <00:15:40.545>can <00:15:40.745>use <00:15:40.945>keywords <00:15:41.145>like <00:15:41.345>normal <00:15:41.545>or <00:15:41.745>bold,

296
00:15:43.105 --> 00:15:46.805
<00:15:43.105>but <00:15:43.245>you <00:15:43.385>can <00:15:43.525>also <00:15:43.665>use <00:15:43.805>corresponding <00:15:43.945>numbers <00:15:44.085>like <00:15:44.225>400 <00:15:44.365>or <00:15:44.505>700.

297
00:15:47.475 --> 00:15:51.085
<00:15:47.475>There's <00:15:47.630>a <00:15:47.786>scale <00:15:47.941>with <00:15:48.097>eight <00:15:48.252>options <00:15:48.408>from <00:15:48.563>100 <00:15:48.719>to <00:15:48.875>900,

298
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<00:15:52.055>but <00:15:52.229>why <00:15:52.405>isn't <00:15:52.579>the <00:15:52.755>scale <00:15:52.930>simply <00:15:53.104>one <00:15:53.280>to <00:15:53.454>nine?

299
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<00:15:56.245>Well, <00:15:56.595>even <00:15:56.945>though <00:15:57.295>the <00:15:57.645>idea

300
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<00:15:57.995>of <00:15:58.150>variable <00:15:58.306>fonts <00:15:58.461>would've <00:15:58.617>been <00:15:58.772>pure <00:15:58.928>fantasy, <00:15:59.083>when <00:15:59.239>this <00:15:59.395>part

301
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<00:16:00.855>of <00:16:01.010>CSS <00:16:01.166>was <00:16:01.321>being <00:16:01.477>specked, <00:16:01.632>the <00:16:01.788>authors <00:16:01.943>had <00:16:02.099>some <00:16:02.255>foresight.

302
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<00:16:05.595>One <00:16:05.722>of <00:16:05.849>the <00:16:05.976>reasons <00:16:06.104>we <00:16:06.231>chose <00:16:06.358>to <00:16:06.485>use <00:16:06.613>three <00:16:06.740>digit <00:16:06.867>numbers <00:16:06.995>was

303
00:16:08.855 --> 00:16:11.095
<00:16:08.855>to <00:16:09.088>support <00:16:09.321>intermediate <00:16:09.555>values <00:16:09.788>in <00:16:10.021>the <00:16:10.255>future

304
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<00:16:12.235>and <00:16:12.468>with <00:16:12.701>the <00:16:12.935>creation <00:16:13.168>of <00:16:13.401>variable <00:16:13.635>fonts,

305
00:16:14.115 --> 00:16:17.755
<00:16:14.115>how <00:16:14.290>can <00:16:14.465>William <00:16:14.640>Lee <00:16:14.815>added <00:16:14.990>the <00:16:15.165>future <00:16:15.340>is <00:16:15.515>now

306
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<00:16:19.825>on <00:16:19.980>today's <00:16:20.136>web, <00:16:20.291>you <00:16:20.447>could <00:16:20.602>have <00:16:20.758>999 <00:16:20.913>font <00:16:21.069>weight <00:16:21.225>options.

307
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<00:16:25.625>Now, <00:16:25.825>in <00:16:26.025>the <00:16:26.225>beginning, <00:16:26.425>the <00:16:26.625>worldwide <00:16:26.825>web <00:16:27.025>was

308
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<00:16:27.205>a <00:16:27.448>medium <00:16:27.691>for <00:16:27.934>text <00:16:28.177>only.

309
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<00:16:28.975>There <00:16:29.208>were <00:16:29.441>no <00:16:29.675>images, <00:16:29.908>certainly <00:16:30.141>no <00:16:30.375>videos.

310
00:16:32.935 --> 00:16:35.315
<00:16:32.935>In <00:16:33.109>an <00:16:33.285>early <00:16:33.459>mailing <00:16:33.635>list <00:16:33.810>discussion, <00:16:33.984>there <00:16:34.160>was <00:16:34.334>talk

311
00:16:35.315 --> 00:16:37.755
<00:16:35.315>of <00:16:35.515>creating <00:16:35.715>a <00:16:35.915>new <00:16:36.115>HTML <00:16:36.315>element <00:16:36.515>for <00:16:36.715>images.

312
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<00:16:38.225>Perhaps <00:16:38.505>it <00:16:38.785>should <00:16:39.065>be <00:16:39.345>called <00:16:39.625>Icon

313
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<00:16:41.515>or <00:16:41.704>maybe <00:16:41.893>it <00:16:42.082>should <00:16:42.271>be <00:16:42.460>more <00:16:42.649>generic

314
00:16:42.835 --> 00:16:46.145
<00:16:42.835>and <00:16:43.115>be <00:16:43.395>called <00:16:43.675>embed <00:16:43.955>Tim <00:16:44.235>Burners.

315
00:16:46.145 --> 00:16:49.425
<00:16:46.145>Lee <00:16:46.272>said <00:16:46.399>he <00:16:46.526>imagined <00:16:46.654>using <00:16:46.781>the <00:16:46.908>re <00:16:47.035>attribute <00:16:47.163>on <00:16:47.290>the <00:16:47.417>A <00:16:47.545>element

316
00:16:49.525 --> 00:16:50.705
<00:16:49.525>for <00:16:50.056>embedding <00:16:50.587>images.

317
00:16:51.935 --> 00:16:55.005
<00:16:51.935>While <00:16:52.109>this <00:16:52.285>discussion <00:16:52.459>was <00:16:52.635>happening, <00:16:52.810>mark <00:16:52.984>Andreen <00:16:53.160>popped <00:16:53.334>in

318
00:16:55.005 --> 00:16:57.885
<00:16:55.005>to <00:16:55.145>say <00:16:55.285>that <00:16:55.425>he <00:16:55.564>had <00:16:55.705>just <00:16:55.845>shipped <00:16:55.985>a <00:16:56.125>new <00:16:56.265>HTML <00:16:56.405>element

319
00:16:58.185 --> 00:16:59.285
<00:16:58.185>in <00:16:58.515>the <00:16:58.844>mosaic <00:16:59.175>browser.

320
00:17:00.355 --> 00:17:02.205
<00:17:00.355>It's <00:17:01.055>called <00:17:01.755>IMG.

321
00:17:03.025 --> 00:17:06.605
<00:17:03.025>It <00:17:03.165>takes <00:17:03.305>an <00:17:03.444>attribute <00:17:03.584>called <00:17:03.725>SRC <00:17:03.865>that <00:17:04.004>points <00:17:04.145>to <00:17:04.285>the <00:17:04.425>source

322
00:17:06.785 --> 00:17:10.435
<00:17:06.785>of <00:17:06.960>the <00:17:07.135>image, <00:17:07.310>and <00:17:07.485>this <00:17:07.660>is <00:17:07.835>a <00:17:08.010>self-closing <00:17:08.185>tag,

323
00:17:10.495 --> 00:17:12.675
<00:17:10.494>so <00:17:10.650>there <00:17:10.806>was <00:17:10.961>no <00:17:11.117>way <00:17:11.272>to <00:17:11.428>put <00:17:11.583>fallback <00:17:11.739>content <00:17:11.895>in

324
00:17:12.675 --> 00:17:14.355
<00:17:12.675>between <00:17:12.875>the <00:17:13.075>opening <00:17:13.274>and <00:17:13.474>closing <00:17:13.675>tags <00:17:13.875>if <00:17:14.075>the

325
00:17:14.355 --> 00:17:15.395
<00:17:14.355>image <00:17:14.666>couldn't <00:17:14.979>be <00:17:15.290>displayed.

326
00:17:16.715 --> 00:17:19.335
<00:17:16.714>So <00:17:16.915>the <00:17:17.115>A <00:17:17.314>LT <00:17:17.514>attribute <00:17:17.714>was <00:17:17.915>introduced <00:17:18.115>instead

327
00:17:19.355 --> 00:17:21.935
<00:17:19.355>to <00:17:19.555>provide <00:17:19.755>an <00:17:19.954>alternative <00:17:20.155>description <00:17:20.355>of <00:17:20.555>the <00:17:20.755>image

328
00:17:22.705 --> 00:17:23.845
<00:17:22.704>and <00:17:22.961>for <00:17:23.218>the <00:17:23.474>images <00:17:23.731>themselves,

329
00:17:24.335 --> 00:17:27.275
<00:17:24.335>there <00:17:24.568>were <00:17:24.801>really <00:17:25.035>only <00:17:25.268>two <00:17:25.501>choices <00:17:25.735>JPEG

330
00:17:27.335 --> 00:17:31.555
<00:17:27.335>for <00:17:27.568>photographic <00:17:27.801>images <00:17:28.035>and <00:17:28.268>gif <00:17:28.501>for <00:17:28.735>icons

331
00:17:31.555 --> 00:17:33.515
<00:17:31.555>or <00:17:31.835>anything <00:17:32.115>that <00:17:32.395>needed <00:17:32.675>basic <00:17:32.955>transparency.

332
00:17:34.725 --> 00:17:35.935
<00:17:34.725>Gifs <00:17:34.997>could <00:17:35.269>also <00:17:35.541>do <00:17:35.813>animation,

333
00:17:36.475 --> 00:17:38.815
<00:17:36.475>and <00:17:36.649>today <00:17:36.824>that's <00:17:37.000>pretty <00:17:37.175>much <00:17:37.350>all <00:17:37.524>they're <00:17:37.699>used <00:17:37.875>for.

334
00:17:39.075 --> 00:17:40.975
<00:17:39.075>That's <00:17:39.308>because <00:17:39.541>there <00:17:39.775>was <00:17:40.008>a <00:17:40.241>concerted <00:17:40.475>campaign

335
00:17:40.975 --> 00:17:42.815
<00:17:40.975>to <00:17:41.175>ditch <00:17:41.375>the <00:17:41.574>GIF <00:17:41.774>format <00:17:41.975>on <00:17:42.175>the <00:17:42.375>web.

336
00:17:43.655 --> 00:17:46.775
<00:17:43.655>Unisys <00:17:43.810>who <00:17:43.966>owned <00:17:44.121>the <00:17:44.277>rights <00:17:44.432>to <00:17:44.588>a <00:17:44.743>compression <00:17:44.899>algorithm <00:17:45.055>used

337
00:17:46.775 --> 00:17:48.495
<00:17:46.775>by <00:17:47.125>the <00:17:47.475>format <00:17:47.825>had <00:17:48.175>started

338
00:17:48.495 --> 00:17:50.325
<00:17:48.495>to <00:17:48.774>make <00:17:49.054>noises <00:17:49.334>about <00:17:49.614>potentially <00:17:49.895>demanding

339
00:17:50.325 --> 00:17:51.605
<00:17:50.325>license <00:17:50.613>fees <00:17:50.901>for <00:17:51.189>its <00:17:51.477>use.

340
00:17:52.755 --> 00:17:54.855
<00:17:52.755>The <00:17:53.105>portable <00:17:53.455>network <00:17:53.805>graphics <00:17:54.155>format

341
00:17:55.035 --> 00:17:57.295
<00:17:55.035>or <00:17:55.315>PNG <00:17:55.595>was <00:17:55.875>created <00:17:56.155>in <00:17:56.435>response.

342
00:17:57.975 --> 00:17:59.035
<00:17:57.975>It <00:17:58.293>was <00:17:58.611>more <00:17:58.929>performant

343
00:17:59.255 --> 00:18:01.395
<00:17:59.255>and <00:17:59.430>it <00:17:59.605>allowed <00:17:59.780>you <00:17:59.955>to <00:18:00.130>have <00:18:00.305>proper <00:18:00.480>alpha <00:18:00.655>transparency.

344
00:18:03.165 --> 00:18:05.435
<00:18:03.165>These <00:18:03.514>were <00:18:03.865>all <00:18:04.215>bitmap <00:18:04.565>formats.

345
00:18:05.545 --> 00:18:07.915
<00:18:05.545>What <00:18:05.720>if <00:18:05.895>you <00:18:06.070>wanted <00:18:06.245>a <00:18:06.420>vector <00:18:06.595>format <00:18:06.770>for <00:18:06.945>images

346
00:18:08.265 --> 00:18:11.275
<00:18:08.265>that <00:18:08.440>would <00:18:08.615>retain <00:18:08.790>crispness <00:18:08.965>at <00:18:09.140>any <00:18:09.315>size <00:18:09.490>or <00:18:09.665>resolution?

347
00:18:11.965 --> 00:18:15.115
<00:18:11.965>There <00:18:12.245>was <00:18:12.524>only <00:18:12.804>one <00:18:13.084>option <00:18:13.365>flash.

348
00:18:16.335 --> 00:18:19.765
<00:18:16.335>You'd <00:18:16.475>have <00:18:16.615>to <00:18:16.755>embed <00:18:16.895>a <00:18:17.035>flash <00:18:17.175>movie <00:18:17.315>in <00:18:17.455>your <00:18:17.595>webpage <00:18:17.735>just

349
00:18:19.765 --> 00:18:21.485
<00:18:19.765>to <00:18:19.998>get <00:18:20.231>the <00:18:20.465>benefit <00:18:20.698>of <00:18:20.931>vector <00:18:21.165>graphics.

350
00:18:22.775 --> 00:18:23.955
<00:18:22.775>And <00:18:23.040>by <00:18:23.306>the <00:18:23.571>21st <00:18:23.837>century,

351
00:18:24.085 --> 00:18:27.755
<00:18:24.085>there <00:18:24.240>were <00:18:24.396>some <00:18:24.551>egghead <00:18:24.707>working <00:18:24.862>on <00:18:25.018>a <00:18:25.173>text-based <00:18:25.329>vector <00:18:25.485>file

352
00:18:27.835 --> 00:18:30.275
<00:18:27.835>format <00:18:28.035>that <00:18:28.235>could <00:18:28.435>be <00:18:28.635>embedded <00:18:28.835>in <00:18:29.035>web <00:18:29.235>pages,

353
00:18:30.415 --> 00:18:32.515
<00:18:30.415>but <00:18:30.648>it <00:18:30.881>sounded <00:18:31.115>like <00:18:31.348>a <00:18:31.581>pipe <00:18:31.815>dream.

354
00:18:32.895 --> 00:18:37.115
<00:18:32.895>It <00:18:33.095>was <00:18:33.295>called <00:18:33.495>SVG <00:18:33.695>for <00:18:33.895>Scalable <00:18:34.095>Vector <00:18:34.295>Graphics.

355
00:18:38.215 --> 00:18:40.595
<00:18:38.215>The <00:18:38.448>format <00:18:38.681>was <00:18:38.915>dreamed <00:18:39.148>up <00:18:39.381>in <00:18:39.615>2001,

356
00:18:40.595 --> 00:18:43.875
<00:18:40.595>but <00:18:40.770>for <00:18:40.945>years <00:18:41.120>not <00:18:41.295>a <00:18:41.470>single <00:18:41.645>browser <00:18:41.820>supported <00:18:41.995>it.

357
00:18:44.335 --> 00:18:47.795
<00:18:44.335>It <00:18:44.568>was <00:18:44.801>like <00:18:45.035>some <00:18:45.268>theoretical <00:18:45.501>graphical <00:18:45.735>shangrila,

358
00:18:49.725 --> 00:18:54.185
<00:18:49.725>but <00:18:49.958>by <00:18:50.191>2011, <00:18:50.425>every <00:18:50.658>major <00:18:50.891>browser <00:18:51.125>supported

359
00:18:55.185 --> 00:18:59.205
<00:18:55.185>its <00:18:55.385>style <00:18:55.585>able <00:18:55.784>scriptable <00:18:55.985>Animatable <00:18:56.185>Vector <00:18:56.385>graphics <00:18:56.585>have

360
00:18:59.205 --> 00:19:01.205
<00:18:59.205>gone <00:18:59.554>from <00:18:59.905>fantasy <00:19:00.254>to <00:19:00.605>reality

361
00:19:02.025 --> 00:19:04.245
<00:19:02.025>and <00:19:02.165>as <00:19:02.305>more <00:19:02.445>choice <00:19:02.585>in <00:19:02.725>the <00:19:02.865>world <00:19:03.005>of <00:19:03.145>bitmap <00:19:03.285>images <00:19:03.425>too.

362
00:19:05.385 --> 00:19:07.005
<00:19:05.385>Web <00:19:05.735>P <00:19:06.085>is <00:19:06.435>well <00:19:06.785>supported.

363
00:19:07.925 --> 00:19:09.485
<00:19:07.925>A <00:19:08.274>VIF <00:19:08.625>is <00:19:08.975>gaining <00:19:09.325>support

364
00:19:09.985 --> 00:19:12.045
<00:19:09.985>and <00:19:10.185>the <00:19:10.385>image <00:19:10.584>element <00:19:10.784>itself <00:19:10.985>has <00:19:11.185>grown <00:19:11.385>too.

365
00:19:13.125 --> 00:19:15.025
<00:19:13.125>You <00:19:13.358>can <00:19:13.591>use <00:19:13.825>the <00:19:14.058>source <00:19:14.291>set <00:19:14.525>attribute

366
00:19:15.125 --> 00:19:18.065
<00:19:15.125>to <00:19:15.265>give <00:19:15.405>a <00:19:15.545>browser <00:19:15.685>the <00:19:15.825>range <00:19:15.965>of <00:19:16.105>images <00:19:16.245>to <00:19:16.385>choose <00:19:16.525>from

367
00:19:18.205 --> 00:19:20.905
<00:19:18.205>to <00:19:18.379>best <00:19:18.554>suit <00:19:18.730>the <00:19:18.905>user's <00:19:19.080>device <00:19:19.254>and <00:19:19.429>network <00:19:19.605>connection.

368
00:19:21.885 --> 00:19:24.105
<00:19:21.885>You <00:19:22.165>can <00:19:22.445>use <00:19:22.725>the <00:19:23.004>loading <00:19:23.285>attribute

369
00:19:24.285 --> 00:19:26.345
<00:19:24.285>to <00:19:24.485>get <00:19:24.685>lazy <00:19:24.885>loading <00:19:25.085>of <00:19:25.285>images <00:19:25.485>for <00:19:25.685>free.

370
00:19:26.725 --> 00:19:30.935
<00:19:26.725>No <00:19:26.899>JavaScript <00:19:27.074>required. <00:19:27.250>We <00:19:27.425>now <00:19:27.600>have <00:19:27.774>audio <00:19:27.949>in <00:19:28.125>HTML.

371
00:19:31.075 --> 00:19:32.375
<00:19:31.075>No <00:19:31.660>JavaScript <00:19:32.245>required.

372
00:19:34.465 --> 00:19:36.205
<00:19:34.465>We <00:19:34.745>now <00:19:35.024>have <00:19:35.304>video <00:19:35.584>in <00:19:35.865>HTML.

373
00:19:36.585 --> 00:19:37.805
<00:19:36.585>No <00:19:37.134>JavaScript <00:19:37.683>required,

374
00:19:37.985 --> 00:19:39.285
<00:19:37.985>and <00:19:38.218>these <00:19:38.453>elements <00:19:38.687>have <00:19:38.921>been <00:19:39.155>designed

375
00:19:39.285 --> 00:19:40.645
<00:19:39.285>with <00:19:39.489>more <00:19:39.693>thought <00:19:39.897>than <00:19:40.101>the <00:19:40.305>image <00:19:40.509>element.

376
00:19:41.115 --> 00:19:43.445
<00:19:41.115>They <00:19:41.465>are <00:19:41.815>not <00:19:42.165>self-closing <00:19:42.515>elements.

377
00:19:43.545 --> 00:19:47.965
<00:19:43.545>By <00:19:43.700>design, <00:19:43.856>you <00:19:44.011>can <00:19:44.167>put <00:19:44.322>fallback <00:19:44.478>content <00:19:44.633>between <00:19:44.789>the <00:19:44.945>opening

378
00:19:48.025 --> 00:19:49.045
<00:19:48.025>and <00:19:48.484>closing <00:19:48.943>tags.

379
00:19:50.345 --> 00:19:52.805
<00:19:50.345>Now <00:19:50.545>the <00:19:50.745>audio <00:19:50.945>and <00:19:51.145>video <00:19:51.345>elements <00:19:51.545>arrived <00:19:51.745>long

380
00:19:52.805 --> 00:19:53.805
<00:19:52.805>after <00:19:53.105>the <00:19:53.405>image <00:19:53.705>element,

381
00:19:54.545 --> 00:19:57.365
<00:19:54.545>and <00:19:54.661>for <00:19:54.778>a <00:19:54.895>long <00:19:55.011>time <00:19:55.128>there <00:19:55.245>was <00:19:55.361>no <00:19:55.478>easy <00:19:55.595>way <00:19:55.711>to <00:19:55.828>do <00:19:55.945>video

382
00:19:57.625 --> 00:19:58.965
<00:19:57.625>or <00:19:57.926>audio <00:19:58.228>on <00:19:58.529>the <00:19:58.831>web.

383
00:19:59.725 --> 00:20:01.295
<00:19:59.725>That <00:20:00.004>was <00:20:00.284>very <00:20:00.564>frustrating <00:20:00.844>for <00:20:01.125>me.

384
00:20:02.035 --> 00:20:04.495
<00:20:02.035>The <00:20:02.210>first <00:20:02.385>websites <00:20:02.560>I <00:20:02.735>ever <00:20:02.910>built <00:20:03.085>were <00:20:03.260>for <00:20:03.435>bands

385
00:20:04.555 --> 00:20:06.575
<00:20:04.555>and <00:20:04.755>the <00:20:04.955>only <00:20:05.155>way <00:20:05.355>to <00:20:05.555>stream <00:20:05.755>music <00:20:05.955>was

386
00:20:06.805 --> 00:20:11.775
<00:20:06.805>with <00:20:06.980>a <00:20:07.155>proprietary <00:20:07.330>plugin <00:20:07.505>like <00:20:07.680>real <00:20:07.855>audio <00:20:08.030>or <00:20:08.205>Flash.

387
00:20:12.745 --> 00:20:15.135
<00:20:12.745>While <00:20:12.945>the <00:20:13.145>web <00:20:13.344>standards <00:20:13.544>were <00:20:13.745>being <00:20:13.945>worked <00:20:14.145>on,

388
00:20:15.425 --> 00:20:18.415
<00:20:15.425>flash <00:20:15.600>delivered <00:20:15.774>the <00:20:15.950>goods <00:20:16.125>with <00:20:16.300>streaming <00:20:16.475>audio <00:20:16.649>and <00:20:16.825>video.

389
00:20:19.925 --> 00:20:21.295
<00:20:19.925>This <00:20:20.233>happened <00:20:20.541>over <00:20:20.849>and <00:20:21.158>over.

390
00:20:21.665 --> 00:20:26.255
<00:20:21.665>Flash <00:20:21.840>gave <00:20:22.014>us <00:20:22.190>vector <00:20:22.365>graphics, <00:20:22.540>animation, <00:20:22.715>video <00:20:22.889>and <00:20:23.065>more,

391
00:20:27.575 --> 00:20:29.035
<00:20:27.575>but <00:20:27.903>the <00:20:28.232>price <00:20:28.560>was <00:20:28.889>lockin.

392
00:20:29.805 --> 00:20:33.105
<00:20:29.805>Flash <00:20:30.085>was <00:20:30.365>a <00:20:30.645>proprietary <00:20:30.925>format <00:20:31.205>still.

393
00:20:33.755 --> 00:20:35.345
<00:20:33.755>Flash <00:20:34.105>showed <00:20:34.455>the <00:20:34.805>web <00:20:35.155>standards

394
00:20:35.345 --> 00:20:36.905
<00:20:35.345>bodies <00:20:35.695>the <00:20:36.045>direction <00:20:36.395>of <00:20:36.745>travel.

395
00:20:37.845 --> 00:20:41.395
<00:20:37.845>Flash <00:20:38.020>was <00:20:38.195>the <00:20:38.370>HA <00:20:38.545>web <00:20:38.720>standards <00:20:38.895>with <00:20:39.070>a <00:20:39.245>tortoise.

396
00:20:42.095 --> 00:20:43.515
<00:20:42.095>We <00:20:42.350>know <00:20:42.606>how <00:20:42.861>that <00:20:43.117>race <00:20:43.373>ended.

397
00:20:45.005 --> 00:20:47.445
<00:20:45.005>In <00:20:45.205>a <00:20:45.405>way, <00:20:45.605>flash <00:20:45.805>was <00:20:46.005>like <00:20:46.205>the <00:20:46.405>research

398
00:20:47.445 --> 00:20:49.725
<00:20:47.445>and <00:20:47.678>development <00:20:47.911>incubator <00:20:48.145>for <00:20:48.378>the <00:20:48.611>worldwide <00:20:48.845>web.

399
00:20:50.925 --> 00:20:54.665
<00:20:50.925>We <00:20:51.125>got <00:20:51.325>CSS <00:20:51.524>animations, <00:20:51.725>SVG, <00:20:51.925>and <00:20:52.125>streaming <00:20:52.325>video

400
00:20:54.855 --> 00:20:57.825
<00:20:54.855>because <00:20:55.010>Flash <00:20:55.166>showed <00:20:55.321>that <00:20:55.477>there <00:20:55.632>was <00:20:55.788>an <00:20:55.943>appetite <00:20:56.099>for <00:20:56.255>them.

401
00:20:58.865 --> 00:21:01.775
<00:20:58.865>Until <00:20:59.020>web <00:20:59.176>standards <00:20:59.331>provide <00:20:59.487>a <00:20:59.642>way <00:20:59.798>to <00:20:59.953>do <00:21:00.109>something, <00:21:00.265>designers

402
00:21:01.775 --> 00:21:02.935
<00:21:01.775>and <00:21:02.123>developers <00:21:02.471>will <00:21:02.819>reach

403
00:21:02.935 --> 00:21:04.815
<00:21:02.935>for <00:21:03.168>whatever <00:21:03.401>tool <00:21:03.635>gets <00:21:03.868>the <00:21:04.101>job <00:21:04.335>done.

404
00:21:06.375 --> 00:21:07.905
<00:21:06.375>Take <00:21:06.834>layout <00:21:07.293>for <00:21:07.752>example.

405
00:21:08.565 --> 00:21:09.825
<00:21:08.565>In <00:21:08.754>the <00:21:08.943>early <00:21:09.132>days <00:21:09.321>of <00:21:09.510>the <00:21:09.699>web,

406
00:21:10.365 --> 00:21:13.145
<00:21:10.365>you <00:21:10.540>could <00:21:10.715>have <00:21:10.890>any <00:21:11.065>layout <00:21:11.240>you <00:21:11.415>wanted <00:21:11.590>as <00:21:11.765>long

407
00:21:13.145 --> 00:21:14.265
<00:21:13.145>as <00:21:13.346>it <00:21:13.548>was <00:21:13.749>a <00:21:13.951>single <00:21:14.153>column.

408
00:21:15.795 --> 00:21:17.735
<00:21:15.795>Now, <00:21:16.145>before <00:21:16.495>long <00:21:16.845>HTML <00:21:17.195>expanded

409
00:21:17.755 --> 00:21:19.615
<00:21:17.755>to <00:21:18.035>provide <00:21:18.315>some <00:21:18.595>rudimentary <00:21:18.875>formatting <00:21:19.155>for

410
00:21:19.615 --> 00:21:22.415
<00:21:19.615>that <00:21:19.848>single <00:21:20.081>column <00:21:20.315>of <00:21:20.548>text, <00:21:20.781>presentational <00:21:21.015>elements

411
00:21:22.415 --> 00:21:23.615
<00:21:22.415>and <00:21:22.775>attributes <00:21:23.135>were <00:21:23.495>invented.

412
00:21:24.195 --> 00:21:25.295
<00:21:24.195>And <00:21:24.525>even <00:21:24.855>when <00:21:25.185>elements

413
00:21:25.295 --> 00:21:27.455
<00:21:25.295>and <00:21:25.470>attributes <00:21:25.645>weren't <00:21:25.820>meant <00:21:25.995>to <00:21:26.170>be <00:21:26.345>used <00:21:26.520>for <00:21:26.695>formatting,

414
00:21:27.515 --> 00:21:30.565
<00:21:27.515>people <00:21:27.981>got <00:21:28.448>creative <00:21:28.915>tables

415
00:21:30.565 --> 00:21:32.605
<00:21:30.565>for <00:21:30.845>layout <00:21:31.125>a <00:21:31.405>single <00:21:31.685>pixel <00:21:31.965>GIF

416
00:21:32.605 --> 00:21:34.085
<00:21:32.605>that <00:21:32.827>could <00:21:33.049>be <00:21:33.271>given <00:21:33.493>width <00:21:33.715>and <00:21:33.937>height.

417
00:21:34.895 --> 00:21:38.805
<00:21:34.895>These <00:21:35.095>were <00:21:35.295>clever <00:21:35.495>solutions, <00:21:35.695>but <00:21:35.895>they <00:21:36.095>were <00:21:36.295>hacks

418
00:21:39.225 --> 00:21:40.245
<00:21:39.225>and <00:21:39.454>they <00:21:39.684>were <00:21:39.913>in <00:21:40.142>danger

419
00:21:40.245 --> 00:21:43.325
<00:21:40.245>of <00:21:40.445>turning <00:21:40.645>HTML <00:21:40.844>into <00:21:41.044>a <00:21:41.245>presentational <00:21:41.445>language <00:21:41.645>instead

420
00:21:43.325 --> 00:21:44.845
<00:21:43.325>of <00:21:43.598>a <00:21:43.872>language <00:21:44.145>for <00:21:44.419>structuring <00:21:44.693>content.

421
00:21:47.315 --> 00:21:50.795
<00:21:47.315>CSS <00:21:47.515>came <00:21:47.715>to <00:21:47.915>the <00:21:48.115>rescue <00:21:48.315>a <00:21:48.515>language <00:21:48.715>specifically

422
00:21:50.815 --> 00:21:53.585
<00:21:50.815>for <00:21:51.048>a <00:21:51.281>presentation, <00:21:51.515>but <00:21:51.748>we <00:21:51.981>still <00:21:52.215>didn't

423
00:21:53.585 --> 00:21:54.705
<00:21:53.585>get <00:21:53.921>proper <00:21:54.257>layout <00:21:54.592>tools.

424
00:21:55.335 --> 00:21:57.445
<00:21:55.335>There <00:21:55.462>was <00:21:55.589>a <00:21:55.716>lot <00:21:55.844>of <00:21:55.971>debate <00:21:56.098>in <00:21:56.225>the <00:21:56.353>early <00:21:56.480>days <00:21:56.607>about <00:21:56.735>whether

425
00:21:57.605 --> 00:22:00.045
<00:21:57.605>CSS <00:21:57.805>should <00:21:58.005>even <00:21:58.205>attempt <00:21:58.405>to <00:21:58.605>provide <00:21:58.805>layout <00:21:59.005>tools

426
00:22:00.065 --> 00:22:02.405
<00:22:00.065>or <00:22:00.220>whether <00:22:00.376>that <00:22:00.531>was <00:22:00.687>a <00:22:00.842>job <00:22:00.998>for <00:22:01.153>a <00:22:01.309>separate <00:22:01.465>technology.

427
00:22:04.445 --> 00:22:06.785
<00:22:04.445>We <00:22:04.620>could <00:22:04.794>lay <00:22:04.970>things <00:22:05.145>out <00:22:05.320>using <00:22:05.495>the <00:22:05.669>float <00:22:05.845>property,

428
00:22:06.805 --> 00:22:09.305
<00:22:06.805>but <00:22:07.085>really <00:22:07.365>that <00:22:07.645>was <00:22:07.925>another <00:22:08.205>hack.

429
00:22:10.085 --> 00:22:12.225
<00:22:10.085>Floats <00:22:10.285>were <00:22:10.485>an <00:22:10.685>improvement <00:22:10.885>over <00:22:11.085>tables <00:22:11.285>for <00:22:11.485>layout,

430
00:22:12.365 --> 00:22:14.385
<00:22:12.365>but <00:22:12.565>we <00:22:12.765>only <00:22:12.965>swapped <00:22:13.165>one <00:22:13.365>tool <00:22:13.565>for <00:22:13.765>another.

431
00:22:14.525 --> 00:22:18.065
<00:22:14.525>Our <00:22:14.758>collective <00:22:14.991>thinking <00:22:15.225>still <00:22:15.458>wasn't <00:22:15.691>very <00:22:15.925>web-like.

432
00:22:19.075 --> 00:22:20.455
<00:22:19.075>For <00:22:19.696>example, <00:22:20.317>designers

433
00:22:20.455 --> 00:22:22.375
<00:22:20.455>and <00:22:20.735>developers <00:22:21.014>insisted <00:22:21.294>on <00:22:21.574>building <00:22:21.855>websites

434
00:22:22.485 --> 00:22:24.055
<00:22:22.485>with <00:22:22.951>a <00:22:23.418>fixed <00:22:23.885>width.

435
00:22:24.805 --> 00:22:27.255
<00:22:24.805>This <00:22:25.005>started <00:22:25.205>in <00:22:25.405>the <00:22:25.605>era <00:22:25.805>of <00:22:26.005>table <00:22:26.205>layouts

436
00:22:27.255 --> 00:22:30.255
<00:22:27.255>and <00:22:27.455>carried <00:22:27.655>over <00:22:27.855>into <00:22:28.055>CSS <00:22:28.255>to <00:22:28.455>start <00:22:28.655>with.

437
00:22:30.355 --> 00:22:33.215
<00:22:30.355>The <00:22:30.635>fixed <00:22:30.915>width <00:22:31.195>was <00:22:31.475>640 <00:22:31.755>pixels,

438
00:22:34.045 --> 00:22:35.855
<00:22:34.045>then <00:22:34.395>it <00:22:34.745>was <00:22:35.095>800 <00:22:35.445>pixels,

439
00:22:36.595 --> 00:22:39.695
<00:22:36.595>and <00:22:36.735>then <00:22:36.875>people <00:22:37.015>settled <00:22:37.155>on <00:22:37.295>a <00:22:37.435>magic <00:22:37.575>number <00:22:37.715>of <00:22:37.855>960 <00:22:37.995>pixels.

440
00:22:40.465 --> 00:22:43.205
<00:22:40.465>And <00:22:40.639>designers <00:22:40.814>and <00:22:40.990>developers <00:22:41.165>didn't <00:22:41.340>seem <00:22:41.514>at <00:22:41.689>all <00:22:41.865>concerned

441
00:22:43.205 --> 00:22:45.645
<00:22:43.205>that <00:22:43.485>people <00:22:43.764>had <00:22:44.044>different <00:22:44.324>sized <00:22:44.605>screens.

442
00:22:47.375 --> 00:22:51.625
<00:22:47.375>That <00:22:47.515>was <00:22:47.655>until <00:22:47.795>the <00:22:47.935>iPhone <00:22:48.075>came <00:22:48.215>out <00:22:48.355>and <00:22:48.495>caused <00:22:48.635>a <00:22:48.775>panic.

443
00:22:52.455 --> 00:22:55.065
<00:22:52.455>What <00:22:52.610>fixed <00:22:52.766>width <00:22:52.921>were <00:22:53.077>we <00:22:53.232>supposed <00:22:53.388>to <00:22:53.543>design <00:22:53.699>for <00:22:53.855>now?

444
00:22:56.585 --> 00:22:58.445
<00:22:56.585>The <00:22:56.865>answer <00:22:57.145>was <00:22:57.425>there <00:22:57.705>all <00:22:57.985>along.

445
00:22:58.755 --> 00:23:01.045
<00:22:58.755>Even <00:22:58.955>before <00:22:59.155>the <00:22:59.355>web <00:22:59.555>appeared <00:22:59.755>in <00:22:59.955>mobile <00:23:00.155>devices,

446
00:23:01.225 --> 00:23:03.445
<00:23:01.225>it <00:23:01.458>was <00:23:01.691>possible <00:23:01.925>to <00:23:02.158>build <00:23:02.391>fluid <00:23:02.625>layouts

447
00:23:03.475 --> 00:23:05.085
<00:23:03.475>that <00:23:03.754>would <00:23:04.034>adapt <00:23:04.314>to <00:23:04.594>screen <00:23:04.875>size.

448
00:23:06.285 --> 00:23:08.175
<00:23:06.285>It's <00:23:06.518>just <00:23:06.751>that <00:23:06.985>the <00:23:07.218>majority <00:23:07.451>of <00:23:07.685>designers

449
00:23:08.175 --> 00:23:11.335
<00:23:08.175>and <00:23:08.375>developers <00:23:08.575>chose <00:23:08.774>not <00:23:08.975>to <00:23:09.175>build <00:23:09.375>that <00:23:09.575>way.

450
00:23:13.315 --> 00:23:15.835
<00:23:13.315>I <00:23:13.455>was <00:23:13.595>pleased <00:23:13.735>that <00:23:13.875>mobile <00:23:14.015>came <00:23:14.155>along <00:23:14.295>and <00:23:14.435>shook <00:23:14.575>things <00:23:14.715>up.

451
00:23:16.295 --> 00:23:18.435
<00:23:16.295>It <00:23:16.495>exposed <00:23:16.695>the <00:23:16.895>assumptions <00:23:17.095>that <00:23:17.295>people <00:23:17.495>were <00:23:17.695>making

452
00:23:18.775 --> 00:23:19.955
<00:23:18.775>and <00:23:19.129>it <00:23:19.483>forced <00:23:19.837>designers

453
00:23:19.955 --> 00:23:23.115
<00:23:19.955>and <00:23:20.110>developers <00:23:20.266>to <00:23:20.421>think <00:23:20.577>in <00:23:20.732>a <00:23:20.888>more <00:23:21.043>fluid <00:23:21.199>webby <00:23:21.355>way.

454
00:23:23.705 --> 00:23:26.835
<00:23:23.705>Even <00:23:23.879>better <00:23:24.054>CSS <00:23:24.230>had <00:23:24.405>expanded <00:23:24.580>to <00:23:24.754>include <00:23:24.929>media <00:23:25.105>queries,

455
00:23:26.935 --> 00:23:29.755
<00:23:26.935>so <00:23:27.110>it's <00:23:27.284>possible <00:23:27.460>to <00:23:27.635>alter <00:23:27.810>layouts <00:23:27.985>at <00:23:28.159>different <00:23:28.335>breakpoints.

456
00:23:30.545 --> 00:23:32.605
<00:23:30.545>And <00:23:30.685>Ethan <00:23:30.825>came <00:23:30.965>along <00:23:31.105>and <00:23:31.245>put <00:23:31.385>a <00:23:31.525>nice <00:23:31.665>bow <00:23:31.805>on <00:23:31.945>it

457
00:23:32.605 --> 00:23:35.525
<00:23:32.605>with <00:23:32.805>his <00:23:33.005>definition <00:23:33.205>of <00:23:33.405>responsive <00:23:33.605>design, <00:23:33.805>fluid <00:23:34.005>media,

458
00:23:35.695 --> 00:23:37.725
<00:23:35.695>fluid <00:23:36.044>layouts, <00:23:36.395>and <00:23:36.745>media <00:23:37.095>queries.

459
00:23:39.005 --> 00:23:41.705
<00:23:39.005>Uh, <00:23:39.180>I <00:23:39.355>fell <00:23:39.530>in <00:23:39.705>love <00:23:39.880>with <00:23:40.055>responsive <00:23:40.230>design <00:23:40.405>instantly

460
00:23:41.705 --> 00:23:44.825
<00:23:41.705>because <00:23:41.845>it <00:23:41.985>matched <00:23:42.125>how <00:23:42.264>I <00:23:42.405>was <00:23:42.544>already <00:23:42.685>thinking <00:23:42.824>about <00:23:42.965>the <00:23:43.105>web.

461
00:23:45.605 --> 00:23:47.485
<00:23:45.605>I <00:23:45.805>was <00:23:46.005>one <00:23:46.205>of <00:23:46.405>those <00:23:46.605>handful <00:23:46.805>of <00:23:47.005>weirdos

462
00:23:47.485 --> 00:23:49.965
<00:23:47.485>who <00:23:47.659>insisted <00:23:47.834>on <00:23:48.010>building <00:23:48.185>fluid <00:23:48.360>websites <00:23:48.534>when <00:23:48.709>everyone <00:23:48.885>else

463
00:23:50.065 --> 00:23:51.725
<00:23:50.065>was <00:23:50.415>using <00:23:50.765>fixed <00:23:51.115>worth <00:23:51.465>layouts.

464
00:23:52.545 --> 00:23:54.365
<00:23:52.545>But <00:23:53.245>I <00:23:53.945>thought

465
00:23:54.365 --> 00:23:57.125
<00:23:54.365>that <00:23:54.540>responsive <00:23:54.715>web <00:23:54.890>design <00:23:55.065>would <00:23:55.240>struggle <00:23:55.415>to <00:23:55.590>take <00:23:55.765>hold.

466
00:23:58.735 --> 00:24:01.075
<00:23:58.735>I'm <00:23:58.935>delighted <00:23:59.135>to <00:23:59.334>say <00:23:59.534>that <00:23:59.735>I <00:23:59.935>was <00:24:00.135>wrong.

467
00:24:01.955 --> 00:24:04.945
<00:24:01.955>Responsive <00:24:02.188>web <00:24:02.421>design <00:24:02.655>has <00:24:02.888>become <00:24:03.121>the <00:24:03.355>default.

468
00:24:06.705 --> 00:24:09.645
<00:24:06.705>If <00:24:06.812>I <00:24:06.920>could <00:24:07.028>go <00:24:07.135>back <00:24:07.243>to <00:24:07.351>my <00:24:07.458>past <00:24:07.566>self <00:24:07.674>in <00:24:07.781>the <00:24:07.889>mid <00:24:07.997>two <00:24:08.105>thousands,

469
00:24:10.145 --> 00:24:12.165
<00:24:10.145>I'd <00:24:10.320>love <00:24:10.495>to <00:24:10.670>tell <00:24:10.845>them <00:24:11.020>that <00:24:11.195>in <00:24:11.370>the <00:24:11.545>future

470
00:24:12.925 --> 00:24:14.725
<00:24:12.925>everyone <00:24:13.158>will <00:24:13.391>be <00:24:13.625>building <00:24:13.858>with <00:24:14.091>fluid <00:24:14.325>layouts.

471
00:24:15.585 --> 00:24:18.525
<00:24:15.585>And <00:24:15.760>also <00:24:15.935>that <00:24:16.110>time <00:24:16.285>travel <00:24:16.460>had <00:24:16.635>been <00:24:16.810>invented. <00:24:16.985>Apparently.

472
00:24:20.335 --> 00:24:23.235
<00:24:20.335>Not <00:24:20.490>only <00:24:20.646>that, <00:24:20.801>but <00:24:20.957>we <00:24:21.112>finally <00:24:21.268>have <00:24:21.423>proper <00:24:21.579>layout <00:24:21.735>tools

473
00:24:23.235 --> 00:24:25.155
<00:24:23.235>for <00:24:23.584>the <00:24:23.935>web <00:24:24.284>Flexbox <00:24:24.635>grid.

474
00:24:25.815 --> 00:24:29.475
<00:24:25.815>No <00:24:25.990>more <00:24:26.165>hacks. <00:24:26.340>We're <00:24:26.515>even <00:24:26.690>getting <00:24:26.865>container <00:24:27.040>queries <00:24:27.215>soon.

475
00:24:29.855 --> 00:24:34.675
<00:24:29.855>Thanks. <00:24:30.055>Miriam. <00:24:30.255>Web <00:24:30.455>browsers <00:24:30.655>are <00:24:30.855>now <00:24:31.055>positively <00:24:31.255>overflowing

476
00:24:34.675 --> 00:24:36.555
<00:24:34.675>with <00:24:35.141>fantastic <00:24:35.608>design <00:24:36.075>tools

477
00:24:36.665 --> 00:24:39.075
<00:24:36.665>that <00:24:36.898>would've <00:24:37.131>been <00:24:37.365>unimaginable <00:24:37.598>to <00:24:37.831>my <00:24:38.065>past.

478
00:24:39.145 --> 00:24:40.725
<00:24:39.145>Self <00:24:40.545>support

479
00:24:40.725 --> 00:24:42.725
<00:24:40.725>for <00:24:40.958>these <00:24:41.191>technologies <00:24:41.425>is <00:24:41.658>pretty <00:24:41.891>much <00:24:42.125>universal.

480
00:24:43.995 --> 00:24:46.805
<00:24:43.995>When <00:24:44.195>browsers <00:24:44.395>differ <00:24:44.594>today, <00:24:44.794>it's <00:24:44.995>only <00:24:45.195>in <00:24:45.395>terms

481
00:24:46.825 --> 00:24:49.725
<00:24:46.825>of <00:24:47.058>which <00:24:47.291>standards <00:24:47.525>they <00:24:47.758>don't <00:24:47.991>yet <00:24:48.225>support.

482
00:24:50.585 --> 00:24:53.135
<00:24:50.585>There <00:24:50.760>was <00:24:50.935>a <00:24:51.110>time <00:24:51.285>when <00:24:51.460>browsers <00:24:51.635>differed <00:24:51.810>massively <00:24:51.985>in

483
00:24:53.135 --> 00:24:55.455
<00:24:53.135>how <00:24:53.415>they <00:24:53.695>handled <00:24:53.975>basic <00:24:54.254>web <00:24:54.535>technologies.

484
00:24:55.865 --> 00:24:58.575
<00:24:55.865>There <00:24:56.020>was <00:24:56.176>a <00:24:56.331>time <00:24:56.487>when <00:24:56.642>being <00:24:56.798>a <00:24:56.953>web <00:24:57.109>developer <00:24:57.265>meant

485
00:24:58.575 --> 00:25:01.455
<00:24:58.575>understanding <00:24:58.808>all <00:24:59.041>the <00:24:59.275>different <00:24:59.508>quirks <00:24:59.741>between <00:24:59.975>browsers

486
00:25:02.155 --> 00:25:04.695
<00:25:02.155>and <00:25:02.388>browser <00:25:02.621>makers <00:25:02.855>spent <00:25:03.088>a <00:25:03.321>ludicrous <00:25:03.555>amount

487
00:25:04.695 --> 00:25:06.935
<00:25:04.695>of <00:25:04.928>time <00:25:05.161>reverse <00:25:05.395>engineering <00:25:05.628>the <00:25:05.861>quirky <00:25:06.095>behavior

488
00:25:07.115 --> 00:25:09.295
<00:25:07.115>of <00:25:07.348>whichever <00:25:07.581>browser <00:25:07.815>was <00:25:08.048>the <00:25:08.281>market <00:25:08.515>leader.

489
00:25:10.815 --> 00:25:12.825
<00:25:10.815>That <00:25:11.165>changed <00:25:11.515>with <00:25:11.865>HTML <00:25:12.215>five.

490
00:25:13.985 --> 00:25:17.525
<00:25:13.985>We <00:25:14.185>remember <00:25:14.385>HTML <00:25:14.584>five <00:25:14.784>for <00:25:14.985>introducing <00:25:15.185>new <00:25:15.385>APIs,

491
00:25:17.705 --> 00:25:20.085
<00:25:17.705>new <00:25:17.938>form <00:25:18.171>fields <00:25:18.405>and <00:25:18.638>new <00:25:18.871>structural <00:25:19.105>elements,

492
00:25:20.105 --> 00:25:22.685
<00:25:20.105>but <00:25:20.385>the <00:25:20.665>biggest <00:25:20.945>innovation <00:25:21.225>was <00:25:21.505>completely

493
00:25:22.685 --> 00:25:24.765
<00:25:22.685>invisible <00:25:23.034>for <00:25:23.385>the <00:25:23.735>first <00:25:24.085>time.

494
00:25:25.055 --> 00:25:27.005
<00:25:25.055>Error <00:25:25.521>handling <00:25:25.988>was <00:25:26.455>standardized.

495
00:25:28.135 --> 00:25:30.615
<00:25:28.135>Browsers <00:25:28.290>had <00:25:28.446>a <00:25:28.601>set <00:25:28.757>of <00:25:28.912>rules <00:25:29.068>they <00:25:29.223>could <00:25:29.379>work <00:25:29.535>from,

496
00:25:31.475 --> 00:25:33.935
<00:25:31.475>and <00:25:31.708>once <00:25:31.941>browsers <00:25:32.175>adopted <00:25:32.408>this <00:25:32.641>consistent <00:25:32.875>approach

497
00:25:33.995 --> 00:25:37.575
<00:25:33.995>to <00:25:34.195>error <00:25:34.395>handling, <00:25:34.594>cross <00:25:34.794>browser <00:25:34.995>differences <00:25:35.195>dried <00:25:35.395>up.

498
00:25:38.465 --> 00:25:40.165
<00:25:38.465>And <00:25:38.665>that <00:25:38.865>was <00:25:39.064>good <00:25:39.264>news <00:25:39.465>for <00:25:39.665>web <00:25:39.865>developers.

499
00:25:40.665 --> 00:25:42.365
<00:25:40.665>As <00:25:40.945>we <00:25:41.225>were <00:25:41.504>sick <00:25:41.784>of <00:25:42.065>dealing

500
00:25:42.635 --> 00:25:44.885
<00:25:42.635>with <00:25:42.915>different <00:25:43.195>browsers <00:25:43.475>taking <00:25:43.754>different <00:25:44.035>approaches,

501
00:25:45.465 --> 00:25:47.765
<00:25:45.465>we <00:25:45.745>had <00:25:46.024>been <00:25:46.304>burned <00:25:46.584>with <00:25:46.865>JavaScript.

502
00:25:48.725 --> 00:25:51.305
<00:25:48.725>And <00:25:48.852>in <00:25:48.979>the <00:25:49.106>beginning <00:25:49.234>there <00:25:49.361>was <00:25:49.488>no <00:25:49.615>scripting <00:25:49.743>on <00:25:49.870>the <00:25:49.997>web <00:25:50.125>just

503
00:25:51.305 --> 00:25:52.305
<00:25:51.305>like <00:25:51.530>there <00:25:51.755>was <00:25:51.980>no <00:25:52.205>styling.

504
00:25:52.805 --> 00:25:54.825
<00:25:52.805>And <00:25:52.980>Tim <00:25:53.155>Burners <00:25:53.330>Lee <00:25:53.505>wasn't <00:25:53.680>opposed <00:25:53.855>to <00:25:54.030>the <00:25:54.205>idea

505
00:25:54.825 --> 00:25:56.785
<00:25:54.825>of <00:25:55.058>executing <00:25:55.291>arbitrary <00:25:55.525>code <00:25:55.758>on <00:25:55.991>the <00:25:56.225>web,

506
00:25:57.285 --> 00:25:59.065
<00:25:57.285>but <00:25:57.485>he <00:25:57.685>pointed <00:25:57.885>out <00:25:58.085>that <00:25:58.285>you <00:25:58.485>needed <00:25:58.685>everyone

507
00:25:59.065 --> 00:26:01.665
<00:25:59.065>to <00:25:59.240>agree <00:25:59.415>on <00:25:59.590>which <00:25:59.765>programming <00:25:59.940>language <00:26:00.115>browsers <00:26:00.290>would <00:26:00.465>use.

508
00:26:02.325 --> 00:26:03.985
<00:26:02.325>You <00:26:02.675>need <00:26:03.025>something <00:26:03.375>really <00:26:03.725>powerful,

509
00:26:04.285 --> 00:26:06.145
<00:26:04.285>but <00:26:04.565>at <00:26:04.845>the <00:26:05.125>same <00:26:05.405>time, <00:26:05.685>ubiquitous.

510
00:26:06.745 --> 00:26:09.705
<00:26:06.745>Remember, <00:26:06.919>a <00:26:07.094>facet <00:26:07.270>of <00:26:07.445>the <00:26:07.620>web <00:26:07.794>is <00:26:07.969>universal <00:26:08.145>readership

511
00:26:10.045 --> 00:26:13.305
<00:26:10.045>and <00:26:10.245>there <00:26:10.445>is <00:26:10.645>no <00:26:10.845>universal <00:26:11.045>interpreted <00:26:11.245>programming <00:26:11.445>language.

512
00:26:15.235 --> 00:26:16.685
<00:26:15.235>Well, <00:26:15.495>this <00:26:15.756>problem <00:26:16.018>of <00:26:16.279>which <00:26:16.540>language

513
00:26:16.685 --> 00:26:18.885
<00:26:16.685>to <00:26:16.885>choose <00:26:17.085>was <00:26:17.284>solved <00:26:17.485>in <00:26:17.685>the <00:26:17.885>usual <00:26:18.085>way.

514
00:26:23.425 --> 00:26:26.755
<00:26:23.425>Brendan <00:26:23.600>Ike, <00:26:23.774>who <00:26:23.950>was <00:26:24.125>working <00:26:24.300>at <00:26:24.475>Netscape <00:26:24.649>created <00:26:24.825>a

515
00:26:26.755 --> 00:26:29.355
<00:26:26.755>completely <00:26:26.955>new <00:26:27.155>programming <00:26:27.355>language <00:26:27.555>in <00:26:27.755>just <00:26:27.955>10 <00:26:28.155>days.

516
00:26:29.895 --> 00:26:32.765
<00:26:29.895>It <00:26:30.175>will <00:26:30.455>be <00:26:30.735>called <00:26:31.014>live <00:26:31.295>script.

517
00:26:33.865 --> 00:26:35.765
<00:26:33.865>And <00:26:34.098>then <00:26:34.331>the <00:26:34.565>marketing <00:26:34.798>department <00:26:35.031>got <00:26:35.265>involved.

518
00:26:35.865 --> 00:26:38.485
<00:26:35.865>And <00:26:36.020>because <00:26:36.176>Java <00:26:36.331>was <00:26:36.487>the <00:26:36.642>new <00:26:36.798>hotness <00:26:36.953>at <00:26:37.109>the <00:26:37.265>time,

519
00:26:39.155 --> 00:26:43.385
<00:26:39.155>this <00:26:39.355>scripting <00:26:39.555>language <00:26:39.754>was <00:26:39.955>renamed <00:26:40.155>to <00:26:40.355>Java <00:26:40.555>Script

520
00:26:44.255 --> 00:26:46.705
<00:26:44.255>even <00:26:44.430>though <00:26:44.605>it <00:26:44.780>had <00:26:44.955>nothing <00:26:45.130>to <00:26:45.305>do <00:26:45.480>with <00:26:45.655>Java.

521
00:26:47.415 --> 00:26:50.465
<00:26:47.415>Java <00:26:47.590>is <00:26:47.764>to <00:26:47.940>JavaScript <00:26:48.115>as <00:26:48.290>ham <00:26:48.465>is <00:26:48.639>to <00:26:48.815>hamster.

522
00:26:52.195 --> 00:26:53.735
<00:26:52.195>The <00:26:52.657>important <00:26:53.119>thing <00:26:53.581>is

523
00:26:53.735 --> 00:26:55.575
<00:26:53.735>that <00:26:54.084>multiple <00:26:54.435>browsers <00:26:54.784>implemented <00:26:55.135>it.

524
00:26:56.465 --> 00:26:57.555
<00:26:56.465>Then <00:26:56.792>the <00:26:57.119>hype <00:26:57.446>started.

525
00:26:58.505 --> 00:27:00.405
<00:26:58.505>We <00:26:58.705>were <00:26:58.905>told <00:26:59.105>about <00:26:59.305>this <00:26:59.505>great <00:26:59.705>new <00:26:59.905>technology

526
00:27:00.405 --> 00:27:02.005
<00:27:00.405>called <00:27:01.805>D-H-T-M-L.

527
00:27:02.585 --> 00:27:04.085
<00:27:02.585>The <00:27:02.922>D <00:27:03.260>stood <00:27:03.597>for <00:27:03.935>dynamic.

528
00:27:05.115 --> 00:27:07.965
<00:27:05.115>This <00:27:05.315>would <00:27:05.515>allow <00:27:05.715>us <00:27:05.915>to <00:27:06.115>programmatically <00:27:06.315>manipulate <00:27:06.515>elements

529
00:27:07.965 --> 00:27:12.925
<00:27:07.965>in <00:27:08.105>a <00:27:08.245>webpage, <00:27:08.385>but <00:27:08.524>the <00:27:08.665>two <00:27:08.804>major <00:27:08.945>browsers <00:27:09.084>at <00:27:09.225>the <00:27:09.365>time,

530
00:27:13.005 --> 00:27:14.045
<00:27:13.005>Netscape <00:27:13.941>Navigator

531
00:27:14.065 --> 00:27:16.565
<00:27:14.065>and <00:27:14.345>Internet <00:27:14.625>Explorer <00:27:14.905>used <00:27:15.185>two <00:27:15.465>completely

532
00:27:16.725 --> 00:27:18.445
<00:27:16.725>incompatible <00:27:18.125>syntaxes.

533
00:27:18.865 --> 00:27:21.525
<00:27:18.865>For <00:27:19.098>Netscape <00:27:19.331>Navigator, <00:27:19.565>you'd <00:27:19.798>use <00:27:20.031>document <00:27:20.265>layers

534
00:27:21.905 --> 00:27:23.045
<00:27:21.905>for <00:27:22.418>Internet <00:27:22.931>Explorer.

535
00:27:23.345 --> 00:27:24.685
<00:27:23.345>It <00:27:23.747>was <00:27:24.149>document <00:27:24.551>all.

536
00:27:26.135 --> 00:27:28.745
<00:27:26.135>This <00:27:26.335>was <00:27:26.535>when <00:27:26.735>developers <00:27:26.935>said <00:27:27.135>Enough <00:27:27.335>was <00:27:27.535>enough.

537
00:27:29.445 --> 00:27:30.905
<00:27:29.445>We <00:27:30.101>wanted <00:27:30.759>standards.

538
00:27:31.445 --> 00:27:33.145
<00:27:31.445>The <00:27:31.725>web <00:27:32.004>standards <00:27:32.284>project <00:27:32.564>was <00:27:32.845>formed,

539
00:27:33.205 --> 00:27:34.585
<00:27:33.205>and <00:27:33.515>we <00:27:33.826>lobbied <00:27:34.136>browser <00:27:34.447>makers

540
00:27:34.585 --> 00:27:37.145
<00:27:34.585>to <00:27:34.865>implement <00:27:35.145>web <00:27:35.425>standards <00:27:35.705>like <00:27:35.985>CSS

541
00:27:37.325 --> 00:27:39.345
<00:27:37.325>and <00:27:37.605>also <00:27:37.885>the <00:27:38.165>document <00:27:38.445>object <00:27:38.725>model.

542
00:27:39.375 --> 00:27:42.865
<00:27:39.375>This <00:27:39.575>was <00:27:39.775>a <00:27:39.975>standardized <00:27:40.175>way <00:27:40.375>of <00:27:40.575>manipulating <00:27:40.775>elements.

543
00:27:42.865 --> 00:27:46.785
<00:27:42.865>In <00:27:42.992>a <00:27:43.119>webpage. <00:27:43.246>You <00:27:43.374>could <00:27:43.501>use <00:27:43.628>methods <00:27:43.755>like <00:27:43.883>Get <00:27:44.010>Element <00:27:44.137>by <00:27:44.265>ID

544
00:27:46.805 --> 00:27:50.465
<00:27:46.805>and <00:27:46.960>get <00:27:47.116>elements <00:27:47.271>by <00:27:47.427>tag <00:27:47.582>name, <00:27:47.738>and <00:27:47.893>that <00:27:48.049>worked <00:27:48.205>fine,

545
00:27:50.965 --> 00:27:52.985
<00:27:50.965>but <00:27:51.165>it <00:27:51.365>was <00:27:51.564>yet <00:27:51.764>another <00:27:51.965>vocabulary <00:27:52.165>to <00:27:52.365>learn.

546
00:27:53.645 --> 00:27:56.145
<00:27:53.645>If <00:27:53.800>you <00:27:53.956>already <00:27:54.111>knew <00:27:54.267>CSS, <00:27:54.422>then <00:27:54.578>you <00:27:54.733>already <00:27:54.889>understood <00:27:55.045>how

547
00:27:56.145 --> 00:28:00.465
<00:27:56.145>to <00:27:56.272>get <00:27:56.399>an <00:27:56.526>element <00:27:56.654>by <00:27:56.781>ID <00:27:56.908>and <00:27:57.035>get <00:27:57.163>elements <00:27:57.290>by <00:27:57.417>tag <00:27:57.545>name,

548
00:28:00.565 --> 00:28:01.985
<00:28:00.565>but <00:28:00.884>with <00:28:01.204>a <00:28:01.523>different <00:28:01.842>syntax.

549
00:28:03.665 --> 00:28:06.155
<00:28:03.665>John <00:28:04.014>Resig <00:28:04.365>created <00:28:04.715>jQuery <00:28:05.065>so

550
00:28:06.155 --> 00:28:09.835
<00:28:06.155>that <00:28:06.295>you <00:28:06.435>could <00:28:06.575>use <00:28:06.715>the <00:28:06.855>CSS <00:28:06.995>syntax <00:28:07.135>to <00:28:07.274>do <00:28:07.415>DOM <00:28:07.555>scripting.

551
00:28:10.555 --> 00:28:12.055
<00:28:10.555>And <00:28:10.780>there <00:28:11.005>were <00:28:11.230>lots <00:28:11.455>of <00:28:11.680>other <00:28:11.905>JavaScript

552
00:28:12.055 --> 00:28:13.495
<00:28:12.055>libraries <00:28:12.314>released <00:28:12.573>around <00:28:12.832>the <00:28:13.091>same <00:28:13.351>time.

553
00:28:13.515 --> 00:28:15.935
<00:28:13.515>But <00:28:13.715>jQuery <00:28:13.915>was <00:28:14.115>by <00:28:14.315>far <00:28:14.515>the <00:28:14.715>most <00:28:14.915>popular.

554
00:28:16.605 --> 00:28:20.215
<00:28:16.605>Clearly <00:28:16.805>this <00:28:17.005>syntax <00:28:17.205>was <00:28:17.405>something <00:28:17.605>that <00:28:17.805>developers <00:28:18.005>wanted,

555
00:28:21.405 --> 00:28:23.305
<00:28:21.405>and <00:28:21.638>now <00:28:21.871>we <00:28:22.105>no <00:28:22.338>longer <00:28:22.571>need <00:28:22.805>jQuery.

556
00:28:23.635 --> 00:28:26.065
<00:28:23.635>We've <00:28:23.835>got <00:28:24.035>query <00:28:24.235>selector <00:28:24.435>and <00:28:24.635>query <00:28:24.835>selector <00:28:25.035>all.

557
00:28:26.885 --> 00:28:30.245
<00:28:26.885>But <00:28:27.060>the <00:28:27.235>reason <00:28:27.410>we <00:28:27.585>no <00:28:27.760>longer <00:28:27.935>need <00:28:28.110>jQuery <00:28:28.285>is

558
00:28:30.245 --> 00:28:31.445
<00:28:30.245>because <00:28:30.784>of <00:28:31.324>jQuery.

559
00:28:32.195 --> 00:28:35.325
<00:28:32.195>Just <00:28:32.395>like <00:28:32.595>Flash. <00:28:32.794>jQuery <00:28:32.995>showed <00:28:33.195>what <00:28:33.395>developers <00:28:33.595>wanted,

560
00:28:38.145 --> 00:28:41.685
<00:28:38.145>and <00:28:38.285>just <00:28:38.425>as <00:28:38.565>with <00:28:38.705>Flash, <00:28:38.845>the <00:28:38.985>web <00:28:39.125>standards <00:28:39.264>took <00:28:39.405>more <00:28:39.545>time.

561
00:28:42.525 --> 00:28:46.145
<00:28:42.525>But <00:28:42.805>now <00:28:43.085>jQuery <00:28:43.365>is <00:28:43.645>obsolete <00:28:43.925>precisely

562
00:28:46.145 --> 00:28:47.785
<00:28:46.145>because <00:28:46.495>it <00:28:46.845>was <00:28:47.195>so <00:28:47.545>successful.

563
00:28:48.655 --> 00:28:51.345
<00:28:48.655>It's <00:28:48.830>a <00:28:49.004>similar <00:28:49.180>story <00:28:49.355>with <00:28:49.530>uh, <00:28:49.705>SaaS <00:28:49.879>and <00:28:50.055>CSS.

564
00:28:51.345 --> 00:28:53.385
<00:28:51.345>There <00:28:51.500>was <00:28:51.656>a <00:28:51.811>time <00:28:51.967>when <00:28:52.122>SaaS <00:28:52.278>was <00:28:52.433>the <00:28:52.589>only <00:28:52.745>way

565
00:28:53.385 --> 00:28:54.945
<00:28:53.385>to <00:28:53.665>have <00:28:53.945>a <00:28:54.225>feature <00:28:54.504>like <00:28:54.785>variables.

566
00:28:55.445 --> 00:28:58.465
<00:28:55.445>But <00:28:55.645>now <00:28:55.845>with <00:28:56.044>custom <00:28:56.245>properties <00:28:56.445>available <00:28:56.645>in <00:28:56.845>CSS,

567
00:28:58.775 --> 00:29:02.265
<00:28:58.775>SaaS <00:28:59.055>is <00:28:59.335>becoming <00:28:59.615>increasingly <00:28:59.895>obsolete <00:29:00.175>precisely

568
00:29:02.265 --> 00:29:03.905
<00:29:02.265>because <00:29:02.615>it <00:29:02.965>was <00:29:03.315>so <00:29:03.665>successful

569
00:29:03.965 --> 00:29:06.105
<00:29:03.965>and <00:29:04.245>showed <00:29:04.524>the <00:29:04.804>direction <00:29:05.084>of <00:29:05.365>travel.

570
00:29:07.575 --> 00:29:10.035
<00:29:07.575>In <00:29:07.855>a <00:29:08.135>way, <00:29:08.415>jQuery <00:29:08.695>and <00:29:08.975>SaaS

571
00:29:10.095 --> 00:29:13.875
<00:29:10.095>and <00:29:10.270>maybe <00:29:10.445>even <00:29:10.620>flash, <00:29:10.795>were <00:29:10.970>kind <00:29:11.145>of <00:29:11.320>like <00:29:11.495>polyfils.

572
00:29:14.665 --> 00:29:17.085
<00:29:14.665>That's <00:29:14.840>a <00:29:15.014>term <00:29:15.190>that <00:29:15.365>my <00:29:15.540>friend <00:29:15.715>Remy <00:29:15.889>Sharp <00:29:16.065>coined

573
00:29:17.345 --> 00:29:19.845
<00:29:17.345>for <00:29:17.545>JavaScript <00:29:17.745>libraries <00:29:17.945>that <00:29:18.145>fill <00:29:18.345>in <00:29:18.545>the <00:29:18.745>gaps

574
00:29:19.975 --> 00:29:22.205
<00:29:19.975>until <00:29:20.254>browsers <00:29:20.534>have <00:29:20.814>implemented <00:29:21.094>web <00:29:21.375>standards.

575
00:29:23.025 --> 00:29:25.365
<00:29:23.025>And <00:29:23.180>by <00:29:23.336>way <00:29:23.491>of <00:29:23.647>explanation <00:29:23.802>to <00:29:23.958>anyone <00:29:24.113>in <00:29:24.269>the <00:29:24.425>states,

576
00:29:25.915 --> 00:29:29.005
<00:29:25.915>poly <00:29:26.070>filler <00:29:26.226>is <00:29:26.381>a <00:29:26.537>brand <00:29:26.692>name <00:29:26.848>in <00:29:27.003>the <00:29:27.159>UK <00:29:27.315>for

577
00:29:29.005 --> 00:29:31.205
<00:29:29.005>what <00:29:29.355>you <00:29:29.705>call <00:29:30.055>spackling <00:29:30.405>paste.

578
00:29:31.905 --> 00:29:34.525
<00:29:31.905>So <00:29:32.254>JavaScript <00:29:32.605>libraries <00:29:32.955>like <00:29:33.305>jQuery,

579
00:29:35.045 --> 00:29:37.605
<00:29:35.045>spackled <00:29:35.325>over <00:29:35.605>the <00:29:35.885>gaps <00:29:36.165>in <00:29:36.445>browsers,

580
00:29:38.665 --> 00:29:41.125
<00:29:38.665>but <00:29:38.945>some <00:29:39.225>capabilities <00:29:39.504>can't <00:29:39.784>be <00:29:40.065>polyfil.

581
00:29:41.785 --> 00:29:44.165
<00:29:41.785>If <00:29:42.018>a <00:29:42.251>browser <00:29:42.485>doesn't <00:29:42.718>provide <00:29:42.951>API <00:29:43.185>access

582
00:29:44.165 --> 00:29:47.245
<00:29:44.165>to <00:29:44.340>a <00:29:44.514>particular <00:29:44.690>sensor, <00:29:44.865>for <00:29:45.040>example, <00:29:45.215>there's <00:29:45.389>no <00:29:45.565>way

583
00:29:47.245 --> 00:29:48.485
<00:29:47.245>to <00:29:47.617>spackle <00:29:47.988>that <00:29:48.360>gap.

584
00:29:49.585 --> 00:29:52.925
<00:29:49.585>And <00:29:49.712>for <00:29:49.839>quite <00:29:49.966>a <00:29:50.094>while, <00:29:50.221>if <00:29:50.348>you <00:29:50.475>wanted <00:29:50.603>access <00:29:50.730>to <00:29:50.857>device <00:29:50.985>APIs,

585
00:29:53.215 --> 00:29:54.765
<00:29:53.215>you'd <00:29:53.447>have <00:29:53.680>to <00:29:53.912>build <00:29:54.145>a <00:29:54.377>native <00:29:54.610>app.

586
00:29:55.725 --> 00:29:57.665
<00:29:55.725>But <00:29:56.004>over <00:29:56.284>time, <00:29:56.564>that <00:29:56.844>has <00:29:57.125>changed.

587
00:29:58.205 --> 00:30:01.345
<00:29:58.205>You <00:29:58.360>can <00:29:58.516>get <00:29:58.671>location <00:29:58.827>data, <00:29:58.982>you <00:29:59.138>can <00:29:59.293>access <00:29:59.449>the <00:29:59.605>camera,

588
00:30:01.525 --> 00:30:02.945
<00:30:01.525>you <00:30:01.951>can <00:30:02.377>provide <00:30:02.803>notifications.

589
00:30:03.285 --> 00:30:05.585
<00:30:03.285>You <00:30:03.518>can <00:30:03.751>even <00:30:03.985>make <00:30:04.218>websites <00:30:04.451>work <00:30:04.685>offline

590
00:30:05.595 --> 00:30:06.785
<00:30:05.595>using <00:30:06.130>service <00:30:06.666>workers.

591
00:30:08.675 --> 00:30:10.935
<00:30:08.675>Native <00:30:08.955>apps <00:30:09.235>had <00:30:09.514>all <00:30:09.794>these <00:30:10.075>capabilities

592
00:30:11.075 --> 00:30:14.615
<00:30:11.075>before <00:30:11.250>web <00:30:11.425>browsers, <00:30:11.600>just <00:30:11.775>as <00:30:11.950>with <00:30:12.125>flash <00:30:12.300>and <00:30:12.475>jQuery.

593
00:30:14.675 --> 00:30:16.415
<00:30:14.675>Native <00:30:15.024>apps <00:30:15.375>pointed <00:30:15.725>the <00:30:16.075>way

594
00:30:17.485 --> 00:30:20.705
<00:30:17.485>and <00:30:17.659>the <00:30:17.834>gap <00:30:18.010>always <00:30:18.185>looks <00:30:18.360>insurmountable <00:30:18.534>to <00:30:18.709>begin <00:30:18.885>with.

595
00:30:21.595 --> 00:30:25.175
<00:30:21.595>But <00:30:21.750>over <00:30:21.906>time, <00:30:22.061>the <00:30:22.217>web <00:30:22.372>always <00:30:22.528>manages <00:30:22.683>to <00:30:22.839>catch <00:30:22.995>up.

596
00:30:26.425 --> 00:30:31.165
<00:30:26.425>At <00:30:26.541>the <00:30:26.658>beginning <00:30:26.774>of <00:30:26.891>2021, <00:30:27.008>IRA <00:30:27.125>said <00:30:27.241>by <00:30:27.358>the <00:30:27.475>end <00:30:27.591>of <00:30:27.708>the <00:30:27.825>year,

597
00:30:31.645 --> 00:30:34.805
<00:30:31.645>I <00:30:31.820>would <00:30:31.995>predict <00:30:32.170>that <00:30:32.345>any <00:30:32.520>major <00:30:32.695>native <00:30:32.870>mobile <00:30:33.045>application

598
00:30:34.855 --> 00:30:38.565
<00:30:34.855>could <00:30:35.055>instead <00:30:35.255>be <00:30:35.455>built <00:30:35.655>using <00:30:35.855>native <00:30:36.055>web <00:30:36.255>capabilities.

599
00:30:41.365 --> 00:30:42.945
<00:30:41.365>The <00:30:41.598>web <00:30:41.831>has <00:30:42.065>come <00:30:42.298>a <00:30:42.531>long <00:30:42.765>way.

600
00:30:44.765 --> 00:30:46.385
<00:30:44.765>It <00:30:45.115>has <00:30:45.465>grown <00:30:45.815>and <00:30:46.165>evolved.

601
00:30:47.685 --> 00:30:49.245
<00:30:47.685>Browsers <00:30:48.151>have <00:30:48.618>become <00:30:49.085>more

602
00:30:49.265 --> 00:30:51.925
<00:30:49.265>and <00:30:49.498>more <00:30:49.731>powerful <00:30:49.965>while <00:30:50.198>maintaining <00:30:50.431>backward <00:30:50.665>compatibility.

603
00:30:53.105 --> 00:30:55.165
<00:30:53.105>In <00:30:53.280>the <00:30:53.455>past, <00:30:53.630>we <00:30:53.805>had <00:30:53.980>to <00:30:54.155>hack <00:30:54.330>our <00:30:54.505>way

604
00:30:55.165 --> 00:30:57.205
<00:30:55.165>around <00:30:55.398>the <00:30:55.631>technological <00:30:55.865>limitations <00:30:56.098>of <00:30:56.331>the <00:30:56.565>web,

605
00:30:57.505 --> 00:30:59.645
<00:30:57.505>and <00:30:57.660>we <00:30:57.816>had <00:30:57.971>a <00:30:58.127>long <00:30:58.282>wishlist <00:30:58.438>of <00:30:58.593>features <00:30:58.749>we <00:30:58.905>wanted.

606
00:31:01.015 --> 00:31:02.195
<00:31:01.015>I'm <00:31:01.280>not <00:31:01.546>saying <00:31:01.811>we're <00:31:02.077>done.

607
00:31:02.575 --> 00:31:04.515
<00:31:02.575>I'm <00:31:02.775>sure <00:31:02.975>that <00:31:03.175>more <00:31:03.375>features <00:31:03.575>will <00:31:03.775>keep <00:31:03.975>coming,

608
00:31:05.175 --> 00:31:06.715
<00:31:05.175>but <00:31:05.521>our <00:31:05.868>wishlist <00:31:06.214>has <00:31:06.561>shrunk.

609
00:31:08.655 --> 00:31:11.995
<00:31:08.655>The <00:31:08.855>biggest <00:31:09.055>challenges <00:31:09.254>facing <00:31:09.455>the <00:31:09.655>worldwide <00:31:09.855>web <00:31:10.055>today

610
00:31:12.655 --> 00:31:15.075
<00:31:12.655>are <00:31:13.121>not <00:31:13.588>technical <00:31:14.055>challenges.

611
00:31:17.455 --> 00:31:20.085
<00:31:17.455>Today, <00:31:17.655>it <00:31:17.855>is <00:31:18.054>possible <00:31:18.254>to <00:31:18.455>create <00:31:18.655>beautiful <00:31:18.855>websites

612
00:31:20.115 --> 00:31:22.965
<00:31:20.115>that <00:31:20.315>make <00:31:20.515>full <00:31:20.715>use <00:31:20.915>of <00:31:21.115>color, <00:31:21.315>typography, <00:31:21.515>layout,

613
00:31:22.995 --> 00:31:24.165
<00:31:22.995>animation, <00:31:23.521>and <00:31:24.048>more.

614
00:31:25.995 --> 00:31:27.855
<00:31:25.995>But <00:31:26.274>this <00:31:26.554>isn't <00:31:26.834>what <00:31:27.114>users <00:31:27.395>experience.

615
00:31:29.425 --> 00:31:34.115
<00:31:29.425>This <00:31:29.600>is <00:31:29.774>what <00:31:29.950>users <00:31:30.125>experience <00:31:30.300>a <00:31:30.475>tedious, <00:31:30.649>frustrating <00:31:30.825>game

616
00:31:34.115 --> 00:31:36.515
<00:31:34.115>of <00:31:34.395>whack-a-mole <00:31:34.675>with <00:31:34.955>websites <00:31:35.235>that <00:31:35.515>claim

617
00:31:36.515 --> 00:31:39.195
<00:31:36.515>to <00:31:36.670>value <00:31:36.826>our <00:31:36.981>privacy <00:31:37.137>while <00:31:37.292>asking <00:31:37.448>us <00:31:37.603>to <00:31:37.759>relinquish <00:31:37.915>it.

618
00:31:40.305 --> 00:31:43.395
<00:31:40.305>This <00:31:40.585>is <00:31:40.865>not <00:31:41.145>a <00:31:41.425>technical <00:31:41.705>problem.

619
00:31:45.025 --> 00:31:46.485
<00:31:45.025>It <00:31:45.353>is <00:31:45.682>a <00:31:46.010>design <00:31:46.339>decision.

620
00:31:47.465 --> 00:31:49.685
<00:31:47.465>The <00:31:47.665>decision <00:31:47.865>might <00:31:48.064>not <00:31:48.264>be <00:31:48.465>made <00:31:48.665>by <00:31:48.865>anyone

621
00:31:49.685 --> 00:31:51.445
<00:31:49.685>with <00:31:49.965>designer <00:31:50.245>in <00:31:50.524>their <00:31:50.804>job <00:31:51.085>title,

622
00:31:51.545 --> 00:31:55.005
<00:31:51.545>but <00:31:51.700>make <00:31:51.856>no <00:31:52.011>mistake, <00:31:52.167>business <00:31:52.322>decis <00:31:52.478>decisions <00:31:52.633>have <00:31:52.789>a <00:31:52.945>direct

623
00:31:55.005 --> 00:31:56.605
<00:31:55.005>effect <00:31:55.471>on <00:31:55.938>user <00:31:56.405>experience.

624
00:31:58.425 --> 00:32:00.165
<00:31:58.425>On <00:31:58.580>the <00:31:58.736>face <00:31:58.891>of <00:31:59.047>it, <00:31:59.202>the <00:31:59.358>problem <00:31:59.513>seems <00:31:59.669>to <00:31:59.825>be

625
00:32:00.165 --> 00:32:02.405
<00:32:00.165>with <00:32:00.445>the <00:32:00.725>business <00:32:01.004>model <00:32:01.284>of <00:32:01.565>advertising,

626
00:32:02.625 --> 00:32:06.125
<00:32:02.625>but <00:32:02.800>that's <00:32:02.975>not <00:32:03.150>quite <00:32:03.325>right <00:32:03.500>to <00:32:03.675>be <00:32:03.850>more <00:32:04.025>precise.

627
00:32:06.265 --> 00:32:09.165
<00:32:06.265>The <00:32:06.440>problem <00:32:06.615>is <00:32:06.790>with <00:32:06.965>the <00:32:07.140>business <00:32:07.315>model <00:32:07.490>of <00:32:07.665>behavioral

628
00:32:09.805 --> 00:32:12.485
<00:32:09.805>advertising <00:32:10.155>that <00:32:10.505>relies <00:32:10.855>on <00:32:11.205>intermediaries

629
00:32:12.485 --> 00:32:14.805
<00:32:12.485>to <00:32:12.685>amass <00:32:12.885>huge <00:32:13.084>amounts <00:32:13.284>of <00:32:13.485>personal <00:32:13.685>data <00:32:13.885>so

630
00:32:14.805 --> 00:32:17.525
<00:32:14.805>that <00:32:15.005>they <00:32:15.205>can <00:32:15.405>supposedly <00:32:15.605>serve <00:32:15.805>up <00:32:16.005>relevant <00:32:16.205>advertising.

631
00:32:18.985 --> 00:32:20.685
<00:32:18.985>But <00:32:19.685>contextual <00:32:20.385>advertising,

632
00:32:20.685 --> 00:32:23.845
<00:32:20.685>which <00:32:20.812>serves <00:32:20.939>up <00:32:21.066>ads <00:32:21.194>based <00:32:21.321>on <00:32:21.448>the <00:32:21.575>content <00:32:21.703>you <00:32:21.830>are <00:32:21.957>looking <00:32:22.085>at,

633
00:32:24.875 --> 00:32:27.565
<00:32:24.875>doesn't <00:32:25.075>require <00:32:25.275>the <00:32:25.475>invasive <00:32:25.675>collection <00:32:25.875>of <00:32:26.075>personal <00:32:26.275>data.

634
00:32:28.305 --> 00:32:29.365
<00:32:28.305>And <00:32:28.782>it <00:32:29.259>works.

635
00:32:31.135 --> 00:32:34.405
<00:32:31.135>Behavioral <00:32:31.368>advertising, <00:32:31.601>despite <00:32:31.835>being <00:32:32.068>a <00:32:32.301>huge <00:32:32.535>industry

636
00:32:34.405 --> 00:32:35.965
<00:32:34.405>that <00:32:34.605>depends <00:32:34.805>on <00:32:35.004>people <00:32:35.205>giving <00:32:35.405>up <00:32:35.605>their <00:32:35.805>privacy

637
00:32:36.555 --> 00:32:38.205
<00:32:36.555>doesn't <00:32:36.905>even <00:32:37.255>work <00:32:37.605>very <00:32:37.955>well.

638
00:32:39.465 --> 00:32:41.565
<00:32:39.465>And <00:32:39.639>on <00:32:39.814>the <00:32:39.990>few <00:32:40.165>occasions <00:32:40.340>when <00:32:40.514>it <00:32:40.689>does <00:32:40.865>work,

639
00:32:41.985 --> 00:32:43.205
<00:32:41.985>it <00:32:42.351>just <00:32:42.716>feels <00:32:43.082>creepy.

640
00:32:45.005 --> 00:32:48.865
<00:32:45.005>The <00:32:45.180>problem <00:32:45.355>is <00:32:45.530>not <00:32:45.705>advertising. <00:32:45.880>The <00:32:46.055>problem <00:32:46.230>is <00:32:46.405>tracking.

641
00:32:49.945 --> 00:32:52.725
<00:32:49.945>And <00:32:50.120>the <00:32:50.294>greatest <00:32:50.470>trick <00:32:50.645>the <00:32:50.820>middleman <00:32:50.995>ever <00:32:51.169>pulled <00:32:51.345>was

642
00:32:52.725 --> 00:32:55.245
<00:32:52.725>convincing <00:32:52.958>us <00:32:53.191>that <00:32:53.425>you <00:32:53.658>can't <00:32:53.891>have <00:32:54.125>effective

643
00:32:55.645 --> 00:32:56.725
<00:32:55.645>advertising <00:32:56.130>without <00:32:56.617>tracking.

644
00:32:57.515 --> 00:32:59.805
<00:32:57.515>That <00:32:58.215>is <00:32:58.915>false,

645
00:33:01.425 --> 00:33:04.365
<00:33:01.425>but <00:33:01.580>they've <00:33:01.736>managed <00:33:01.891>to <00:33:02.047>skew <00:33:02.202>our <00:33:02.358>sense <00:33:02.513>of <00:33:02.669>perspective <00:33:02.825>so

646
00:33:04.365 --> 00:33:07.565
<00:33:04.365>that <00:33:04.715>invasive <00:33:05.065>advertising <00:33:05.415>seems <00:33:05.765>inevitable.

647
00:33:09.665 --> 00:33:11.305
<00:33:09.665>Advertising <00:33:09.898>was <00:33:10.131>always <00:33:10.365>possible <00:33:10.598>on <00:33:10.831>the <00:33:11.065>web.

648
00:33:11.485 --> 00:33:13.905
<00:33:11.485>You <00:33:11.612>could <00:33:11.739>publish <00:33:11.866>anything <00:33:11.994>and <00:33:12.121>an <00:33:12.248>ad <00:33:12.375>is <00:33:12.503>just <00:33:12.630>one <00:33:12.757>more <00:33:12.885>thing

649
00:33:13.905 --> 00:33:15.105
<00:33:13.905>you <00:33:14.175>could <00:33:14.445>choose <00:33:14.715>to <00:33:14.985>publish.

650
00:33:15.725 --> 00:33:18.425
<00:33:15.725>But <00:33:16.191>tracking <00:33:16.658>was <00:33:17.125>impossible.

651
00:33:19.165 --> 00:33:21.065
<00:33:19.165>That's <00:33:19.398>because <00:33:19.631>the <00:33:19.865>early <00:33:20.098>web <00:33:20.331>was <00:33:20.565>stateless.

652
00:33:21.945 --> 00:33:24.505
<00:33:21.945>A <00:33:22.145>browser <00:33:22.345>requests <00:33:22.544>a <00:33:22.745>resource <00:33:22.945>from <00:33:23.145>a <00:33:23.345>server,

653
00:33:24.685 --> 00:33:26.505
<00:33:24.685>and <00:33:24.965>once <00:33:25.245>that <00:33:25.524>transaction <00:33:25.804>is <00:33:26.085>done,

654
00:33:27.015 --> 00:33:28.665
<00:33:27.015>they <00:33:27.295>both <00:33:27.575>promptly <00:33:27.855>forget <00:33:28.135>about <00:33:28.415>it.

655
00:33:29.515 --> 00:33:32.325
<00:33:29.515>That <00:33:29.655>made <00:33:29.795>it <00:33:29.935>very <00:33:30.075>hard <00:33:30.215>to <00:33:30.355>do <00:33:30.495>things <00:33:30.635>like <00:33:30.775>online <00:33:30.915>shopping

656
00:33:32.425 --> 00:33:33.685
<00:33:32.425>or <00:33:32.708>logging <00:33:32.992>into <00:33:33.275>an <00:33:33.559>account.

657
00:33:34.345 --> 00:33:36.885
<00:33:34.345>And <00:33:34.625>two <00:33:34.905>technologies <00:33:35.185>were <00:33:35.465>created <00:33:35.745>later

658
00:33:37.275 --> 00:33:40.925
<00:33:37.275>that <00:33:37.450>enabled <00:33:37.625>state <00:33:37.800>on <00:33:37.975>the <00:33:38.150>web <00:33:38.325>cookies <00:33:38.500>and <00:33:38.675>JavaScript.

659
00:33:41.935 --> 00:33:43.675
<00:33:41.935>And <00:33:42.168>if <00:33:42.401>these <00:33:42.635>technologies <00:33:42.868>had <00:33:43.101>been <00:33:43.335>limited

660
00:33:43.775 --> 00:33:45.235
<00:33:43.775>to <00:33:44.103>a <00:33:44.432>same <00:33:44.760>origin <00:33:45.089>policy,

661
00:33:45.945 --> 00:33:49.395
<00:33:45.945>they <00:33:46.120>would've <00:33:46.294>nicely <00:33:46.470>solved <00:33:46.645>the <00:33:46.820>problems <00:33:46.995>of <00:33:47.169>online <00:33:47.345>shopping

662
00:33:49.535 --> 00:33:50.595
<00:33:49.535>and <00:33:50.489>authentication.

663
00:33:52.075 --> 00:33:54.975
<00:33:52.075>But <00:33:52.355>these <00:33:52.635>technologies <00:33:52.915>work <00:33:53.195>across <00:33:53.475>domains.

664
00:33:56.065 --> 00:33:57.415
<00:33:56.065>Third <00:33:56.672>party <00:33:57.280>cookies

665
00:33:57.795 --> 00:34:01.055
<00:33:57.795>and <00:33:57.970>third <00:33:58.145>party <00:33:58.320>JavaScript <00:33:58.495>enables <00:33:58.670>users <00:33:58.845>to <00:33:59.020>be <00:33:59.195>trapped

666
00:34:01.195 --> 00:34:03.335
<00:34:01.195>as <00:34:01.428>they <00:34:01.661>move <00:34:01.895>from <00:34:02.128>site <00:34:02.361>to <00:34:02.595>site.

667
00:34:04.075 --> 00:34:07.735
<00:34:04.075>The <00:34:04.202>web <00:34:04.329>has <00:34:04.456>gone <00:34:04.584>from <00:34:04.711>having <00:34:04.838>no <00:34:04.965>state <00:34:05.093>to <00:34:05.220>having <00:34:05.347>too <00:34:05.475>much.

668
00:34:09.415 --> 00:34:12.665
<00:34:09.415>There <00:34:09.695>is <00:34:09.975>hope. <00:34:10.255>Browsers <00:34:10.534>like <00:34:10.815>Firefox

669
00:34:12.665 --> 00:34:15.705
<00:34:12.665>and <00:34:12.840>Safari <00:34:13.014>are <00:34:13.190>blocking <00:34:13.364>third <00:34:13.540>party <00:34:13.715>cookies <00:34:13.889>by <00:34:14.065>default.

670
00:34:16.555 --> 00:34:20.625
<00:34:16.554>Personally, <00:34:16.710>I'd <00:34:16.866>love <00:34:17.021>it <00:34:17.177>if <00:34:17.332>third <00:34:17.488>party <00:34:17.643>JavaScript <00:34:17.799>got <00:34:17.955>the

671
00:34:20.625 --> 00:34:23.905
<00:34:20.625>same <00:34:20.824>treatment, <00:34:21.025>and <00:34:21.225>you <00:34:21.425>can <00:34:21.625>also <00:34:21.824>install <00:34:22.025>add-ons

672
00:34:23.905 --> 00:34:25.185
<00:34:23.905>to <00:34:24.135>make <00:34:24.365>your <00:34:24.596>browser <00:34:24.826>more <00:34:25.056>secure.

673
00:34:25.985 --> 00:34:28.305
<00:34:25.985>Although <00:34:26.185>these <00:34:26.385>add-ons <00:34:26.585>are <00:34:26.785>often <00:34:26.985>labeled <00:34:27.185>ad <00:34:27.385>blockers,

674
00:34:28.305 --> 00:34:31.505
<00:34:28.304>which <00:34:28.460>is <00:34:28.616>a <00:34:28.771>shame <00:34:28.927>because <00:34:29.082>the <00:34:29.238>problem <00:34:29.393>is <00:34:29.549>not <00:34:29.705>advertising,

675
00:34:31.565 --> 00:34:33.665
<00:34:31.565>the <00:34:32.031>problem <00:34:32.498>is <00:34:32.965>tracking.

676
00:34:35.645 --> 00:34:37.865
<00:34:35.645>Now, <00:34:35.820>perhaps <00:34:35.995>none <00:34:36.170>of <00:34:36.344>this <00:34:36.520>applies <00:34:36.695>to <00:34:36.870>you <00:34:37.045>anyway.

677
00:34:38.325 --> 00:34:41.265
<00:34:38.324>You <00:34:38.464>may <00:34:38.605>be <00:34:38.745>thinking <00:34:38.884>that <00:34:39.024>this <00:34:39.165>is <00:34:39.304>a <00:34:39.444>problem <00:34:39.585>for <00:34:39.725>websites,

678
00:34:41.965 --> 00:34:43.265
<00:34:41.965>but <00:34:42.257>you <00:34:42.550>build <00:34:42.842>web <00:34:43.134>apps.

679
00:34:44.905 --> 00:34:47.205
<00:34:44.905>No, <00:34:45.105>personally, <00:34:45.305>I'm <00:34:45.505>not <00:34:45.705>keen <00:34:45.905>on <00:34:46.105>the <00:34:46.305>idea

680
00:34:47.205 --> 00:34:48.245
<00:34:47.205>of <00:34:47.516>dividing <00:34:47.828>the <00:34:48.141>entirety

681
00:34:48.265 --> 00:34:51.365
<00:34:48.264>of <00:34:48.440>the <00:34:48.614>worldwide <00:34:48.790>web <00:34:48.964>into <00:34:49.139>two <00:34:49.315>vaguely <00:34:49.489>defined <00:34:49.665>categories.

682
00:34:52.035 --> 00:34:54.445
<00:34:52.034>I've <00:34:52.162>yet <00:34:52.289>to <00:34:52.416>hear <00:34:52.544>a <00:34:52.671>good <00:34:52.798>definition <00:34:52.925>of <00:34:53.053>web <00:34:53.180>app <00:34:53.307>other <00:34:53.435>than

683
00:34:55.005 --> 00:34:57.125
<00:34:55.005>a <00:34:55.238>website <00:34:55.471>that <00:34:55.705>requires <00:34:55.938>JavaScript <00:34:56.171>to <00:34:56.405>work.

684
00:34:58.895 --> 00:35:01.795
<00:34:58.895>But <00:34:59.035>the <00:34:59.175>phrase <00:34:59.315>single <00:34:59.455>page <00:34:59.595>app <00:34:59.735>has <00:34:59.875>a <00:35:00.015>more <00:35:00.155>definite <00:35:00.295>meaning.

685
00:35:02.175 --> 00:35:04.235
<00:35:02.175>It <00:35:02.455>refers <00:35:02.735>to <00:35:03.015>an <00:35:03.295>architectural <00:35:03.575>decision,

686
00:35:05.095 --> 00:35:07.875
<00:35:05.095>and <00:35:05.270>that <00:35:05.444>decision <00:35:05.620>is <00:35:05.794>to <00:35:05.970>reinvent <00:35:06.145>the <00:35:06.319>web <00:35:06.495>browser

687
00:35:08.255 --> 00:35:09.515
<00:35:08.255>inside <00:35:08.633>a <00:35:09.011>web <00:35:09.389>browser.

688
00:35:10.795 --> 00:35:13.015
<00:35:10.795>In <00:35:10.935>a <00:35:11.075>sense, <00:35:11.215>it's <00:35:11.355>a <00:35:11.495>testament <00:35:11.635>to <00:35:11.775>the <00:35:11.915>power <00:35:12.055>of <00:35:12.195>JavaScript

689
00:35:13.015 --> 00:35:16.615
<00:35:13.015>that <00:35:13.170>you <00:35:13.326>can <00:35:13.481>choose <00:35:13.637>to <00:35:13.792>do <00:35:13.948>this <00:35:14.103>browsers, <00:35:14.259>render <00:35:14.415>content,

690
00:35:16.835 --> 00:35:18.175
<00:35:16.835>and <00:35:17.438>perform <00:35:18.041>navigations.

691
00:35:18.235 --> 00:35:19.975
<00:35:18.235>But <00:35:18.585>if <00:35:18.935>you'd <00:35:19.285>rather <00:35:19.635>recreate

692
00:35:19.975 --> 00:35:22.855
<00:35:19.975>that <00:35:20.174>functionality <00:35:20.375>from <00:35:20.575>scratch <00:35:20.775>in <00:35:20.975>JavaScript, <00:35:21.174>you <00:35:21.375>can,

693
00:35:24.315 --> 00:35:29.085
<00:35:24.315>but <00:35:24.490>should <00:35:24.665>you <00:35:24.840>browsers <00:35:25.015>have <00:35:25.190>increased <00:35:25.365>in <00:35:25.540>complexity <00:35:25.715>so

694
00:35:29.085 --> 00:35:30.925
<00:35:29.085>that <00:35:29.365>we <00:35:29.645>can <00:35:29.925>build <00:35:30.205>without <00:35:30.485>complexity,

695
00:35:31.825 --> 00:35:35.765
<00:35:31.825>we <00:35:32.000>can <00:35:32.174>use <00:35:32.350>the <00:35:32.524>built-in <00:35:32.700>power <00:35:32.875>of <00:35:33.049>modern <00:35:33.225>H-T-M-L-C-S-S

696
00:35:35.765 --> 00:35:38.485
<00:35:35.765>and <00:35:35.940>JavaScript <00:35:36.115>to <00:35:36.290>make <00:35:36.464>web <00:35:36.640>browsers <00:35:36.815>do <00:35:36.990>the <00:35:37.165>work.

697
00:35:39.575 --> 00:35:41.595
<00:35:39.575>And <00:35:39.730>if <00:35:39.886>we <00:35:40.041>work <00:35:40.197>with <00:35:40.352>the <00:35:40.508>grain <00:35:40.663>of <00:35:40.819>the <00:35:40.975>web,

698
00:35:41.975 --> 00:35:45.875
<00:35:41.975>we <00:35:42.115>can <00:35:42.255>accomplish <00:35:42.395>more <00:35:42.535>and <00:35:42.674>more <00:35:42.815>with <00:35:42.955>less <00:35:43.095>and <00:35:43.235>less <00:35:43.375>code.

699
00:35:47.385 --> 00:35:48.565
<00:35:47.385>But <00:35:47.650>that <00:35:47.916>isn't <00:35:48.181>what's <00:35:48.447>happened.

700
00:35:49.565 --> 00:35:52.335
<00:35:49.565>Instead, <00:35:49.798>developers <00:35:50.031>have <00:35:50.265>recreated <00:35:50.498>form <00:35:50.731>controls <00:35:50.965>like

701
00:35:52.405 --> 00:35:55.695
<00:35:52.405>dropdowns <00:35:52.605>and <00:35:52.805>date <00:35:53.005>pickers <00:35:53.205>from <00:35:53.405>scratch <00:35:53.605>using <00:35:53.805>divs

702
00:35:55.695 --> 00:35:57.895
<00:35:55.695>and <00:35:55.975>lashings <00:35:56.255>and <00:35:56.535>lashings <00:35:56.815>of <00:35:57.095>JavaScript.

703
00:35:58.925 --> 00:36:01.705
<00:35:58.925>And <00:35:59.065>perhaps <00:35:59.205>this <00:35:59.345>points <00:35:59.485>to <00:35:59.625>some <00:35:59.765>missing <00:35:59.905>features <00:36:00.045>on <00:36:00.185>the <00:36:00.325>web.

704
00:36:02.095 --> 00:36:04.905
<00:36:02.095>It's <00:36:02.294>still <00:36:02.495>too <00:36:02.694>hard <00:36:02.895>to <00:36:03.095>style <00:36:03.294>native <00:36:03.495>dropdowns

705
00:36:04.905 --> 00:36:07.465
<00:36:04.905>and <00:36:05.105>date <00:36:05.305>pickers, <00:36:05.505>but <00:36:05.705>that's <00:36:05.905>being <00:36:06.105>worked <00:36:06.305>on.

706
00:36:07.495 --> 00:36:08.945
<00:36:07.495>There's <00:36:07.930>standards <00:36:08.365>work <00:36:08.800>underway

707
00:36:08.945 --> 00:36:10.945
<00:36:08.945>to <00:36:09.120>give <00:36:09.295>us <00:36:09.470>more <00:36:09.645>styling <00:36:09.820>control <00:36:09.995>over <00:36:10.170>form <00:36:10.345>elements,

708
00:36:12.445 --> 00:36:14.505
<00:36:12.445>but <00:36:12.645>that <00:36:12.845>doesn't <00:36:13.045>explain <00:36:13.245>why <00:36:13.445>developers <00:36:13.645>would <00:36:13.845>choose

709
00:36:14.505 --> 00:36:17.545
<00:36:14.505>to <00:36:14.705>recreate <00:36:14.905>something <00:36:15.105>like <00:36:15.305>a <00:36:15.505>button <00:36:15.705>using <00:36:15.905>divs

710
00:36:17.545 --> 00:36:20.705
<00:36:17.545>and <00:36:17.745>JavaScript <00:36:17.945>when <00:36:18.145>the <00:36:18.345>button <00:36:18.545>element <00:36:18.745>already <00:36:18.945>exists

711
00:36:20.765 --> 00:36:22.625
<00:36:20.765>and <00:36:20.964>can <00:36:21.165>be <00:36:21.365>styled <00:36:21.565>any <00:36:21.765>way <00:36:21.964>you <00:36:22.165>like.

712
00:36:24.725 --> 00:36:26.845
<00:36:24.725>I <00:36:24.924>think <00:36:25.125>there's <00:36:25.325>a <00:36:25.525>certain <00:36:25.725>mindset <00:36:25.924>being <00:36:26.125>applied

713
00:36:26.945 --> 00:36:28.045
<00:36:26.945>to <00:36:27.275>web <00:36:27.605>development <00:36:27.935>here,

714
00:36:28.225 --> 00:36:30.285
<00:36:28.225>and <00:36:28.400>that <00:36:28.575>mindset <00:36:28.750>comes <00:36:28.924>from <00:36:29.100>the <00:36:29.275>world <00:36:29.450>of <00:36:29.625>software.

715
00:36:31.305 --> 00:36:33.885
<00:36:31.305>And <00:36:31.432>again, <00:36:31.559>it's <00:36:31.686>a <00:36:31.814>testament <00:36:31.941>to <00:36:32.068>how <00:36:32.195>far <00:36:32.323>the <00:36:32.450>web <00:36:32.577>has <00:36:32.705>come

716
00:36:33.885 --> 00:36:37.325
<00:36:33.885>that <00:36:34.025>it <00:36:34.165>can <00:36:34.305>be <00:36:34.445>treated <00:36:34.585>as <00:36:34.725>a <00:36:34.865>software <00:36:35.005>platform <00:36:35.145>on <00:36:35.285>par

717
00:36:37.325 --> 00:36:40.605
<00:36:37.325>with <00:36:37.524>operating <00:36:37.725>systems <00:36:37.924>like <00:36:38.125>iOS, <00:36:38.325>Android, <00:36:38.524>or <00:36:38.725>Windows.

718
00:36:41.705 --> 00:36:43.605
<00:36:41.705>And <00:36:41.860>there's <00:36:42.016>a <00:36:42.171>lot <00:36:42.327>to <00:36:42.482>be <00:36:42.638>learned <00:36:42.793>from <00:36:42.949>the <00:36:43.105>world

719
00:36:43.605 --> 00:36:46.365
<00:36:43.605>of <00:36:43.838>software <00:36:44.071>development <00:36:44.305>like <00:36:44.538>testing, <00:36:44.771>for <00:36:45.005>example.

720
00:36:47.755 --> 00:36:48.895
<00:36:47.755>But <00:36:48.011>the <00:36:48.268>web <00:36:48.524>is <00:36:48.781>different.

721
00:36:49.835 --> 00:36:51.805
<00:36:49.835>When <00:36:50.068>a <00:36:50.301>user <00:36:50.535>navigates <00:36:50.768>to <00:36:51.001>A <00:36:51.235>URL,

722
00:36:52.385 --> 00:36:53.925
<00:36:52.385>it <00:36:52.731>shouldn't <00:36:53.078>feel <00:36:53.424>like <00:36:53.771>they're

723
00:36:53.925 --> 00:36:55.605
<00:36:53.925>installing <00:36:54.275>a <00:36:54.625>piece <00:36:54.975>of <00:36:55.325>software.

724
00:36:56.825 --> 00:36:58.485
<00:36:56.825>We <00:36:57.024>should <00:36:57.225>be <00:36:57.424>aiming <00:36:57.625>to <00:36:57.825>keep <00:36:58.024>our <00:36:58.225>payloads

725
00:36:58.505 --> 00:36:59.605
<00:36:58.505>as <00:36:58.835>small <00:36:59.165>as <00:36:59.495>possible.

726
00:37:00.105 --> 00:37:03.525
<00:37:00.105>And <00:37:00.260>given <00:37:00.416>how <00:37:00.571>powerful <00:37:00.727>browsers <00:37:00.882>have <00:37:01.038>become, <00:37:01.193>we <00:37:01.349>need <00:37:01.505>fewer

727
00:37:03.545 --> 00:37:04.685
<00:37:03.545>and <00:37:04.058>fewer <00:37:04.571>dependencies.

728
00:37:05.015 --> 00:37:09.975
<00:37:05.015>Fewer <00:37:05.190>and <00:37:05.365>fewer <00:37:05.540>polyfils. <00:37:05.714>But <00:37:05.890>performance <00:37:06.065>has <00:37:06.240>gotten <00:37:06.415>worse.

729
00:37:10.895 --> 00:37:14.465
<00:37:10.895>Payloads <00:37:11.245>have <00:37:11.595>gotten <00:37:11.945>bigger <00:37:12.295>dependencies,

730
00:37:14.505 --> 00:37:16.905
<00:37:14.505>like <00:37:14.785>JavaScript <00:37:15.065>frameworks <00:37:15.345>have <00:37:15.625>become <00:37:15.905>more

731
00:37:16.905 --> 00:37:19.345
<00:37:16.905>and <00:37:17.105>more <00:37:17.305>widespread, <00:37:17.505>even <00:37:17.705>as <00:37:17.905>they <00:37:18.105>became <00:37:18.305>less

732
00:37:19.405 --> 00:37:20.505
<00:37:19.405>and <00:37:19.900>less <00:37:20.395>necessary.

733
00:37:22.655 --> 00:37:25.355
<00:37:22.655>Now, <00:37:22.855>when <00:37:23.055>asked <00:37:23.255>to <00:37:23.455>justify <00:37:23.655>the <00:37:23.855>enormous <00:37:24.055>payloads,

734
00:37:25.695 --> 00:37:27.355
<00:37:25.695>web <00:37:25.975>developers <00:37:26.255>have <00:37:26.535>responded <00:37:26.815>by <00:37:27.095>saying

735
00:37:27.355 --> 00:37:29.315
<00:37:27.355>that <00:37:27.705>users' <00:37:28.055>expectations <00:37:28.405>have <00:37:28.755>changed.

736
00:37:31.055 --> 00:37:34.105
<00:37:31.055>That <00:37:31.171>is <00:37:31.288>correct, <00:37:31.404>but <00:37:31.521>not <00:37:31.638>in <00:37:31.754>the <00:37:31.871>way <00:37:31.988>that <00:37:32.105>I <00:37:32.221>think <00:37:32.338>they <00:37:32.455>mean.

737
00:37:34.895 --> 00:37:36.905
<00:37:34.895>When <00:37:35.070>I <00:37:35.245>talk <00:37:35.420>to <00:37:35.595>people <00:37:35.770>about <00:37:35.945>using <00:37:36.120>the <00:37:36.295>web,

738
00:37:36.905 --> 00:37:40.905
<00:37:36.905>especially <00:37:37.185>on <00:37:37.465>mobile, <00:37:37.745>their <00:37:38.025>expectations <00:37:38.305>are

739
00:37:40.905 --> 00:37:42.905
<00:37:40.905>that <00:37:41.138>they <00:37:41.371>will <00:37:41.605>have <00:37:41.838>a <00:37:42.071>terrible <00:37:42.305>experience

740
00:37:43.865 --> 00:37:45.915
<00:37:43.865>that <00:37:44.098>websites <00:37:44.331>will <00:37:44.564>be <00:37:44.798>slow <00:37:45.031>to <00:37:45.265>load.

741
00:37:46.935 --> 00:37:49.235
<00:37:46.935>Oh, <00:37:47.075>and <00:37:47.215>I <00:37:47.355>guarantee <00:37:47.495>that <00:37:47.634>none <00:37:47.775>of <00:37:47.915>them <00:37:48.055>are <00:37:48.195>saying, <00:37:48.335>well,

742
00:37:49.575 --> 00:37:51.675
<00:37:49.575>I'd <00:37:49.774>be <00:37:49.975>annoyed <00:37:50.174>if <00:37:50.375>this <00:37:50.575>were <00:37:50.774>a <00:37:50.975>website.

743
00:37:51.815 --> 00:37:54.675
<00:37:51.815>But <00:37:51.955>seeing <00:37:52.095>as <00:37:52.235>this <00:37:52.375>is <00:37:52.515>a <00:37:52.655>web <00:37:52.795>app, <00:37:52.935>I'm <00:37:53.075>absolutely <00:37:53.215>fine

744
00:37:54.675 --> 00:37:56.035
<00:37:54.675>with <00:37:55.083>this <00:37:55.491>terrible <00:37:55.899>experience.

745
00:37:58.685 --> 00:38:01.685
<00:37:58.685>I <00:37:58.840>said <00:37:58.996>that <00:37:59.151>the <00:37:59.307>biggest <00:37:59.462>challenges <00:37:59.618>facing <00:37:59.773>the <00:37:59.929>worldwide <00:38:00.085>web

746
00:38:01.695 --> 00:38:04.165
<00:38:01.695>today <00:38:02.045>are <00:38:02.395>not <00:38:02.745>technical <00:38:03.095>challenges.

747
00:38:05.615 --> 00:38:07.975
<00:38:05.615>I <00:38:05.790>think <00:38:05.964>the <00:38:06.140>biggest <00:38:06.314>challenge <00:38:06.490>facing <00:38:06.665>the <00:38:06.839>web <00:38:07.015>today

748
00:38:08.745 --> 00:38:10.445
<00:38:08.745>is <00:38:09.444>people's <00:38:10.145>expectations.

749
00:38:11.475 --> 00:38:14.625
<00:38:11.475>There <00:38:11.708>is <00:38:11.941>no <00:38:12.174>technical <00:38:12.408>reason <00:38:12.641>for <00:38:12.875>websites

750
00:38:14.625 --> 00:38:16.865
<00:38:14.625>or <00:38:14.858>web <00:38:15.091>apps <00:38:15.325>to <00:38:15.558>be <00:38:15.791>so <00:38:16.025>frustrating,

751
00:38:17.885 --> 00:38:20.185
<00:38:17.885>but <00:38:18.165>we <00:38:18.445>have <00:38:18.725>collectively <00:38:19.005>led <00:38:19.285>people

752
00:38:20.485 --> 00:38:23.625
<00:38:20.485>to <00:38:20.685>expect <00:38:20.885>a <00:38:21.085>bad <00:38:21.285>experience <00:38:21.485>on <00:38:21.685>the <00:38:21.885>web.

753
00:38:25.145 --> 00:38:27.005
<00:38:25.145>Our <00:38:25.425>intentions <00:38:25.705>may <00:38:25.985>have <00:38:26.265>been <00:38:26.545>good.

754
00:38:27.425 --> 00:38:30.125
<00:38:27.425>We <00:38:27.658>thought <00:38:27.891>users <00:38:28.125>wanted <00:38:28.358>nice <00:38:28.591>page <00:38:28.825>transitions

755
00:38:30.145 --> 00:38:32.365
<00:38:30.145>and <00:38:30.378>form <00:38:30.611>elements <00:38:30.845>that <00:38:31.078>were <00:38:31.311>on <00:38:31.545>brand,

756
00:38:33.455 --> 00:38:36.005
<00:38:33.455>but <00:38:33.610>if <00:38:33.766>you <00:38:33.921>talk <00:38:34.077>to <00:38:34.232>people, <00:38:34.388>you <00:38:34.543>find <00:38:34.699>out <00:38:34.855>that

757
00:38:36.005 --> 00:38:40.005
<00:38:36.005>what <00:38:36.160>they <00:38:36.316>want <00:38:36.471>is <00:38:36.627>to <00:38:36.782>accomplish <00:38:36.938>their <00:38:37.093>task <00:38:37.249>without <00:38:37.405>megabytes

758
00:38:40.005 --> 00:38:41.405
<00:38:40.005>of <00:38:40.257>JavaScript <00:38:40.509>getting <00:38:40.761>in <00:38:41.013>the <00:38:41.265>way.

759
00:38:43.225 --> 00:38:46.525
<00:38:43.225>You <00:38:43.380>have <00:38:43.536>the <00:38:43.691>great <00:38:43.847>German <00:38:44.002>word <00:38:44.158>for <00:38:44.313>slimer, <00:38:44.469>the <00:38:44.625>act

760
00:38:46.525 --> 00:38:49.285
<00:38:46.525>of <00:38:46.665>making <00:38:46.805>something <00:38:46.945>worse <00:38:47.085>in <00:38:47.225>the <00:38:47.365>attempt <00:38:47.505>to <00:38:47.645>make <00:38:47.785>it <00:38:47.925>better.

761
00:38:50.225 --> 00:38:53.155
<00:38:50.225>Perhaps <00:38:50.575>we <00:38:50.924>feer <00:38:51.275>the <00:38:51.625>web.

762
00:38:55.555 --> 00:38:58.985
<00:38:55.555>Let's <00:38:55.835>step <00:38:56.115>back, <00:38:56.395>get <00:38:56.674>some <00:38:56.955>perspective

763
00:39:00.735 --> 00:39:03.385
<00:39:00.735>instead <00:39:00.890>of <00:39:01.046>assuming <00:39:01.201>that <00:39:01.357>a <00:39:01.512>single <00:39:01.668>page <00:39:01.823>app <00:39:01.979>architecture <00:39:02.135>is

764
00:39:03.385 --> 00:39:06.185
<00:39:03.385>needed, <00:39:03.618>ask <00:39:03.851>what <00:39:04.085>users <00:39:04.318>need <00:39:04.551>to <00:39:04.785>accomplish.

765
00:39:06.695 --> 00:39:09.225
<00:39:06.695>Instead <00:39:06.895>of <00:39:07.095>assuming <00:39:07.295>you <00:39:07.495>need <00:39:07.695>a <00:39:07.895>CSS <00:39:08.095>framework

766
00:39:09.225 --> 00:39:11.105
<00:39:09.225>or <00:39:09.575>a <00:39:09.924>JavaScript <00:39:10.275>library, <00:39:10.625>see

767
00:39:11.105 --> 00:39:14.225
<00:39:11.105>what <00:39:11.260>you <00:39:11.416>can <00:39:11.571>do <00:39:11.727>in <00:39:11.882>browsers <00:39:12.038>today <00:39:12.193>with <00:39:12.349>native <00:39:12.505>CSS

768
00:39:14.225 --> 00:39:15.345
<00:39:14.225>and <00:39:14.729>vanilla <00:39:15.232>JavaScript.

769
00:39:16.405 --> 00:39:18.635
<00:39:16.405>Don't <00:39:16.605>include <00:39:16.805>a <00:39:17.005>bunch <00:39:17.205>of <00:39:17.405>dependencies <00:39:17.605>by <00:39:17.805>default,

770
00:39:18.705 --> 00:39:20.115
<00:39:18.705>just <00:39:18.916>in <00:39:19.127>case <00:39:19.339>you <00:39:19.551>might <00:39:19.762>need <00:39:19.973>them.

771
00:39:20.545 --> 00:39:22.195
<00:39:20.545>Instead, <00:39:20.895>as <00:39:21.245>Rachel <00:39:21.595>puts <00:39:21.945>it,

772
00:39:22.945 --> 00:39:25.275
<00:39:22.945>stop <00:39:23.178>solving <00:39:23.411>problems <00:39:23.645>you <00:39:23.878>don't <00:39:24.111>yet <00:39:24.345>have.

773
00:39:27.055 --> 00:39:29.425
<00:39:27.055>Lean <00:39:27.254>into <00:39:27.455>what <00:39:27.654>web <00:39:27.855>browsers <00:39:28.055>can <00:39:28.254>accomplish <00:39:28.455>today,

774
00:39:30.205 --> 00:39:32.745
<00:39:30.205>and <00:39:30.345>if <00:39:30.485>you <00:39:30.625>find <00:39:30.765>something <00:39:30.904>missing, <00:39:31.045>that's <00:39:31.185>the <00:39:31.325>time <00:39:31.465>to <00:39:31.605>reach

775
00:39:32.765 --> 00:39:35.865
<00:39:32.765>for <00:39:32.920>a <00:39:33.076>library, <00:39:33.231>but <00:39:33.387>treat <00:39:33.542>it <00:39:33.698>like <00:39:33.853>a <00:39:34.009>poly <00:39:34.165>fill.

776
00:39:36.495 --> 00:39:39.505
<00:39:36.495>Whereas <00:39:36.728>web <00:39:36.961>standards <00:39:37.194>stick <00:39:37.428>around <00:39:37.661>every <00:39:37.895>library

777
00:39:39.725 --> 00:39:42.385
<00:39:39.725>or <00:39:39.958>framework <00:39:40.191>comes <00:39:40.424>with <00:39:40.658>a <00:39:40.891>limited <00:39:41.125>lifespan.

778
00:39:43.615 --> 00:39:45.725
<00:39:43.615>Treat <00:39:43.895>them <00:39:44.174>as <00:39:44.455>cattle, <00:39:44.734>not <00:39:45.015>pets.

779
00:39:47.595 --> 00:39:49.035
<00:39:47.595>I <00:39:48.027>understand <00:39:48.459>that <00:39:48.890>tools

780
00:39:49.055 --> 00:39:50.955
<00:39:49.055>and <00:39:49.288>frameworks <00:39:49.521>can <00:39:49.754>make <00:39:49.988>your <00:39:50.221>life <00:39:50.455>easier.

781
00:39:51.615 --> 00:39:53.755
<00:39:51.615>And <00:39:51.814>if <00:39:52.015>we're <00:39:52.214>talking <00:39:52.415>about <00:39:52.615>service <00:39:52.814>side <00:39:53.015>frameworks

782
00:39:53.895 --> 00:39:54.995
<00:39:53.895>and <00:39:54.093>I <00:39:54.291>say, <00:39:54.489>go <00:39:54.687>for <00:39:54.884>it,

783
00:39:55.335 --> 00:39:57.755
<00:39:55.335>or <00:39:55.475>if <00:39:55.615>you're <00:39:55.755>using <00:39:55.895>build <00:39:56.035>tools <00:39:56.175>that <00:39:56.315>sit <00:39:56.455>on <00:39:56.595>your <00:39:56.735>computer

784
00:39:58.295 --> 00:40:00.955
<00:39:58.295>to <00:39:58.575>do <00:39:58.855>version <00:39:59.135>control, <00:39:59.415>ting <00:39:59.695>pre-processing

785
00:40:00.955 --> 00:40:03.475
<00:40:00.955>or <00:40:01.154>piling, <00:40:01.355>then <00:40:01.555>I <00:40:01.755>say, <00:40:01.955>go <00:40:02.154>for <00:40:02.355>it.

786
00:40:04.345 --> 00:40:07.325
<00:40:04.345>But <00:40:04.578>once <00:40:04.811>you <00:40:05.044>make <00:40:05.278>users <00:40:05.511>download <00:40:05.745>tools

787
00:40:07.425 --> 00:40:10.485
<00:40:07.425>or <00:40:07.600>frameworks, <00:40:07.775>you <00:40:07.950>are <00:40:08.125>making <00:40:08.300>them <00:40:08.475>pay <00:40:08.650>a <00:40:08.825>tax

788
00:40:10.865 --> 00:40:12.965
<00:40:10.865>for <00:40:11.331>your <00:40:11.798>developer <00:40:12.265>convenience.

789
00:40:14.355 --> 00:40:18.455
<00:40:14.355>We <00:40:14.530>need <00:40:14.705>to <00:40:14.880>value <00:40:15.055>user <00:40:15.230>needs <00:40:15.405>above <00:40:15.580>developer <00:40:15.755>convenience.

790
00:40:19.635 --> 00:40:23.015
<00:40:19.635>If <00:40:19.775>I <00:40:19.915>have <00:40:20.055>the <00:40:20.195>choice <00:40:20.335>of <00:40:20.475>making <00:40:20.615>something <00:40:20.755>the <00:40:20.895>user's <00:40:21.035>problem

791
00:40:23.635 --> 00:40:28.255
<00:40:23.635>or <00:40:23.762>making <00:40:23.889>it <00:40:24.016>my <00:40:24.144>problem, <00:40:24.271>I'll <00:40:24.398>make <00:40:24.525>it <00:40:24.653>my <00:40:24.780>problem <00:40:24.907>every <00:40:25.035>time.

792
00:40:29.315 --> 00:40:31.055
<00:40:29.315>That's <00:40:30.015>my <00:40:30.715>job.

793
00:40:33.935 --> 00:40:36.315
<00:40:33.935>We <00:40:34.215>need <00:40:34.495>to <00:40:34.775>change <00:40:35.055>people's <00:40:35.335>expectations

794
00:40:36.415 --> 00:40:38.795
<00:40:36.415>of <00:40:36.648>the <00:40:36.881>worldwide <00:40:37.115>web, <00:40:37.348>especially <00:40:37.581>on <00:40:37.815>mobile.

795
00:40:39.385 --> 00:40:41.925
<00:40:39.385>Otherwise, <00:40:39.665>the <00:40:39.945>web <00:40:40.225>will <00:40:40.505>be <00:40:40.785>lost.

796
00:40:47.815 --> 00:40:50.595
<00:40:47.815>Two <00:40:47.955>years <00:40:48.095>ago, <00:40:48.235>I <00:40:48.375>had <00:40:48.515>the <00:40:48.655>great <00:40:48.795>honor <00:40:48.935>of <00:40:49.075>being <00:40:49.215>invited

797
00:40:50.595 --> 00:40:53.115
<00:40:50.595>to <00:40:50.828>CERN <00:40:51.061>to <00:40:51.294>mark <00:40:51.528>the <00:40:51.761>30th <00:40:51.995>anniversary

798
00:40:53.115 --> 00:40:55.915
<00:40:53.115>of <00:40:53.314>the <00:40:53.515>original <00:40:53.714>proposal <00:40:53.915>for <00:40:54.115>the <00:40:54.314>worldwide <00:40:54.515>web.

799
00:40:57.205 --> 00:40:58.865
<00:40:57.205>One <00:40:57.380>of <00:40:57.555>the <00:40:57.730>other <00:40:57.904>people <00:40:58.080>there <00:40:58.255>was <00:40:58.430>the <00:40:58.605>journalist,

800
00:40:59.185 --> 00:41:02.315
<00:40:59.185>Zainab <00:40:59.360>tci, <00:40:59.535>and <00:40:59.710>she <00:40:59.884>was <00:41:00.060>on <00:41:00.235>a <00:41:00.410>panel <00:41:00.585>along

801
00:41:02.315 --> 00:41:05.235
<00:41:02.315>with <00:41:02.455>Tim <00:41:02.595>Burners <00:41:02.735>Lee <00:41:02.875>and <00:41:03.015>other <00:41:03.155>luminaries <00:41:03.295>of <00:41:03.435>the <00:41:03.575>early <00:41:03.715>web.

802
00:41:06.175 --> 00:41:08.275
<00:41:06.175>At <00:41:06.330>the <00:41:06.486>end <00:41:06.641>of <00:41:06.797>the <00:41:06.952>panel <00:41:07.108>discussion, <00:41:07.263>she <00:41:07.419>was <00:41:07.575>asked,

803
00:41:09.245 --> 00:41:11.575
<00:41:09.245>what <00:41:09.420>would <00:41:09.595>you <00:41:09.770>tell <00:41:09.944>the <00:41:10.120>next <00:41:10.295>generation <00:41:10.470>about <00:41:10.645>how

804
00:41:11.575 --> 00:41:12.935
<00:41:11.575>to <00:41:11.881>use <00:41:12.187>this <00:41:12.493>wonderful <00:41:12.799>tool?

805
00:41:14.255 --> 00:41:17.715
<00:41:14.255>She <00:41:14.488>replied, <00:41:14.721>if <00:41:14.955>you <00:41:15.188>have <00:41:15.421>something <00:41:15.655>wonderful,

806
00:41:18.295 --> 00:41:21.315
<00:41:18.295>if <00:41:18.450>you <00:41:18.606>do <00:41:18.761>not <00:41:18.917>defend <00:41:19.072>it, <00:41:19.228>you <00:41:19.383>will <00:41:19.539>lose <00:41:19.695>it.

807
00:41:22.055 --> 00:41:23.515
<00:41:22.055>If <00:41:22.274>you <00:41:22.493>do <00:41:22.712>not <00:41:22.931>defend <00:41:23.149>the <00:41:23.368>magic

808
00:41:23.575 --> 00:41:25.155
<00:41:23.575>and <00:41:23.808>the <00:41:24.041>things <00:41:24.274>that <00:41:24.508>make <00:41:24.741>it <00:41:24.975>wonderful,

809
00:41:25.545 --> 00:41:27.595
<00:41:25.545>it's <00:41:25.745>just <00:41:25.945>not <00:41:26.145>gonna <00:41:26.345>stay <00:41:26.545>magical <00:41:26.745>by <00:41:26.945>itself.

810
00:41:30.665 --> 00:41:32.905
<00:41:30.665>I <00:41:30.865>believe <00:41:31.065>that <00:41:31.265>we <00:41:31.465>can <00:41:31.665>save <00:41:31.865>the <00:41:32.065>web.

811
00:41:34.005 --> 00:41:36.805
<00:41:34.005>I <00:41:34.205>believe <00:41:34.405>that <00:41:34.605>we <00:41:34.805>can <00:41:35.005>change <00:41:35.205>people's <00:41:35.405>expectations.

812
00:41:38.155 --> 00:41:40.865
<00:41:38.155>We'll <00:41:38.282>do <00:41:38.409>that <00:41:38.536>by <00:41:38.664>showing <00:41:38.791>them <00:41:38.918>what <00:41:39.045>the <00:41:39.173>web <00:41:39.300>is <00:41:39.427>capable <00:41:39.555>of.

813
00:41:42.415 --> 00:41:43.635
<00:41:42.415>It <00:41:42.689>sounds <00:41:42.964>like <00:41:43.238>a <00:41:43.513>moonshot,

814
00:41:44.175 --> 00:41:47.635
<00:41:44.175>but <00:41:44.350>you <00:41:44.525>know, <00:41:44.700>moonshots <00:41:44.875>aren't <00:41:45.050>made <00:41:45.225>possible <00:41:45.400>by <00:41:45.575>astronauts.

815
00:41:47.985 --> 00:41:49.035
<00:41:47.985>They're <00:41:48.457>made <00:41:48.930>possible

816
00:41:49.035 --> 00:41:51.715
<00:41:49.035>by <00:41:49.234>people <00:41:49.435>like <00:41:49.634>Poppy <00:41:49.835>Northcutt <00:41:50.035>in <00:41:50.234>Mission <00:41:50.435>Control,

817
00:41:51.775 --> 00:41:53.875
<00:41:51.775>and <00:41:52.055>Catherine <00:41:52.335>Johnson <00:41:52.615>running <00:41:52.895>the <00:41:53.175>numbers.

818
00:41:54.855 --> 00:41:57.075
<00:41:54.855>And <00:41:55.135>Margaret <00:41:55.415>Hamilton <00:41:55.695>inventing <00:41:55.975>the <00:41:56.255>field

819
00:41:57.075 --> 00:41:59.715
<00:41:57.075>of <00:41:57.308>software <00:41:57.541>engineering <00:41:57.774>to <00:41:58.008>create <00:41:58.241>the <00:41:58.475>software

820
00:41:59.715 --> 00:42:04.515
<00:41:59.715>for <00:41:59.890>the <00:42:00.065>lunar <00:42:00.240>lander <00:42:00.415>individual <00:42:00.590>people <00:42:00.765>working <00:42:00.940>together <00:42:01.115>on

821
00:42:04.515 --> 00:42:06.515
<00:42:04.515>something <00:42:04.795>bigger <00:42:05.075>than <00:42:05.355>any <00:42:05.634>one <00:42:05.915>person.

822
00:42:09.305 --> 00:42:12.315
<00:42:09.305>There's <00:42:09.460>a <00:42:09.616>story <00:42:09.771>told <00:42:09.927>about <00:42:10.082>the <00:42:10.238>first <00:42:10.393>time <00:42:10.549>President <00:42:10.705>Kennedy

823
00:42:12.515 --> 00:42:15.515
<00:42:12.515>visited <00:42:12.654>NASA <00:42:12.795>while <00:42:12.935>he <00:42:13.075>was <00:42:13.214>getting <00:42:13.355>a <00:42:13.495>tour <00:42:13.634>of <00:42:13.775>the <00:42:13.915>place.

824
00:42:15.535 --> 00:42:17.395
<00:42:15.535>He <00:42:15.815>introduced <00:42:16.095>himself <00:42:16.375>to <00:42:16.654>a <00:42:16.935>janitor

825
00:42:18.315 --> 00:42:21.455
<00:42:18.315>and <00:42:18.470>the <00:42:18.626>president <00:42:18.781>asked <00:42:18.937>the <00:42:19.092>janitor <00:42:19.248>what <00:42:19.403>he <00:42:19.559>did <00:42:19.715>there.

826
00:42:22.145 --> 00:42:25.725
<00:42:22.145>The <00:42:22.285>janitor <00:42:22.425>answered, <00:42:22.565>I'm <00:42:22.705>helping <00:42:22.845>put <00:42:22.985>a <00:42:23.125>man <00:42:23.265>on <00:42:23.405>the <00:42:23.545>moon.

827
00:42:27.675 --> 00:42:30.645
<00:42:27.675>It's <00:42:27.815>the <00:42:27.955>kind <00:42:28.095>of <00:42:28.235>story <00:42:28.375>that's <00:42:28.515>trotted <00:42:28.655>out <00:42:28.795>by <00:42:28.935>company <00:42:29.075>bosses

828
00:42:30.705 --> 00:42:33.085
<00:42:30.705>to <00:42:30.880>make <00:42:31.055>you <00:42:31.230>feel <00:42:31.404>good <00:42:31.580>about <00:42:31.755>having <00:42:31.930>your <00:42:32.105>labor

829
00:42:33.195 --> 00:42:34.365
<00:42:33.195>exploited <00:42:33.546>for <00:42:33.897>the <00:42:34.247>team.

830
00:42:35.355 --> 00:42:38.775
<00:42:35.355>But <00:42:35.530>that <00:42:35.705>janitor's <00:42:35.880>loyalty <00:42:36.055>wasn't <00:42:36.230>to <00:42:36.405>NASA <00:42:36.580>an <00:42:36.755>organization

831
00:42:40.255 --> 00:42:41.715
<00:42:40.255>he <00:42:40.517>was <00:42:40.780>working <00:42:41.043>for <00:42:41.306>something <00:42:41.569>bigger.

832
00:42:43.435 --> 00:42:46.355
<00:42:43.435>I <00:42:43.610>encourage <00:42:43.785>you <00:42:43.960>to <00:42:44.134>have <00:42:44.310>that <00:42:44.485>sense <00:42:44.660>of <00:42:44.835>perspective.

833
00:42:47.475 --> 00:42:49.635
<00:42:47.475>Whatever <00:42:47.650>company <00:42:47.825>or <00:42:48.000>organization <00:42:48.174>you <00:42:48.350>happen <00:42:48.525>to <00:42:48.700>be <00:42:48.875>working

834
00:42:49.655 --> 00:42:52.555
<00:42:49.655>for <00:42:49.855>right <00:42:50.055>now, <00:42:50.255>remember <00:42:50.455>that <00:42:50.655>you <00:42:50.855>are <00:42:51.055>building

835
00:42:53.225 --> 00:42:54.395
<00:42:53.225>something <00:42:54.278>bigger.

836
00:42:56.155 --> 00:42:59.695
<00:42:56.155>The <00:42:56.310>future <00:42:56.466>of <00:42:56.621>the <00:42:56.777>worldwide <00:42:56.932>web <00:42:57.088>is <00:42:57.243>in <00:42:57.399>good <00:42:57.555>hands.

837
00:43:00.945 --> 00:43:05.185
<00:43:00.945>It's <00:43:01.225>in <00:43:01.505>your <00:43:01.785>hands. <00:43:02.065>Thank <00:43:02.345>you.